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 ContentS vii

Early Biological Theories 79

Franz Joseph Gall: Phrenology 79
Cesare Lombroso: Atavism 80
Criminal Families 81
William Sheldon: Somatotypes 81
Social Policy and Early Biological Theories 82
Biosocial Theories 82
The Gender Ratio Problem 82
Chromosome Theory 83
Biochemical Factors and Imbalances 84
Heredity and Heritability 85
Social Policy and Biological Theories 85
Psychological Theories 85
Behavioral Conditioning 86
Freudian Psychoanalysis 86
Psychopathology and Crime 86
The Psychotic Offender 87
Trait Theory 88
Psychological Profiling 88
Social Policy and Psychological Theories 89
Sociological Theories 89
Social Ecology Theory 90
Anomie Theory 91
■ cJ | news Evidence of “Warrior Gene” May Help Explain Violence 91
Subcultural Theory 91
Social Policy and Sociological Theories 92
Social Process Theories 92
Differential Association Theory 92
■ cJ | issUes The Physical Environment and Crime 93
Restraint Theories 94
Labeling Theory 95
Social Development and the Life Course 96
Conflict Theories 99
Radical Criminology 99
Peacemaking Criminology 100
Social Policy and Conflict Theories 100
Emergent Perspectives 101
Feminist Criminology 101
Postmodern Criminology 102
Summary 103
Key Terms 103
viii ContentS

Key cases 104

Questions for Review 104
Questions for Reflection 104
Notes 104

Chapter 4 | Criminal Law 108

Introduction 109
The Nature and Purpose of Law 109
The Rule of Law 110
Types of Law 110
■ cJ | news Politicians Who Violate the “Rule of Law” Get Tough Prison Sentences 111
Criminal Law 112
Statutory Law 112
Civil Law 113
Administrative Law 113
Case Law 113
General Categories of Crime 113
Felonies 114
Misdemeanors 114
Offenses 114
Treason 114
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Should Violent Speech Be Free Speech? 115
Espionage 116
Inchoate Offenses 116
General Features of Crime 116
The Criminal Act (Actus Reus) 116
A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea) 118
Concurrence 119
Other Features of Crime 119
Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense 120
The Example of Murder 121
The Corpus Delicti of a Crime 121
Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge 123
Alibi 123
Justifications 124
Excuses 126
Procedural Defenses 132
Summary 134
Key Terms 134
Key Cases 134
Questions for Review 135
 ContentS ix

Questions for Reflection 135

Notes 135

PART TwO ■ Policing 137

Chapter 5 | Policing: History and Structure 138
Introduction 139
Historical Development of the Police 139
English Roots 139
The Early American Experience 141
The Last Half of the Twentieth Century 143
Evidence-Based Policing 144
American Policing Today: From the Federal to the Local Level 147
Federal Agencies 148
The Federal Bureau of Investigation 148
■ cJ | news The FBI’s Next Generation Identification System 150
State-Level Agencies 151
Local Agencies 152
■ cJ | news LAPD Adds Officers and Crime Falls—But Is There a Connection? 152
Private Protective Services 154
paying For it Cost-Efficient Policing 155
Integrating Public and Private Security 157
■ cJ | careers 158
Summary 160
Key Terms 161
Questions for Review 161
Questions for Reflection 161
Notes 161

Chapter 6 | Policing: Purpose and Organization 163

Introduction 164
The Police Mission 164
Enforcing the Law 164
Apprehending Offenders 165
Preventing Crime 165
Predicting Crime 166
Preserving the Peace 166
Providing Services 167
Operational Strategies 167
Preventive Patrol 168
x ContentS

