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Collection Highlights

Data Science from Scratch First Principles with Python 2nd

Edition Joel Grus

Data Science from Scratch First Principles with Python 2nd

Edition Grus Joel

Data Analysis with Python and PySpark (MEAP V07) Jonathan

Rioux

A Python Data Analyst’s Toolkit: Learn Python and Python-

based Libraries with Applications in Data Analysis and
Statistics Gayathri Rajagopalan
Python for Data Analysis Data Wrangling with Pandas NumPy
and IPython Wes Mckinney

Python for Data Analysis Data Wrangling with pandas NumPy

and Jupyter 3rd Edition Wes Mckinney

Learning Data Mining with Python Layton

Applied Text Analysis with Python Enabling Language Aware

Data Products with Machine Learning 1st Edition Benjamin
Bengfort

Web Scraping with Python: Data Extraction from the Modern

Web 3rd Edition Mitchell
D ATA A N A LY S I S F R O M S C R AT C H W I T H P Y T H O N
Step By Step Guide

Peters Morgan
 How to contact us
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 Preface
“Humanity is on the verge of digital slavery at the hands of AI and biometric technologies. One way to
prevent that is to develop inbuilt modules of deep feelings of love and compassion in the learning
algorithms.”
― Amit Ray, Compassionate Artificial Superintelligence AI 5.0 - AI with Blockchain, BMI, Drone, IOT,
and Biometric Technologies
If you are looking for a complete guide to the Python language and its library
that will help you to become an effective data analyst, this book is for you.
This book contains the Python programming you need for Data Analysis.
Why the AI Sciences Books are different?
The AI Sciences Books explore every aspect of Artificial Intelligence and Data
Science using computer Science programming language such as Python and R.
Our books may be the best one for beginners; it's a step-by-step guide for any
person who wants to start learning Artificial Intelligence and Data Science from
scratch. It will help you in preparing a solid foundation and learn any other high-
level courses will be easy to you.
Step By Step Guide and Visual Illustrations and Examples

The Book give complete instructions for manipulating, processing, cleaning,

modeling and crunching datasets in Python. This is a hands-on guide with
practical case studies of data analysis problems effectively. You will learn
pandas, NumPy, IPython, and Jupiter in the Process.
Who Should Read This?

This book is a practical introduction to data science tools in Python. It is ideal

for analyst’s beginners to Python and for Python programmers new to data
science and computer science. Instead of tough math formulas, this book
contains several graphs and images.
© Copyright 2016 by AI Sciences LLC
All rights reserved.
First Printing, 2016
Edited by Davies Company
Ebook Converted and Cover by Pixels Studio Publised by AI Sciences LLC

ISBN-13: 978-1721942817
ISBN-10: 1721942815

The contents of this book may not be reproduced, duplicated or transmitted without the direct written
permission of the author.

Under no circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the publisher for any
reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information herein, either directly or indirectly.
Legal Notice:

You cannot amend, distribute, sell, use, quote or paraphrase any part or the content within this book without
the consent of the author.

Disclaimer Notice:
Please note the information contained within this document is for educational and entertainment purposes
only. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. Readers acknowledge that the author is not
engaging in the rendering of legal, financial, medical or professional advice. Please consult a licensed
professional before attempting any techniques outlined in this book.

By reading this document, the reader agrees that under no circumstances is the author responsible for any
losses, direct or indirect, which are incurred as a result of the use of information contained within this
document, including, but not limited to, errors, omissions, or inaccuracies.

From AI Sciences Publisher

 To my wife Melania
and my children Tanner and Daniel
without whom this book would have
been completed.
 Author Biography
Peters Morgan is a long-time user and developer of the Python. He is one of the
core developers of some data science libraries in Python. Currently, Peter works
as Machine Learning Scientist at Google.
 Table of Contents
Preface
Why the AI Sciences Books are different?
Step By Step Guide and Visual Illustrations and Examples
Who Should Read This?

