A

SECONDARY SCHOOL
IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAMME (SSIP) 2025

MATHEMATICS:
Grade 12
End of Term 2 classes

Learner Solutions

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Session 01: Financial Mathematics 03

B Session 02: Financial Mathematics 06

C Session 03: Probability 11

D Session 04: Probability 16

E Session 05: Statistics 19

F Session 06: Statistics 21

G Session 07: Algebra 24

H Session 08: Sequence & Series 29

I Session 09: Functions 34

J Session 10: Calculus 1 37

K Session 11 : Calculus 2 44

L Session 12: Trigonometry 52

M Session 13: Euclidean Geometry 59

2
SESSION 1: Finance, growth and decay

Solutions for classwork activities

1. James: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑛)
𝐴 = 6000(1 + 5 × 0,085) = 𝑅8 550
5% × 𝑅6000 = 𝑅300
Total = 𝑅8 550 + 𝑅300 = 𝑅8 850

Thandi: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛

𝐴 = 6000(1 + 0,02)20
𝐴 = 𝑅8 915,68

∴ Thandi will have the bigger investment.

2. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)
9 7
𝐴 = 30 000 (1 − )
100
𝐴 = 15 502,83

Solutions for homework activities

Question 1
1. (1 +
𝑖(4) 4
) = (1 +
0,14 12
)
4 12

𝑖(4) 4 0,14 12
1+ = √(1 + )
4 12

𝑖(4) 4 0,14 12
= √(1 + 12 ) −1
4

𝑖(4)
= 0,03540 . . .
4

𝑖4 = 0,141639 . . .

Quarterly rate = 14,16 %

3
 2.
R3 500 + R5 700 A

T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

7% p.a. quarterly 8% p.a. monthly

𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
0,07 8 0,08 36 0,08 24
= 3 500 (1 + 4 ) (1 + 12 ) + 5 700 (1 + )
12
= 5 107,73273. . . + 6 685,4612 . . .
= 𝑅 11 793,1939 . . .
≈ 𝑅 11 793,19

Question 2
1. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
12,25 𝑛
385 000 = 250 000(1 + 100
)

385
= (1,1225)𝑛
250
log (385)
250
𝑛 = log (1,1225)

= 3,74 years

2.a 3 4
B value = 375 000(1 − 100
16
) (1 −
18,1
100
)

= R100 001,09

2.b 375 000(1 − 𝑖)7 = 100 001,09

100 001,09
(1 − 𝑖)7 = 375 000

7 100 001,09
1−𝑖 = √
375 000

i = 17,21%

4
EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS - SOLUTIONS
1.
a. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑛𝑖)
𝐴 = 153 000(1 − 0,12 × 4)

𝐴 = 79 560
b. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)𝑛
𝐴 = 153 000(1 − 0,12)4

𝐴 = 91 753.39
2.
a. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑛𝑖)
1
𝑥 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑛0,1)
2
1
− 1 = −𝑛0,1
2
1
− 2 ÷ (−0,1) = 𝑛
5=𝑛

b. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)𝑛
1
𝑥 = 𝑥(1 − 0,1)𝑛
2
1
= (1 − 0,1)𝑛
2
𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1
(1−0,1)2
𝑛 = 6,57
3.
a. 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
0,065 81×2
𝐴 = (1 + )
12

𝐴 = 𝑅50 390,07

b.

0,065 8×12 0,065 5×12 0,065 3×12

𝐴 = 30 000 (1 + ) − 10 000 (1 + ) + 10 000 (1 + )
12 12 12
= 48 708,61

∴ difference = 𝑅48 708,61 − 𝑅50 390,07 = −𝑅1 681, 46

5
SESSION 2 - Annuities

Solutions for classwork activities

1.
a. A = P (1+ i )
n

= 550 000 (1+ 100 )

15 10

= R2 225 056, 76
b. A = P (1- i )
n

= 550000 (1+ 1200 )

8 120

= R246 469,86
c. R2 225 056, 76 - R246 469,86
= R1 978 586,9
x éë(1+ i ) - 1ùû
n

F=
i
x éë(1+ 1200 ) - 1ùû
16 120

1 978 586,9= 16
1200

26381,1587
x=
é(1+ 1200 ) - 1ùû
16 120
ë
= R6 762, 77
2
a. x = R4 498,63
b. Tot amount paid = R1 079 671,15
c. Balance outstanding = R216 714,18
3
a. F = R145 409, 36
b. A = R228 419,22

Solutions for homework activities

1
a. x = R4 194,59
b. Tot amount paid over 20 years = R1 006 701,68
c. Bal outstanding after 8 years = R359 626, 74
d. x = R4 699,01
e. Tot amount paid over 15 years = 845821,99
Money saved = R1 006 701,68 - R845 821,99
= R160 879,69