Routine Incident Response 168

Emergency Response 168
Criminal Investigation 169
Problem Solving 171
Support Services 171
Managing Police Departments 171
Police Organization and Structure 171
paying For it Policing in an Economic Downturn 172
Chain of Command 173
Policing Styles 173
The Watchman Style of Policing 175
The Legalistic Style of Policing 175
The Service Style of Policing 175
Police–Community Relations 175
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Watch Out: You’re on Camera! 177
Terrorism’s Impact on Policing 181
■ cJ | issUes The Use of Social Media in Policing 181
Intelligence-Led Policing and Antiterrorism 184
Information Sharing and Antiterrorism 185
Fusion Centers 186
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan 187
■ cJ | news Fusion Centers: Unifying Intelligence to Protect Americans 187
■ cJ | careers Police Officer 188
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing 188
Women as Effective Police Officers 189
Summary 190
Key Terms 190
Questions for Review 190
Questions for Reflection 191
Notes 191

Chapter 7 | Policing: Legal Aspects 195

Introduction 196
The Abuse of Police Power 197
A Changing Legal Climate 198
Individual Rights 198
Due Process Requirements 199
Search and Seizure 199
The Exclusionary Rule 200
The Warren Court (1953–1969) 201
 ContentS xi

Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Liberty Is a Double-Edged Sword 202

The Burger Court (1969–1986) and the Rehnquist Court (1986–2005) 203
■ cJ | issUes Plain-View Requirements 207
Arrest 209
Searches Incident to Arrest 210
Emergency Searches of Persons 213
Vehicle Searches 213
■ cJ | news Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrants Before Searching Cell Phones 214
■ cJ | careers Patrol Officer 217
Suspicionless Searches 217
High-Technology Searches 218
The Intelligence Function 219
Informants 219
Police Interrogation 220
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation 222
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision 223
■ cJ | issUes The Miranda Warnings 224
Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence 228
Electronic Eavesdropping 229
■ cJ | news Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrant for GPS Tracking 230
■ cJ | issUes The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 232
Summary 234
Key Terms 235
Key Cases 235
Questions for Review 235
Questions for Reflection 235
Notes 235

Chapter 8 | Policing: Issues and Challenges 239

Introduction 240
Police Personality and Culture 240
■ cJ | issUes Rightful Policing 242
Corruption and Integrity 243
Money—The Root of Police Evil? 245
Building Police Integrity 246
Drug Testing of Police Employees 247
Professionalism and Ethics 248
Education and Training 250
Recruitment and Selection 251
The Dangers of Police Work 252
Violence in the Line of Duty 253
xii ContentS

Risk of Disease and Infected Evidence 253

Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers 254
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Religion and Public Safety 256
Police Use of Force 257
Deadly Force 259
Less-Lethal Weapons 261
Discretion and the Individual Officer 261
■ cJ | news Is the Video Recording of Police Activity in a Public Place Legal? 262
Racial Profiling and Biased Policing 262
Racially Biased Policing 265
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Was the NYPD’s Monitoring of Muslim Groups a Form of Religious Profiling? 266
Police Civil Liability 266
Common Sources of Civil Suits 267
■ cJ | issUes Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting 268
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Law Enforcement and Data Encryption 269
Federal Lawsuits 270
Summary 272
Key Terms 273
Key Cases 273
Questions for Review 273
Questions for Reflection 273
Notes 273

PART ThREE ■ Adjudication 277

Chapter 9 | The Courts: Structure and Participants 278
Introduction 279
History and Structure of the American Court System 279
The State Court System 281
The Development of State Courts 281
State Court Systems Today 282
The Federal Court System 285
■ cJ | news America’s Judiciary: Courting Disaster 286
U.S. District Courts 286
U.S. Courts of Appeals 287
The U.S. Supreme Court 288
The Courtroom Work Group 290
Professional Courtroom Participants 290
paying For it Cost-Efficient Courts 291
The Judge 292
The Prosecuting Attorney 294
 ContentS xiii

■ cJ | careers Assistant District Attorney 295

The Defense Counsel 297
■ cJ | issUes Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense 301
The Bailiff 302
Trial Court Administrators 303
The Court Reporter 303
The Clerk of Court 304
Expert Witnesses 304
■ cJ | news DNA Sampling Solves Some of the Toughest Cases 305
Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants 306
Lay Witnesses 306
Jurors 307
The Victim 308
The Defendant 308
Spectators and the Press 309
Summary 310
Key Terms 310
Key Cases 310
Questions for Review 310
Questions for Reflection 311
Notes 311