From AI Sciences Publisher

Author Biography
Table of Contents
Introduction
2. Why Choose Python for Data Science & Machine Learning
Python vs R
Widespread Use of Python in Data Analysis
Clarity
3. Prerequisites & Reminders
Python & Programming Knowledge
Installation & Setup
Is Mathematical Expertise Necessary?
4. Python Quick Review
Tips for Faster Learning
5. Overview & Objectives
Data Analysis vs Data Science vs Machine Learning
Possibilities
Limitations of Data Analysis & Machine Learning
Accuracy & Performance
6. A Quick Example
Iris Dataset
Potential & Implications
7. Getting & Processing Data
CSV Files
Feature Selection
Online Data Sources
Internal Data Source
8. Data Visualization
Goal of Visualization
Importing & Using Matplotlib
9. Supervised & Unsupervised Learning
What is Supervised Learning?
What is Unsupervised Learning?
How to Approach a Problem
10. Regression
Simple Linear Regression
Multiple Linear Regression
Decision Tree
Random Forest
11. Classification
Logistic Regression
K-Nearest Neighbors
Decision Tree Classification
Random Forest Classification
12. Clustering
Goals & Uses of Clustering
K-Means Clustering
Anomaly Detection
13. Association Rule Learning
Explanation
Apriori
14. Reinforcement Learning
What is Reinforcement Learning?
Comparison with Supervised & Unsupervised Learning
Applying Reinforcement Learning
15. Artificial Neural Networks
An Idea of How the Brain Works
Potential & Constraints
Here’s an Example
16. Natural Language Processing
Analyzing Words & Sentiments
Using NLTK
Thank you !
Sources & References
Software, libraries, & programming language
Datasets
Online books, tutorials, & other references

