SCALARS

The physical quantities which have only magnitude but no direction are called scalar quantities or scalars.
 Mass, length, time, distance covered, speed, temperature, work etc. are the few examples of scalars.
 The scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided using ordinary laws of algebra.
 A scalar is specified by number and unit, where number represents its magnitude. A scalar may be positive
or negative.
VECTORS
A vector has both magnitude and sense of direction, and follows triangle law of vector addition.
 Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, gravitational intensity etc. are the few examples of
vectors.
 Vector quantities are usually denoted by putting an arrow over the corresponding letter, as 𝐴⃗ or 𝑎⃗ .
Sometimes in print work (books) vector quantities are usually denoted by boldface letters as A or a.
Magnitude of a vector 𝐴⃗ is a positive scalar and written as ∣ 𝐴⃗ ∣ or A.
 Vectors cannot be added, subtracted, and multiplied by ordinary laws of algebra. For these operations on
vectors, we have to use laws of vectors. It is important to note that the division of a vector by another
vector is not a valid operation in vector algebra, because the division of a vector by a direction is not
possible.
Unit Vector
 Unit vector is a vector which has a unit magnitude and points in a particular direction.
 A unit vector is defined as the ratio of a vector to its magnitude.
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴 𝑎̂
𝐴⃗
𝑎̂ =
𝐴
 A unit vector is usually represented by putting a sign (ˆ) known as cap, hat over a letter assigned to the
unit vector.
Y
 A unit vector has no dimensions and unit.
Unit vectors along the positive x-, y- and z-axes 𝑗̂ 𝑖̂
of a rectangular coordinate system are denoted X
by 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ respectively such that ∣ 𝑖̂ ∣ = ∣ 𝑗̂ ∣ = ∣ 𝑘̂ ∣
Geometrical Representation of Vectors. Z 𝑘̂
Geometrically a vector is represented by a directed straight-line segment drawn to a scale. Starting point of
the directed line segment is known as tail and the end-point as arrow, head, or tip.

Addition of Vectors: The Triangle Law:-

This law states that the vectors to be added are drawn in such a manner that the tail of a vector coincides the
tip of the preceding vector. Their resultant is defined by the vector drawn from the tail of the first vector to the
tip of the second vector. The two vectors to be added and their resultant are coplanar.

1|Pag e
 Consider vectors A and B shown in the figure-(i). Using the triangle law, we obtain geometrical
construction shown in the figure-(ii), where it is shown that two vectors and their sum
𝐶⃗ = 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ always make a closed triangle. If we change order of vector 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ it shown in figure-(iii) that
sum given by equation 𝐶⃗ = 𝐵⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ remain unchanged. Therefore, vector addition is commutative.

i.e. 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗
⃗⃗
𝐵

𝐴⃗ 𝐶⃗ 𝐴⃗
⃗⃗
𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝐵
𝐶⃗

𝐴⃗

Fig.(i) Fig. (ii) Fig. (iii)

Parallelogram law of vector addition:-

The combination of the figure(ii) and (iii), is in form of a parallelogram and is shown in figure-(iv)

Fig. (iv)
Geometry of the above figure suggests the following results.
𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝐶 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝛿 = tan−1 ( )
𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃

Example 1:
A vector A and B make angles of 20° and 110° respectively with the X–axis shown in figure (i). The
magnitudes of these vectors are 5m and 12m respectively. Find their resultant vector.
Example 2:
Two forces each numerically equal to 10 dynes are acting as shown in the figure (ii), then find resultant of
these two vectors.

Figure (ii)
Figure(i)

2|Pag e
Negative vector:
A vector opposite in direction but equal in magnitude to another vector 𝐴⃗ is known as negative vector of 𝐴⃗,
It is written as –𝐴⃗.
Null vector:
A vector having zero magnitude and the direction is indeterminate is known as Null vector. It is denoted by 0 ⃗⃗.
In other words, Addition of a vector 𝐴⃗ and its negative vector −𝐴⃗ results a vector of zero magnitude, which is
known as a null vector.
Subtraction of Vectors:
The idea of negative vector explains operation of subtraction as addition of negative vector. Accordingly, to
subtract a vector from another consider vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ shown in the figure. To subtract 𝐵
⃗⃗ from𝐴⃗, the negative
⃗⃗ is added to 𝐴⃗ According to the triangle law as shown in figure (ii).
vector 𝐵