Chapter 10 | Pretrial Activities and The Criminal Trial 314

Introduction 315
Pretrial Activities 315
The First Appearance 315
■ cJ | careers Surety Agent 318
The Grand Jury 320
The Preliminary Hearing 321
Arraignment and the Plea 322
Plea Bargaining 322
■ cJ | issUes Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions 323
paying For it Cost-Efficient Courts 325
The Criminal Trial 324
Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial 324
Stages in a Criminal Trial 326
Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act 326
Jury Selection 328
Opening Statements 330
The Presentation of Evidence 331
■ cJ | issUes Pretrial and Post-Trial Motions 333
xiv ContentS

Closing Arguments 335

The Judge’s Charge to the Jury 336
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict 336
■ cJ | news Social Media Pose New Threats to Keeping Jurors Isolated during Trials 337
Improving the Adjudication Process 338
■ cJ | issUes Courtrooms of the Future 339
■ cJ | issUes The Bilingual Courtroom 340
Summary 341
Key Terms 341
Key Cases 341
Questions for Review 341
Questions for Reflection 341
Notes 342

Chapter 11 | Sentencing 344

Introduction 345
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing 345
Retribution 346
Incapacitation 346
Deterrence 347
Rehabilitation 347
Restoration 347
Indeterminate Sentencing 349
Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing 349
Structured Sentencing 350
Federal Sentencing Guidelines 351
■ cJ | issUes Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 352
The Legal Environment of Structured Sentencing 354
Three-Strikes Laws 355
Mandatory Sentencing 356
Sentencing and Today’s Prison Crisis 358
■ cJ | careers Medicolegal Death Investigator 359
Innovations in Sentencing 360
Questions about Alternative Sanctions 360
The Presentence Investigation 361
The Victim—Forgotten No Longer 362
■ cJ | issUes Victims’ Rights in California 364
Victim-Impact Statements 364
Modern Sentencing Options 365
Fines 366
 ContentS xv

paying For it Cost-Efficient Corrections and Sentencing 368

Death: The Ultimate Sanction 368
Habeas Corpus Review 370
Opposition to Capital Punishment 371
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide What Are the Limits of Genetic Privacy? 373
■ cJ | news High Costs Lead to Reconsideration of Death Penalty 378
Justifications for Capital Punishment 379
The Courts and the Death Penalty 379
■ cJ | news Death-Row Exonerations Based on DNA Expose Flaws in Legal System 382
The Future of the Death Penalty 383
Summary 383
Key Terms 384
Key Cases 384
Questions for Review 384
Questions for Reflection 384
Notes 385

PART FOuR ■ Corrections 389

Chapter 12 | Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions 390
Introduction 391
What Is Probation? 391
The Extent of Probation 392
Probation Conditions 392
Federal Probation 393
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Special Conditions of Probation 393
What Is Parole? 394
The Extent of Parole 395
Parole Conditions 395
■ cJ | issUes Culturally Skilled Probation Officers 396
Federal Parole 396
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses 397
Advantages of Probation and Parole 397
Disadvantages of Probation and Parole 398
The Legal Environment 398
paying For it Cost-Efficient Parole 400
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers 400
The Challenges of the Job 401
Intermediate Sanctions 402
■ cJ | careers Probation Officer 403
Split Sentencing 404
xvi ContentS

Shock Probation and Shock Parole 404

Shock Incarceration 404
Mixed Sentencing and Community Service 405
Intensive Probation Supervision 406
Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring 407
■ cJ | news How GPS Technology Keeps Track of Sex Offenders 408
The Future of Probation and Parole 409
Changes in Reentry Policies 410
■ cJ | issUes Remote Reporting Probation 413
The Reinvention of Probation and Evidence-Based Practices 414
Summary 415
Key Terms 416
Key Cases 416
Questions For Review 416
Questions For Reflection 416
Notes 416