Thank you !
Introduction
Why read on? First, you’ll learn how to use Python in data analysis (which is a
bit cooler and a bit more advanced than using Microsoft Excel). Second, you’ll
also learn how to gain the mindset of a real data analyst (computational
thinking).
More importantly, you’ll learn how Python and machine learning applies to real
world problems (business, science, market research, technology, manufacturing,
retail, financial). We’ll provide several examples on how modern methods of
data analysis fit in with approaching and solving modern problems.
This is important because the massive influx of data provides us with more
opportunities to gain insights and make an impact in almost any field. This
recent phenomenon also provides new challenges that require new technologies
and approaches. In addition, this also requires new skills and mindsets to
successfully navigate through the challenges and successfully tap the fullest
potential of the opportunities being presented to us.
For now, forget about getting the “sexiest job of the 21st century” (data scientist,
machine learning engineer, etc.). Forget about the fears about artificial
intelligence eradicating jobs and the entire human race. This is all about learning
(in the truest sense of the word) and solving real world problems.
We are here to create solutions and take advantage of new technologies to make
better decisions and hopefully make our lives easier. And this starts at building a
strong foundation so we can better face the challenges and master advanced
concepts.
2. Why Choose Python for Data Science & Machine Learning
Python is said to be a simple, clear and intuitive programming language. That’s
why many engineers and scientists choose Python for many scientific and
numeric applications. Perhaps they prefer getting into the core task quickly (e.g.
finding out the effect or correlation of a variable with an output) instead of
spending hundreds of hours learning the nuances of a “complex” programming
language.
This allows scientists, engineers, researchers and analysts to get into the project
more quickly, thereby gaining valuable insights in the least amount of time and
resources. It doesn’t mean though that Python is perfect and the ideal
programming language on where to do data analysis and machine learning.
Other languages such as R may have advantages and features Python has not.
But still, Python is a good starting point and you may get a better understanding
of data analysis if you use it for your study and future projects.
Python vs R
You might have already encountered this in Stack Overflow, Reddit, Quora, and
other forums and websites. You might have also searched for other programming
languages because after all, learning Python or R (or any other programming
language) requires several weeks and months. It’s a huge time investment and
you don’t want to make a mistake.
To get this out of the way, just start with Python because the general skills and
concepts are easily transferable to other languages. Well, in some cases you
might have to adopt an entirely new way of thinking. But in general, knowing
how to use Python in data analysis will bring you a long way towards solving
many interesting problems.
Many say that R is specifically designed for statisticians (especially when it
comes to easy and strong data visualization capabilities). It’s also relatively easy
to learn especially if you’ll be using it mainly for data analysis. On the other
hand, Python is somewhat flexible because it goes beyond data analysis. Many
data scientists and machine learning practitioners may have chosen Python
because the code they wrote can be integrated into a live and dynamic web
application.
Although it’s all debatable, Python is still a popular choice especially among
beginners or anyone who wants to get their feet wet fast with data analysis and
machine learning. It’s relatively easy to learn and you can dive into full time
programming later on if you decide this suits you more.
Widespread Use of Python in Data Analysis
There are now many packages and tools that make the use of Python in data
analysis and machine learning much easier. TensorFlow (from Google), Theano,
scikit-learn, numpy, and pandas are just some of the things that make data
science faster and easier.
Also, university graduates can quickly get into data science because many
universities now teach introductory computer science using Python as the main
programming language. The shift from computer programming and software
development can occur quickly because many people already have the right
foundations to start learning and applying programming to real world data
challenges.
Another reason for Python’s widespread use is there are countless resources that
will tell you how to do almost anything. If you have any question, it’s very likely
that someone else has already asked that and another that solved it for you
(Google and Stack Overflow are your friends). This makes Python even more
popular because of the availability of resources online.
Clarity
Due to the ease of learning and using Python (partly due to the clarity of its
syntax), professionals are able to focus on the more important aspects of their
projects and problems. For example, they could just use numpy, scikit-learn, and
TensorFlow to quickly gain insights instead of building everything from scratch.
This provides another level of clarity because professionals can focus more on
the nature of the problem and its implications. They could also come up with
more efficient ways of dealing with the problem instead of getting buried with
the ton of info a certain programming language presents.
The focus should always be on the problem and the opportunities it might
introduce. It only takes one breakthrough to change our entire way of thinking
about a certain challenge and Python might be able to help accomplish that
because of its clarity and ease.
3. Prerequisites & Reminders
Python & Programming Knowledge
By now you should understand the Python syntax including things about
variables, comparison operators, Boolean operators, functions, loops, and lists.
You don’t have to be an expert but it really helps to have the essential knowledge
so the rest becomes smoother.
You don’t have to make it complicated because programming is only about
telling the computer what needs to be done. The computer should then be able to
understand and successfully execute your instructions. You might just need to
write few lines of code (or modify existing ones a bit) to suit your application.
Also, many of the things that you’ll do in Python for data analysis are already
routine or pre-built for you. In many cases you might just have to copy and
execute the code (with a few modifications). But don’t get lazy because
understanding Python and programming is still essential. This way, you can spot
and troubleshoot problems in case an error message appears. This will also give
you confidence because you know how something works.
Installation & Setup
If you want to follow along with our code and execution, you should have
Anaconda downloaded and installed in your computer. It’s free and available for
Windows, macOS, and Linux. To download and install, go to
https://www.anaconda.com/download/ and follow the succeeding instructions
from there.
The tool we’ll be mostly using is Jupyter Notebook (already comes with
Anaconda installation). It’s literally a notebook wherein you can type and
execute your code as well as add text and notes (which is why many online
instructors use it).
If you’ve successfully installed Anaconda, you should be able to launch
Anaconda Prompt and type jupyter notebook on the blinking underscore. This
will then launch Jupyter Notebook using your default browser. You can then
create a new notebook (or edit it later) and run the code for outputs and
visualizations (graphs, histograms, etc.).
These are convenient tools you can use to make studying and analyzing easier
and faster. This also makes it easier to know which went wrong and how to fix
them (there are easy to understand error messages in case you mess up).
Is Mathematical Expertise Necessary?
Data analysis often means working with numbers and extracting valuable
insights from them. But do you really have to be expert on numbers and
mathematics?
Successful data analysis using Python often requires having decent skills and
knowledge in math, programming, and the domain you’re working on. This
means you don’t have to be an expert in any of them (unless you’re planning to
present a paper at international scientific conferences).
Don’t let many “experts” fool you because many of them are fakes or just plain
inexperienced. What you need to know is what’s the next thing to do so you can
successfully finish your projects. You won’t be an expert in anything after you
read all the chapters here. But this is enough to give you a better understanding
about Python and data analysis.
Back to mathematical expertise. It’s very likely you’re already familiar with
mean, standard deviation, and other common terms in statistics. While going
deeper into data analysis you might encounter calculus and linear algebra. If you
have the time and interest to study them, you can always do anytime or later.
This may or may not give you an edge on the particular data analysis project
you’re working on.
Again, it’s about solving problems. The focus should be on how to take a
challenge and successfully overcome it. This applies to all fields especially in
business and science. Don’t let the hype or myths to distract you. Focus on the
core concepts and you’ll do fine.
4. Python Quick Review
Here’s a quick Python review you can use as reference. If you’re stuck or need
help with something, you can always use Google or Stack Overflow.
To have Python (and other data analysis tools and packages) in your computer,
download and install Anaconda.
Python Data Types are strings (“You are awesome.”), integers (-3, 0, 1), and
floats (3.0, 12.5, 7.77).
You can do mathematical operations in Python such as: 3 + 3
print(3+3) 7 -1