Figure(i) Figure(ii)
Multiplying by a number:
 Multiplication by a positive number changes magnitude of the vector but not the direction
 Multiplication by a negative number changes magnitude and reverses direction.
 Thus, multiplying a vector by a number ‘n ‘makes magnitude of the vector n times.
𝑛𝐴⃗ = (𝑛𝐴)𝑎̂
Here 𝑎̂ denotes the unit vector in the direction of vector 𝐴⃗
Resolution of a vector into components:
A vector can be represented as a sum of two (in two-dimensional space) or three (in three-dimensional space)
vectors each along predetermined directions. These directions are called axes and parts of the original vector
along these axes are called components of the vector.
Cartesian components in two dimensions:
If a vector is resolved into its components along mutually perpendicular directions, the components are called
Cartesian or rectangular components.
In figure is shown, a vector 𝐴⃗ resolved into its Cartesian components 𝐴⃗𝑥 and 𝐴⃗𝑦 along the x and y-axis.
Magnitudes 𝐴⃗𝑥 and 𝐴⃗𝑦 of these components are given by the following equation.

𝐴⃗𝑥 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 and 𝐴⃗𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃

𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂

𝐴 = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦

Here 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ are the unit vectors for x and y coordinates

respectively

3|Pag e
Cartesian components in three dimensions:
A vector 𝐴⃗ resolved into its three Cartesian component one along each of the directions x, y, and z-axis
respectively shown in the figure.
𝐴⃗ = 𝐴⃗𝑥 + 𝐴⃗𝑦 + 𝐴⃗𝑧

𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂

Magnitude of vector 𝐴⃗ is given as:

𝐴 = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴2𝑧

Equal Vectors:
Two vectors of equal magnitudes and same directions are known as equal vectors. Their x, y and z components
in the same coordinates system must be equal.
If two vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘̂ are equal vectors, we have
𝑎⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏𝑦 and 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑏𝑧
Parallel vectors:
Two parallel vectors must have the same direction and may have unequal magnitudes. Their x, y and z
components in the same coordinate system bear the same ratio.
Consider two vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘̂, if they are parallel, we have:
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
= =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑧
Product of two vectors:
1. The Scalar or Dot Product of two vectors:
The scalar product of two vectors 𝐴⃗and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ equals to the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the
angle 𝜃 between them.
A
i.e. 𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
𝐴⃗

𝜃 B
O
⃗⃗
𝐵

 Dot product of two vectors is commutative, i.e. 𝐴⃗. 𝐵

⃗⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗. 𝐴⃗
 If two vectors are perpendicular, their dot product is zero. i.e. 𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 0 if 𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝐵
 Dot product of a vector by itself is known as self-product. 𝐴⃗. 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴2
𝐴⃗.𝐵
⃗⃗
 The angle between the vectors is 𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
𝐴𝐵
 Dot product of Cartesian unit vectors is:
𝑖̂. 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑘̂ = 1
𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑖̂ = 0
 If 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘̂ , their dot product is given as:
𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧

4|Pag e
Example-I: - If | 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ | = | 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ |, then find the angle between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗
Example-II: If 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 𝑛𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ,then find the value of n so that 𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝐵
Note:
𝐴⃗.𝐵
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ along 𝐴⃗ = 𝐵 cos 𝜃 =
 Component of 𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝐵
𝐴
𝐴⃗.𝐵
⃗⃗
 Component of 𝐴⃗ along 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝐵

𝐴⃗
Example-III: Find the component of (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂) along (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂)
Solution: Let 𝐴⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂

𝐴⃗.𝐵
⃗⃗
Component of 𝐴⃗ along 𝐵
⃗⃗ =
𝐵

(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂). (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) 7

= =
√12 + 12 √2
Example-IV: Find the angle between (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂) and (12𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂)
Solution: Let 𝐴⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 12𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂

𝐴⃗.𝐵
⃗⃗
We have cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵

(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂). (12𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂) 36 + 20 56

= = =
√(32 + 42 )√(122 + 52 ) 5 × 13 65

56
𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
65
2. Vector or cross Product of two vectors:
The vector product or cross product of any two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ denoted as 𝐴⃗×𝐵
⃗⃗ (read 𝐴⃗ cross 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) is defined
as: 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑛̂

Here 𝜃 is the angle between the vectors and the direction 𝑛̂ is given by the right-hand-thumb rule.
Right-Hand-Thumb Rule:

To find the direction of 𝑛̂, draw the two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ with both the tails
coinciding. Now place your stretched right palm perpendicular to the plane of
𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ In such a way that the fingers are along the vector 𝐴⃗ and when the fingers
⃗⃗.The direction of the thumb gives the direction of 𝑛̂
are closed, they go towards 𝐵
.