Chapter 13 | Prisons and Jails 419

Introduction 420
Early Punishments 420
Flogging 421
Mutilation 421
Branding 421
Public Humiliation 421
Workhouses 421
Exile 422
The Emergence of Prisons 422
The Penitentiary Era (1790–1825) 423
The Mass Prison Era (1825–1876) 423
The Reformatory Era (1876–1890) 425
■ cJ | issUes Chaplain James Finley’s Letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, 1850 426
■ cJ | issUes An Early Texas Prison 427
The Industrial Era (1890–1935) 427
The Punitive Era (1935–1945) 430
The Treatment Era (1945–1967) 430
The Community-Based Era (1967–1980) 431
The Warehousing Era (1980–1995) 432
The Just Deserts Era (1995–2012) 434
The Evidence-Based Era (2012–Present) 435
■ cJ | issUes Evidence-Based Corrections 436
Prisons Today 436
 ContentS xvii

■ cJ | news California’s Governor Wants Federal Oversight of Prisons to End 437

■ cJ | issUes California’s Public Safety Realignment (PSR) Program 438
paying For it California’s Public Safety Realignment 441
Overcrowding 441
Security Levels 444
Prison Classification Systems 445
The Federal Prison System 445
Recent Improvements 448
Jails 450
Women and Jail 451
The Growth of Jails 452
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide To What Degree Should the Personal Values of Workers in the Criminal Justice
System Influence Job Performance? 453
New-Generation Jails 453
Jails and the Future 454
Private Prisons 455
■ cJ | issUes Arguments for and against the Privatization of Prisons 457
Summary 458
Key Terms 459
Key Names 459
Questions for Review 459
Questions for Reflection 459
Notes 459

Chapter 14 | Prison Life 463

Introduction 464
Research on Prison Life—Total Institutions 464
The Male Inmate’s World 465
The Evolution of Prison Subcultures 466
The Functions of Prison Subcultures 467
Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types 467
■ cJ | issUes Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement 468
Homosexuality and Sexual Victimization in Prison 469
The Female Inmate’s World 471
Parents in Prison 471
Gender Responsiveness 473
Institutions for Women 474
Social Structure in Women’s Prisons 474
■ cJ | issUes The Bangkok Rules on the Treatment of Female Prisoners 475
Types of Female Inmates 476
Violence in Women’s Prisons 477
xviii ContentS

The Staff World 477

The Professionalization of Corrections Officers 478
Security Threat Groups and Prison Riots 478
Prisoners’ Rights 481
paying For it The Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice 483
The Legal Basis of Prisoners’ Rights 484
Grievance Procedures 488
A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine? 489
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Should Prison Libraries Limit Access to Potentially Inflammatory Literature? 490
Issues Facing Prisons Today 492
AIDS 492
Geriatric Offenders 493
Inmates with Mental Illness and Intellectual Disabilities 494
Terrorism and Corrections 495
■ cJ | issUes Technocorrections 496
■ cJ | news Radical Islam, Terrorism, and U.S. Prisons 497
Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Censoring Prison Communications 498
Summary 499
Key Terms 499
Key Cases 499
Questions for Review 499
Questions for Reflection 500
Notes 500

PART FIvE ■ Special Issues 503

Chapter 15 | Juvenile Justice 504
Introduction 505
Juvenile Justice Throughout History 506
Earliest Times 506
The Juvenile Court Era 507
Categories of Children in the Juvenile Justice System 508
■ cJ | news Schools Are Taking Bullying Seriously 509
The Legal Environment 510
Legislation Concerning Juveniles and Justice 511
The Legal Rights of Juveniles 512
The Juvenile Justice Process Today 513
■ cJ | issUes The Juvenile Justice System versus Criminal Case Processing 513
Adult and Juvenile Justice Compared 514
How the System Works 515
Intake and Detention Hearings 515
 ContentS xix

■ cJ | issUes Juvenile Courts versus Adult Courts 520

■ cJ | news Delinquent Girls 521
■ cJ | career proFile Juvenile Justice Professional 522
The Post–Juvenile Court Era 523
■ cJ | issUes Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice 526
Summary 526
Key Terms 527
Key Cases 527
Questions for Review 527
Questions for Reflection 527
Notes 528