5*2

20 / 5

9 % 2 #modulo operation, returns the remainder of the division 2 ** 3 #exponentiation, 2 to the 3rd
power Assigning values to variables: myName = “Thor”

print(myName) #output is “Thor”

x=5

y=6

print(x + y) #result is 11

print(x*3) #result is 15

Working on strings and variables: myName = “Thor”

age = 25

hobby = “programming”

print('Hi, my name is ' + myname + ' and my age is ' + str(age) + '. Anyway, my hobby is ' + hobby +
'.') Result is Hi, my name is Thon and my age is 25. Anyway, my hobby is programming.

Comments # Everything after the hashtag in this line is a comment.

# This is to keep your sanity.

# Make it understandable to you, learners, and other programmers.

Comparison Operators >>>8 == 8

True
>>>8 > 4
True
>>>8 < 4
False
>>>8 != 4
True
>>>8 != 8
False
>>>8 >= 2
True
>>>8 <= 2
False
>>>’hello’ == ‘hello’
True
>>>’cat’ != ‘dog’
True

Boolean Operators (and, or, not) >>>8 > 3 and 8 > 4

True
>>>8 > 3 and 8 > 9
False
>>>8 > 9 and 8 > 10
False
>>>8 > 3 or 8 > 800
True
>>>’hello’ == ‘hello’ or ‘cat’ == ‘dog’
True

If, Elif, and Else Statements (for Flow Control) print(“What’s your email?”)
myEmail = input()
print(“Type in your password.”)
typedPassword = input()
if typedPassword == savedPassword:
print(“Congratulations! You’re now logged in.”)
else:
print(“Your password is incorrect. Please try again.”)

While loop inbox = 0

while inbox < 10:
print(“You have a message.”)
inbox = inbox + 1
Result is this: You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.

Loop doesn’t exit until you typed ‘Casanova’

name = ''
while name != 'Casanova':
print('Please type your name.')
name = input()
print('Congratulations!')

For loop for i in range(10):

print(i ** 2)
Here’s the output: 0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
#Adding numbers from 0 to 100

total = 0
for num in range(101):
total = total + num
print(total)

When you run this, the sum will be 5050.

#Another example. Positive and negative reviews.

all_reviews = [5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 5]
positive_reviews = []
for i in all_reviews:
if i > 3:
print('Pass')
positive_reviews.append(i)
else:
print('Fail')

print(positive_reviews)
print(len(positive_reviews))
ratio_positive = len(positive_reviews) / len(all_reviews)
print('Percentage of positive reviews: ')
print(ratio_positive * 100)

When you run this, you should see: Pass

Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Fail
Fail
Pass
Fail
Fail
Pass
Pass
Fail
Fail
Fail
Fail
Fail
Pass
Pass
[5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5]
10
Percentage of positive reviews:
52.63157894736842
Functions def hello():
print('Hello world!')
hello()
Define the function, tell what it should do, and then use or call it later.
def add_numbers(a,b):
print(a + b)

add_numbers(5,10)
add_numbers(35,55)

#Check if a number is odd or even.

def even_check(num):
if num % 2 == 0:
print('Number is even.')
else:
print('Hmm, it is odd.')

even_check(50)
even_check(51)

Lists my_list = [‘eggs’, ‘ham’, ‘bacon’] #list with strings colours = [‘red’,
‘green’, ‘blue’]
cousin_ages = [33, 35, 42] #list with integers mixed_list = [3.14, ‘circle’, ‘eggs’, 500] #list with integers
and strings #Working with lists colours = [‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’]

colours[0] #indexing starts at 0, so it returns first item in the list which is ‘red’

colours[1] #returns second item, which is ‘green’

#Slicing the list my_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

print(my_list[0:2]) #returns [0, 1]
print(my_list[1:]) #returns [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
print(my_list[3:6]) #returns [3, 4, 5]

#Length of list my_list = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

print(len(my_list)) #returns 10

#Assigning new values to list items colours = ['red', 'green', 'blue']

colours[0] = 'yellow'
print(colours) #result should be ['yellow', 'green', 'blue']