 Vector product of two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors i.e.
orthogonal to both the vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗, though the vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ may or may not be orthogonal.
 Vector product of two vectors is not commutative
i.e. 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗ ≠ 𝐵 ⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗
but | 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ | = | 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗| = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃
 The vector product is distributive:
i.e. 𝐴⃗ × (𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐶⃗) = 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × 𝐶⃗
5|Pag e
 The self-cross product i.e. product of a vector by itself vanishes i.e. is a null vector
𝐴⃗ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴𝐴 sin 0 𝑛̂ = 0
 In case of unit vector 𝑛̂, 𝑛̂ × 𝑛̂ = 0̂
Or, 𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = 0̂

 In case of orthogonal unit vectors𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ in accordance with right-hand-thumb-rule,

𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂

𝑗̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑘̂

𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂

 In terms of components,
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 𝐴 𝐴𝑧 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦
⃗⃗ = |𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 𝐶𝑥 | = 𝑖̂ | 𝑦 𝐴 𝐴𝑧
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 | − 𝑗̂ | 𝑥 | + 𝑘̂ | |
𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 𝐶𝑦
⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂(𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 ) + 𝑗̂(𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 ) + 𝑘̂(𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
 The magnitude of area of the parallelogram formed by the adjacent sides of vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗ equal to
Area of the parallelogram =|𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ |
 If 𝐴⃗, 𝐵⃗⃗ and 𝐶⃗ are coplanar then 𝐴⃗. (𝐵⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗) = 0
Example-I: If 𝐴⃗ is eastward and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is downward. Find direction of 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ?
Solution: Applying right hand thumb rule we find that 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is along North.
Example-II: If 𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = | 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ | , Find angle between| 𝐴⃗ and𝐵⃗⃗
Solution: 𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ = | 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ |
𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = 1
𝜃 = 450
Example-III: Two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ are inclined to each other at an angle 𝜃. Find a unit vector which is
perpendicular to both 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗
Solution: 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑛̂
𝐴⃗×𝐵
⃗⃗
𝑛̂ = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 , Here 𝑛̂ is perpendicular to both 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ if 𝐴⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) and 𝐵
Example-IV: Find 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Solution: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = |1 −2 4| = 𝑖̂(−4 − (−4)) + 𝑗̂(2 − 12) + 𝑘̂(−1 − (−6)) = 10 𝑖̂ − 5𝑘̂
⃗ ⃗⃗
2 −1 2

6|Pag e
 DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM
1. If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ find (a) 𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ (b) 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗

2. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)
3. For what value of ‘m’ the vector 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ is perpendicular to𝐵
⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑚 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂

4. Find the component of 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂) along the direction 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂

5. Consider three vectors, 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑛 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝐶⃗ = −1 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂. If these three
vectors are coplanar, then value of ‘n’ will be
6. If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝐵
⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 𝐶⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 12𝑘̂, then find the angle between (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵
⃗⃗ + 𝐶⃗)

and (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗) in degree.

7. 𝐴⃗ is North-East and 𝐵
⃗⃗ is downward, find direction of 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ?
⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗ if 𝐴⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 𝐵
8. Find 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

9. Vector 𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ and 𝐶⃗ are shown in figure. Find angle between.

(i) 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ (ii) 𝐴⃗ and 𝐶⃗ ⃗⃗ and 𝐶⃗
(iii) 𝐵
10. Find the value of 𝑖̂ × (𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂)
Answers:

1. (a) 3 (b) -𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂

1
2. 𝑛̂ = (7𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂)
√83

3. 𝑚 = −10
5
4.
√2

5. 18
6. 900
7. North-West
8. −4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
9. (i) 1050 (ii) 1500 (iii) 1050
⃗⃗
10. 0