Chapter 16 | Drugs and Crime 530

Introduction 531
Drug Abuse: More Than an Individual Choice 531
Drug Crime 532
What Is a Drug? 533
Alcohol Abuse 534
A History of Drug Abuse in America 534
Drug Use and Social Awareness 536
Antidrug Legislation 537
The Investigation of Drug Abuse and Manufacturing 541
The Most Common Drugs—And Who Is Using Them 542
Drug Trafficking 543
■ cJ | issUes Drugs: What’s in a Name? 543
Marijuana 544
Cocaine 544
Heroin 545
Methamphetamine 546
Club Drugs 547
■ cJ | news “Bath Salts” Drugs: Very Potent, Hard to Target 547
The Costs of Abuse 549
The Indirect Costs of Abuse 549
Drug-Related Crime 550
Solving the Drug Problem 551
Strict Law Enforcement 553
Asset Forfeiture 553
Interdiction 555
Crop Control 556
Prevention and Treatment 556
xx ContentS

Summary 560
Key Terms 561
Key Cases 561
Questions For Review 561
Questions For Reflection 561
Notes 562

Chapter 17 | Terrorism, Multinational Criminal Justice, and Global Issues 566

Introduction 567
Ethnocentrism and the Study of Criminal Justice 567
Problems with Data 568
Islamic Criminal Justice 569
The Hudud Crimes 570
The Tazir Crimes 572
Islamic Courts 572
International Criminal Justice Organizations 573
The Role of the United Nations in Criminal Justice 573
Interpol and Europol 574
The International Criminal Court 576
Globalization and Crime 577
Transnational Organized Crime 578
Human Smuggling and Trafficking 579
Terrorism 581
■ cJ | issUes Lone Wolf Terrorism and the Radicalization Process 582
Types of Terrorism 582
■ cJ | issUes What Is Terrorist Activity? 584
Causes of Terrorism 587
Combating Terrorism 587
■ cJ | issUes The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (as Amended and Reauthorized) 590
Foreign Terrorist Organizations 592
The Future of International Terrorism 596
Summary 596
Key Terms 597
Questions for Review 597
Questions for Reflection 597
Notes 597

Chapter 18 | High-Technology Crimes 601

Introduction 602
Technology and Crime 602
Biocrime 603
Cybercrime 604
 ContentS xxi

Terrorism and Technology 608

Technology and Crime Control 609
Leading Technological Organizations in Criminal Justice 610
Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future 611
New Technologies in Criminalistics 613
■ cJ | news Kim Dotcom of Megaupload Arrested for Online Piracy 614
On the Horizon 619
The Future of Criminal Justice 622
Summary 623
Key Terms 624
Key Cases 624
Questions for Review 624
Questions for Reflection 624
Notes 624