#Concatenation and appending colours = ['red', 'green', 'blue']

colours.append('pink')
print(colours)
The result will be:
['red', 'green', 'blue', 'pink']

fave_series = ['GOT', 'TWD', 'WW']

fave_movies = ['HP', 'LOTR', 'SW']
fave_all = fave_series + fave_movies
print(fave_all)

This prints ['GOT', 'TWD', 'WW', 'HP', 'LOTR', 'SW']

Those are just the basics. You might still need to refer to this whenever you’re
doing anything related to Python. You can also refer to Python 3 Documentation
for more extensive information. It’s recommended that you bookmark that for
future reference. For quick review, you can also refer to Learn python3 in Y
Minutes.
Tips for Faster Learning
If you want to learn faster, you just have to devote more hours each day in
learning Python. Take note that programming and learning how to think like a
programmer takes time.
There are also various cheat sheets online you can always use. Even experienced
programmers don’t know everything. Also, you actually don’t have to learn
everything if you’re just starting out. You can always go deeper anytime if
something interests you or you want to stand out in job applications or startup
funding.
5. Overview & Objectives
Let’s set some expectations here so you know where you’re going. This is also to
introduce about the limitations of Python, data analysis, data science, and
machine learning (and also the key differences). Let’s start.
Data Analysis vs Data Science vs Machine Learning
Data Analysis and Data Science are almost the same because they share the
same goal, which is to derive insights from data and use it for better decision
making.
Often, data analysis is associated with using Microsoft Excel and other tools for
summarizing data and finding patterns. On the other hand, data science is often
associated with using programming to deal with massive data sets. In fact, data
science became popular as a result of the generation of gigabytes of data coming
from online sources and activities (search engines, social media).
Being a data scientist sounds way cooler than being a data analyst. Although the
job functions might be similar and overlapping, it all deals with discovering
patterns and generating insights from data. It’s also about asking intelligent
questions about the nature of the data (e.g. Are data points form organic clusters?
Is there really a connection between age and cancer?).
What about machine learning? Often, the terms data science and machine
learning are used interchangeably. That’s because the latter is about “learning
from data.” When applying machine learning algorithms, the computer detects
patterns and uses “what it learned” on new data.
For instance, we want to know if a person will pay his debts. Luckily we have a
sizable dataset about different people who either paid his debt or not. We also
have collected other data (creating customer profiles) such as age, income range,
location, and occupation. When we apply the appropriate machine learning
algorithm, the computer will learn from the data. We can then input new data
(new info from a new applicant) and what the computer learned will be applied
to that new data.
We might then create a simple program that immediately evaluates whether a
person will pay his debts or not based on his information (age, income range,
location, and occupation). This is an example of using data to predict someone’s
likely behavior.
Possibilities
Learning from data opens a lot of possibilities especially in predictions and
optimizations. This has become a reality thanks to availability of massive
datasets and superior computer processing power. We can now process data in
gigabytes within a day using computers or cloud capabilities.
Although data science and machine learning algorithms are still far from perfect,
these are already useful in many applications such as image recognition, product
recommendations, search engine rankings, and medical diagnosis. And to this
moment, scientists and engineers around the globe continue to improve the
accuracy and performance of their tools, models, and analysis.
Limitations of Data Analysis & Machine Learning
You might have read from news and online articles that machine learning and
advanced data analysis can change the fabric of society (automation, loss of jobs,
universal basic income, artificial intelligence takeover).
In fact, the society is being changed right now. Behind the scenes machine
learning and continuous data analysis are at work especially in search engines,
social media, and e-commerce. Machine learning now makes it easier and faster
to do the following:
● Are there human faces in the picture?
● Will a user click an ad? (is it personalized and appealing to him/her?)
● How to create accurate captions on YouTube videos? (recognise speech
and translate into text)
● Will an engine or component fail? (preventive maintenance in
manufacturing)
● Is a transaction fraudulent?
● Is an email spam or not?
These are made possible by availability of massive datasets and great processing
power. However, advanced data analysis using Python (and machine learning) is
not magic. It’s not the solution to all problem. That’s because the accuracy and
performance of our tools and models heavily depend on the integrity of data and
our own skill and judgment.
Yes, computers and algorithms are great at providing answers. But it’s also about
asking the right questions. Those intelligent questions will come from us
humans. It also depends on us if we’ll use the answers being provided by our
computers.
Accuracy & Performance
The most common use of data analysis is in successful predictions (forecasting)
and optimization. Will the demand for our product increase in the next five
years? What are the optimal routes for deliveries that lead to the lowest
operational costs?
That’s why an accuracy improvement of even just 1% can translate into millions
of dollars of additional revenues. For instance, big stores can stock up certain
products in advance if the results of the analysis predicts an increasing demand.
Shipping and logistics can also better plan the routes and schedules for lower
fuel usage and faster deliveries.
Aside from improving accuracy, another priority is on ensuring reliable
performance. How can our analysis perform on new data sets? Should we
consider other factors when analyzing the data and making predictions? Our
work should always produce consistently accurate results. Otherwise, it’s not
scientific at all because the results are not reproducible. We might as well shoot
in the dark instead of making ourselves exhausted in sophisticated data analysis.
Apart from successful forecasting and optimization, proper data analysis can
also help us uncover opportunities. Later we can realize that what we did is also
applicable to other projects and fields. We can also detect outliers and interesting
patterns if we dig deep enough. For example, perhaps customers congregate in
clusters that are big enough for us to explore and tap into. Maybe there are
unusually higher concentrations of customers that fall into a certain income
range or spending level.
Those are just typical examples of the applications of proper data analysis. In the
next chapter, let’s discuss one of the most used examples in illustrating the
promising potential of data analysis and machine learning. We’ll also discuss its
implications and the opportunities it presents.
6. A Quick Example
Iris Dataset
Let’s quickly see how data analysis and machine learning work in real world
data sets. The goal here is to quickly illustrate the potential of Python and
machine learning on some interesting problems.
In this particular example, the goal is to predict the species of an Iris flower
based on the length and width of its sepals and petals. First, we have to create a
model based on a dataset with the flowers’ measurements and their
corresponding species. Based on our code, our computer will “learn from the
data” and extract patterns from it. It will then apply what it learned to a new
dataset. Let’s look at the code.
#importing the necessary libraries from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn import tree
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
import numpy as np