7|Pag e
 OBJECTIVES
1. The vector joining the points A (1, 1, -1) and B (2, - 3, 4) & pointing from A to B is
(a) −1 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ (b) 1 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ (c) −1 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ (d) −1 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
2. Two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ inclined at an angle 𝜃 with respect to each other have a resultant 𝑐⃗ which makes an
angle β with 𝑎⃗ If the directions of 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are interchanged, then the resultant will have the same.
(a) Magnitude (b) direction
(c) Magnitude as well as direction (d) neither magnitude nor direction
3. A hall has the dimensions 10 m × 12 m × 14 m. A fly starting at one corner ends up at a diametrically
opposite corner. The magnitude of its displacement is nearly
(a) 16 (b) 17 (c) 18 (d) 21
4. A vector is not changed if
(a) it is displaced parallel to itself (b) it is rotated through an arbitrary angle
(c) it is cross-multiplied by a unit vector (d) it is multiplied by an arbitrary scalar.
5. If the angle between two forces increases, the magnitude of their resultant.
(a) Decreases (b) increases (c) remains unchanged (d) first decreases and then increases
6. Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ , the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗
(a) 4 unit (b) 10 unit (c)√58 unit (d) √61 unit
7. Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗
(a) 2 unit (b) 5 unit (c)√10 unit (d) √11 unit
8. Given 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗
̂
3𝑖̂+𝑘 3𝑖̂ ̂
𝑘 ̂
−3𝑖̂−𝑘
(a) (b) (c) (d)
√10 √10 √10 √10
9. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector differences. In that case, the forces :
(a) are not equal to each other in magnitude (b) cannot be predicted
(c) are equal to each other (d) are equal to each other in magnitude
10. If 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = √3𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ , then what is angle between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 900
11. If a vector 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂ . is perpendicular to the vector 4𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝛼𝑘̂ , then the value of 𝛼 is :
1 1
(a) -1 (b) (c) − (d) 1
2 2
12. If the angle between the vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is 𝜃, the value of the product ( 𝐵 ⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗ ). 𝐴⃗ is equal to
(a)𝐵𝐴2 cos 𝜃 (b) 𝐵𝐴2 sin 𝜃 (c) 𝐵𝐴2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (d) zero
13. Two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗ are such that | 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗⃗ | = | 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ |, the angle between the two vector is:
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 900.
14. The plane of vector 𝐴⃗ × (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗) is lies in the plane of
(a) 𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
(b) 𝐵 (c) 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (d) 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗
15. The component of a vector is:
(a) always less than its magnitude (b) always greater than its magnitude
(c) always equal to its magnitude (d) None of these
16. Obtain the angle between 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗⃗ and 𝐴⃗ − 𝐵
⃗⃗ if 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂
5 10 15 20
(a) 𝜃 = cos −1 (b) 𝜃 = cos −1 (c) 𝜃 = cos −1 (d) 𝜃 = cos −1
√260 √260 √260 √260
17. The angle between 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗ is
(a) 0 (b) π (c) π/4 (d) π/2

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18. In a clockwise system.
(a) 𝑗̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑘̂ (b) 𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 0 (c) 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 1 (d) 𝑘̂. 𝑖̂ = 1
19. If 𝐴⃗ is 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝐵⃗⃗ is 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂ then (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗) is
(a) 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ (b) 5𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ (c) 5𝑖̂ + 6𝑘̂ (d) 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑘̂ + 2𝑗̂
20. If 𝐴⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ then find the angle between vectors (𝐴⃗ +
⃗⃗ + 𝐶⃗) and (𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
𝐵 ⃗⃗) in degree.
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 900
21. Two particles A and B move along the straight lines x+2y +3 = 0 and 2x + y –3 = 0 respectively. Their
position vector, at the time of meeting will be:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂
(a) 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ (b) 3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ (c) 3 − 3 (d) particle never meet
22. The angle that a vector √3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ makes with X-axis is:
(a) -300 (b) 300 (c) 600 (d) -600
23. A particle of mass 2 kg moves in the x-y plane under the action of a constant force F where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ ,
Initially the velocity of the particle is 2𝑗̂. The velocity of the particle at time t is:
1 1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑡 (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) (b) 2 (𝑡 + 4)𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ (c) 2 𝑡(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) (d) 2 𝑡 𝑖̂ − 2 (𝑡 + 4)𝑗̂
24. If 𝐴⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 7𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ the vector having same magnitude as 𝐵⃗⃗ and same direction as 𝐴⃗ will be:
(a)−15𝑖̂ + 20𝑗̂ (b) −15𝑖̂ − 20𝑗̂ (c) 15𝑖̂ + 20𝑗̂ (d) 15𝑖̂ − 20𝑗̂
25. The cosine of the angle between vector 𝐴⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 1𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝐵⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ is:
1 2 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
√21 √21 √21 √21

Answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

c a d a d c c d d c

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

b d b d d a b a a d

21 22 23 24 25

b a b c c

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