List of Acronyms 628

Glossary 631
Case Index 655
Name Index 659
Subject Index 667
New to This Edition
Chapter-Specific Changes A new “Freedom v. Safety” box now describes the FBI’s
concern with encryption technology, and asks if citizens
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? can have too much privacy.
The chapter opening story now describes the 2015 jus- The discussion of cybercrime has been enhanced.
tice system crisis that arose following refusals by grand The URL for the federal government’s Elder Justice
jurors in Missouri and New York to indict police officers website is now provided.
in the death of two black suspects in separate incidents. The information on hate crimes has been updated.
“Milestones in crime history” now recognize the present- A new study on gun control laws and their effectiveness
day impact of computer and high-technology crimes at preventing gun crime is discussed.
The late-2014 assassination of two New York City police The potential for new 3-D printers to be used in the
officers as they sat in their marked patrol car on a fabrication of handguns is now discussed, and a photo of
Brooklyn Street is now discussed. such a weapon is provided.
The 2014 trial of Oscar Pistorius, the South African
Paralympic athlete known as the “Blade Runner”, who Chapter 3: The Search for Causes
was convicted of the shooting death of his model girl-
A new chapter opening photo indicates the importance
friend, Reeva Steenkamp is now discussed.
of new technologies to law enforcement agencies.
Mention is made of Justin Bieber’s Miami Beach, Florida
The arrest of rap music mogul, “Surge” Knight on mur-
arrest in 2014, where he was charged with speeding in a
der charges now opens the chapter.
yellow Lamborghini, for driving with an expired license,
New line art depicts the number of persons convicted of
and for driving under the influence of alcohol, mari-
homicide, by gender and region of the world.
juana, and prescription drugs.
Statistics and crime data throughout the chapter have
A new key term, “procedural fairness,” has been added to
been updated.
the chapter.
The 2015 “work stoppage” by NYPD officers is described.
Chapter 4: Criminal Law
A new chapter opening photo has been added.
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture
The CJ News box detailing the rule of law has been up-
The chapter opening story now illustrates the grow- dated, including the photos it contains.
ing significance of cybercrimes with a tale about how A discussion of former New Orleans mayor, Ray Nagin,
a county sheriff ’s office was made to pay a fee via ran- has been added. Nagin was convicted of 20 counts of
someware to regain access to their important files. The bribery, conspiracy, and money laundering—crimes that
discussion of cybercrimes has been enhanced, recogniz- he committed while serving as mayor.
ing them as contributing to a higher rate of crime than is The offenses of treason and espionage have been bet-
commonly acknowledged. ter separated in the text, and a new story describing the
Updated crime statistics are found throughout the chapter. crime of espionage has been added.
A new and detailed box on marijuana legalization and A story and photo of Saiqa Akhter, the Texas woman
decriminalization is included, along with a map of mari- who was found not guilty by reason of insanity in 2014
juana legalization initiatives. after admitting to the murder of her two young children
A new definition of “rape” is provided, reflecting a change by strangulation, has been added.
by the FBI in it’s Uniform Crime Reporting terminology.
A new example of the crime of larceny is provided. Chapter 5: Policing:
The CJ Issues box dealing with race and the justice sys-
tem has been modified and updated to include recent
History and Structure
incidents in Ferguson, Missouri, and elsewhere. Added photo and brief discussion of the Center for
New photos are used to illustrate racial tensions affecting Evidence-Based Crime Policy (CEBCP) at Virginia’s
the justice system. George Mason University.

xxii
 new to thiS eDition xxiii

Replaced photo of the International Law Enforcement A new CJ News box has been added that discusses the
Academy in Budapest, Hungary. The new photo shows 2014 case of Riley v. California, in which the U.S. Supreme
the author visiting the academy. Court ruled that under most circumstances police offi-
Added a new CJ News box discussing the Federal Bureau cers are required to obtain a warrant before accessing and
of Investigation’s Next Generation Identification (NGI) searching the data stored on a suspect’s cell phone.
System. The System was developed to expand the Additional information on the legal issues surrounding
Bureau’s biometric identification capabilities, ultimately the use of GPS tracking by the police is now included in
replacing the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint the chapter.
Identification System (IAFIS).
Three new key terms and their definitions have been Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and
added to this chapter: hot-spot policing, predictive polic- Challenges
ing, and smart policing.
The material on police discretion has been moved here
A new CJ Careers box focusing on private security has
from Chapter 6.
been added to the chapter.
A discussion of the dangers of police work has been
moved here from Chapter 6.
Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose and The discussion of police professionalism has been moved
Organization to this chapter.
The discussion of police officer discretion has been removed A new key term, police subculture, has been added to the
from this chapter and has been moved to a later chapter. chapter and a definition is provided.
The discussion of police officer professionalism and ethics The corruption and integrity section now includes a
has been removed from this chapter and has been moved story about Puerto Rican police officers who ran a crim-
to a later chapter. inal organization out of their department’s offices.
A graphic detailing policing purposes has been added. Recent initiatives by the COPS office are now discussed.
The 2014 death of 18-year-old Michael Brown, who was Some new photographs have been added, while others
shot and killed by a Ferguson, Missouri, police officer have been updated.
is now the chapter opening story. The shooting sparked The need for first responders to protect themselves against
days of racially-charged protests and revealed a deep dis- diseases such as Ebola is now discussed.
trust of the police by minorities. The diagram depicting stress and fatigue among police
The discussion of the police use of recording devices, es- officers has been enhanced.
pecially body cameras, has been enhanced. The Freedom or Safety? box on religion and public safety
Issues box has been added focusing on the use of social has been updated.
media in policing. The graphic depicting the police use of force continuum
has been updated, along with the discussion of such force.
Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects The discussion of racial profiling has been expanded.
Discussion has been added of one of the earliest lawsuits
The chapter opening story has been updated. (Thurman v. City of Torrington) brought against a city
The chapter now includes discussion of the 2014 U.S. police department for ignoring domestic abuse restrain-
Supreme Court case of Prado Navarette v. California, in ing orders.
which the court held that an anonymous and uncorrobo-
rated tip can provide a sufficient basis for a police officer’s Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure
reasonable suspicion to make an investigative stop.
The 2014 U.S. Supreme Court case of Feernandez v.
and Participants
California is now discussed. In that case, the court ruled A new chapter opening story highlights the importance
that where multiple occupants are involved, the search of of courts as a central component of the American system
a dwelling is permissible without a warrant if one person of justice.
living there consents after officers have removed another A new graphic depicts that structure of state courts in
resident who objects. two contrasting jurisdictions.
xxiv new to thiS eDition