#loading the iris dataset

iris = load_iris()

x = iris.data #array of the data

y = iris.target #array of labels (i.e answers) of each data entry

#getting label names i.e the three flower species

y_names = iris.target_names

#taking random indices to split the dataset into train and test
test_ids = np.random.permutation(len(x))

#splitting data and labels into train and test

#keeping last 10 entries for testing, rest for training

x_train = x[test_ids[:-10]]
x_test = x[test_ids[-10:]]

y_train = y[test_ids[:-10]]
y_test = y[test_ids[-10:]]

#classifying using decision tree

clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier()

#training (fitting) the classifier with the training set

clf.fit(x_train, y_train)
#predictions on the test dataset
pred = clf.predict(x_test)

print(pred) #predicted labels i.e flower species

print(y_test) #actual labels
print((accuracy_score(pred, y_test)))*100 #prediction accuracy #Reference: http://docs.python-
guide.org/en/latest/scenarios/ml/

If we run the code, we’ll get something like this: [0 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 2]

[0 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 2]
100.0
The first line contains the predictions (0 is Iris setosa, 1 is Iris versicolor, 2 is Iris
virginica). The second line contains the actual flower species as indicated in the
dataset. Notice the prediction accuracy is 100%, which means we correctly
predicted each flower’s species.
These might all seem confusing at first. What you need to understand is that the
goal here is to create a model that predicts a flower’s species. To do that, we split
the data into training and test sets. We run the algorithm on the training set and
use it against the test set to know the accuracy. The result is we’re able to predict
the flower’s species on the test set based on what the computer learned from the
training set.
Potential & Implications
It’s a quick and simple example. But its potential and implications can be
enormous. With just a few modifications, you can apply the workflow to a wide
variety of tasks and problems.
For instance, we might be able to apply the same methodology on other flower
species, plants, and animals. We can also apply this in other Classification
problems (more on this later) such as determining if a cancer is benign or
malignant, if a person is a very likely customer, or if there’s a human face in the
photo.
The challenge here is to get enough quality data so our computer can properly
get “good training.” It’s a common methodology to first learn from the training
set and then apply the learning into the test set and possibly new data in the
future (this is the essence of machine learning).
It’s obvious now why many people are hyped about the true potential of data
analysis and machine learning. With enough data, we can create automated
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