Two new key terms have been added to the chapter: courts Convicted child-killer Kevin Ray Underwood is now
of general jurisdiction, and courts of limited jurisdiction. discussed and a photo of him has been added.
The CJ News box on America’s judiciary has been up- Discussion of the 2014 U.S. Supreme Court case of Hall v.
dated and expanded. Florida has been added. In that case, the Court ruled that
The information on judges’ pay has been updated. states cannot rely solely on an IQ score to bar an inmate
The information on public defenders has been updated, from claiming mental disability n the face of execution.
and a revised graphic now shows state government indi-
gent defense expenditures. Chapter 12: Probation, Parole, and
A new CJ News box on DNA sampling has been added
Intermediate Sanctions
to the chapter.
An update is provided on the use of camera in the cham- All data in the chapter have been completely updated.
bers of the U.S. Supreme Court. A new Paying for It box describing cost-efficient parole
has been added.
Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities The discussion of the use of GPS technology in parole
and the Criminal Trial supervision has been expanded.
A new key term (desistance) and its definition have been
A new CJ Careers box has been added to the chapter, added to the chapter.
featuring a bail bond agent.
The discussion of the grand jury system, used in some Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
states, has been updated and expanded.
The case of Oscar Pistorius, the South African Paralympic A 2014 federal court ruling ordering California parole of-
athlete, who was convicted in 2014 of the shooting death ficials to implement a plan to free all nonviolent second-
of his girlfriend is featured, and a photo of Pistorius is strike offenders (except sex offenders) on parole after
included. serving half of their sentences, is described.
The CJ News box on the use of social media by jurors All data, statistics, and graphics detailing the prison pop-
has been modified and expanded. ulation in various states, and in federal government facili-
ties, have been updated.
Chapter 11: Sentencing The discussion of the evidence-based movement in cor-
rections has been enlarged.
The discussion of how “get-tough on crime” legislation The chapter’s discussion of the purpose of imprisonment
has led to heightened prison populations has been clarified. has been clarified.
Two new key terms have been added to the chapter: A number of the photographs have been replaced in order
recidivism and recidivism rate. to keep abreast of changes now afoot in corrections.
Recent changes in California’s three-strikes law are high- A discussion of California’s Proposition 47 has been
lighted and discussed. added. The ballot measure changed many felonies to
Discussion of the proposed federal Smarter Sentencing misdemeanors and is anticipated to lead to a decrease in
Act has been updated. correctional populations in the state.
A new top-level heading, “Sentencing and Today’s Prison A new graphic showing the impact of realignment on
Crisis,” has been added to the chapter. That discussion prison populations in the state of California has been added.
includes a new figure comparing historical rates of im- A new figure, explaining federal Bureau of Prisons insti-
prisonment with crime rates. tutional security levels and terminology has been added.
A new CJ Careers box has been added featuring a medi- The CJ Issues box containing arguments for and against
colegal death investigator. the privatization of prisons has been substantially updated.
A new piece of line art depicting the four traditional
sentencing options available to criminal court judges has
been added.
Chapter 14: Prison Life
Statistics and data have been updated throughout the Data on both male and female prisoners have been
chapter. updated.
 new to thiS eDition xxv

A new CJ Issues box describing the (United Nations) Asset forfeiture is now discussed in the context of the
Bangkok Rules on the Treatment of Female Prisoners is purchase by the St. Louis Police Department of a new
now included. headquarters building using forfeited funds.
A description of the federal Bureau of Prisons Mothers A new timeline depicting the development of federal
and Infants Together program has been added. drug control legislation has been added.
A photograph depicting the role of women in correc-
tional administration has been added.
Chapter 17: Terrorism, Multinational
A table describing the ten most influential security threat
groups (gangs) in American prisons has been added. Criminal Justice and Global Issues
The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case of Holt v. Hobbs, The title of this chapter has changed to better reflect its
regarding a prisoner’s rights to “religious exercise” has contents.
been added. A new story opens the chapter and focuses on “lone
Information on mentally ill prisoners has been expanded. wolf ” would-be terrorist Christopher Lee Cornell who
A discussion of the 2015 attack by Islamic terrorists on was arrested by the FBI in 2015.
the offices of French newspaper Charlie Hebdo, is now The case of Raif Badawi, the Saudi Arabian blogger
included in the context of prisoner radicalization. sentenced to 1,000 lashes, is now discussed. A photo of
Badawi has also been added.
Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice Data throughout the chapter have been updated.
The 13th United Nations crime congress, held in Qatar
The chapter now begins with a discussion of the U.S.
in 2015, is now discussed.
Supreme Court’s recognition of recent advances in un-
The discussion of the International Criminal Court
derstanding of adolescent brain development—to include
(ICC) has been updated.
the Court’s decisions of Graham v. Florida (2010) and
Cyberterrorism is now better distinguished from other
Miller v. Alabama (2012).
forms of terrorism.
The U.S. Supreme Court case of J.D.B. v. North Carolina
The list of foreign terrorist organizations has been up-
(2011) has been added to the graphic depicting the legal
dated, as has the map showing the location of such
environment of juvenile justice.
organizations.
All statistics have been updated, to include those regard-
ing juveniles held in public and private facilities.
Chapter 18: High-Technology Crimes
Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime The chapter opening story has changed to describe the
The chapter opening story about Joaquin “El Chapo” cyberattack on Sony Pictures by North Korean agents.
Guzman has been updated to account for his arrest by The case of Russian national Aleksandr Andreevich
Mexican authorities and a request by the U.S. to extra- Panin, who plead guilty in U.S. federal court to con-
dite him from that country. spiracy to commit wire and bank fraud is now discussed.
The discussion of marijuana legalization and decriminal- All data (on cybercrimes) throughout the chapter have
ization has been expanded in the wake of the substance’s been updated.
new legal status in a number of states. The 2015 Social Media Internet Law Enforcement
Lunesta (eszopiclone) and Ambien (zolpidem) have been (SMILE) national conference is now discussed.
added to the table of major controlled substances under The discussion of the use of automatic plate recognition
the federal Controlled Substances Act. (APR) technology by law enforcement agencies has been
All of the data and statistics on drug use and abuse have expanded.
been updated throughout. The CJ News box describing the activities of Kim
A photograph of Denver’s 2015 Cannabis Cup celebra- Dotcom (AKA Megaupload) has been updated.
tion is now included in the chapter. A new key term, sentinel event, has been added, along
The information and graphic on federal drug control with its description. A detailed description of sentinel
spending has been updated. events in criminal justice is now included.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Cybersecurity - Teaching Resources
Winter 2021 - College

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Garcia

Date: July 28, 2025

Appendix 1: Study tips and learning strategies

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 2: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 14: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 18: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 3: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 22: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 24: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 27: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 28: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Practice Problem 30: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 35: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 37: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 51: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 53: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 54: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 55: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 56: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 58: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Abstract 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 67: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 68: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 71: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 9: Study tips and learning strategies
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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