6
2
a. n = 154,65
155payments
b. Bal outstanding = R3 230,50
c. Final payment = R3 278,96
3.
F=

x (1 + i ) − 1
n

i
10,05 61
𝑥[(1+ ) −1]
1200
100 000 = 10,05
1200
𝑥 = 100 000 ÷ 79,188 … ..
𝑥 = 𝑅 1 262, 80

4. 𝑥[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃=
𝑖
8 −12𝑛
20 000[1−(1+ ) ]
1200
2 500 000 = 8
1200
5 151
6
= 1 − (150)−12𝑛
1 151
− 6 = −(150)−12𝑛
1
−12𝑛 = log 151 6
150
12𝑛 = 269,658808 …
𝑛 = 22,47 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

5. 𝑥[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃= 𝑖
18 −10
2 000[1−(1+ ) ]
1200
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 18
1200
𝑅18 444, 37

7
EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS-SOLUTIONS
Question 1
1. Calculate monthly payment for Option 1:
P= 950 000

T0 T1 T240
0,12
Option 1: 𝑖= = 0,01
12

𝑥[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃 = 𝑖

𝑥[1−(1,01)−240 ]
950 000 = 0,01
950 000 . 0,01
𝑥= [1−(1,01)−240 ]

9 500
= 0,908 184 . . .
= 10 460,3182. . .
≈ 𝑅 10 460,32

Total cost for Option 1:

Option 1 = 10 460,32 × 240 + 6 000
= 𝑅 2 516 476,80

2. Total cost for Option 2:

Option 2 = 10 328,16 × 240 + 200 × 240
= 𝑅 2 526 758,40
Option 1 is the best. By choosing option 1 he will save R10 281,60.

Question 2
1. R6 300 is deposited into the fund which earns interest until the end of the 6
years.
A = P(1 + i) n
( 612)
 0,0685 
= 6300 1 +  = R9491,35
 12 
Outstanding amount:
R44 500 – R9 491,35 = R35 008,65

8
 2.
F=

x (1 + i ) − 1
n

i
 0.0685 ( 612) 
x 1 +  − 1
 12  
35008 ,65 =
0,0685
12
0,0685
35008 ,65 
x = 12
 0,0685 ( 612) 
1 +  − 1
 12  
x = R394,50

Question 3
0,1
DATA: 𝑃 = 𝑅100000 ; 𝑥 = 𝑅5500 ; 𝑖 = ; 𝑛 =?
12

(a)
𝑥[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃= 𝑖

0,1 −2
5500[1−(1+ ]
12
100000 = 0,1
12

5 0,1 −𝑛
= 1 − (1 + 12 )
33

0,1 −𝑛 5
(1 + 12 ) = 1 − 33
5
∴ −𝑛 = log (1+0,1) (1 − 33)
12

∴ 𝑛 = 19,79840405 → do not round off as this decimal are needed for the next question
This means there are 19 payments of R5500, and the last payment will be less than R5500.
∴ The will be 20 payments in total.
It will take 20 months to pay the loan

9
(b)
𝑥[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃= 𝑖

0,1 −0,79840405
5500[1−(1+ ]
𝑃= 12
0,1 → 0,79840405 payments are left after 19th payments are made
12

𝑃 = 𝑅4558 ,57
∴R4358,57 outstanding after the 19th payment

(c)
After the 19th payment there is R4358,57 outstanding. The final payment will be made one
month later and interest for that month has to be added onto the outstanding balance.
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
0,1 1
𝐴 = 4358.57 (1 + 12 ) → one month’s interest

𝐴 = 4394,89
∴ The final payment is R4394,89

Question 4

𝑥[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃= 𝑖

0,08 −96
𝑥[1−(1+ ]
12
120000 = 0,08
12

𝑥 = 𝑅1696,401511
A Future value formula can be used to determine the balance outstanding on the loan
𝑥[(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1]
Outstanding Balance on the loan ( OB) = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 𝑖

0,08 72
0,08 72 1696,401511 [(1 + 12 ) − 1]
𝑂𝐵 = 1696,401511 (1 + ) −
12 0,08
12
∴ 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑅37508,36

10
SESSION 3 - Probability

Solutions for classwork activities

1. P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)
=0,3+0,4-0,1
=0,6
2. P(B)=1-0,8=0,2
a) P(A and B)= P(A)xP(B)
= 0,3x0,2=0,06
b) P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)
= 0,3+0,2-0=0,5
3.

Like Dislike Total

Girls 330 170 500
Boys 400 100 500
Total 730 270 1000

500 1
a) P(boy)= 100 =2
400 2
b) P(boy;likes chocolate)=100 = 5

c) P(A and B)≠P(A)xP(B)

∴ events are not independent

4.
a. P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)
P(A and B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A or B)
=0,45+0,3-0,615
=0,135
P(A and B)≠0 NOT mutually exclusive

b. P(A).P(B) =(0,45)(0,3)
=0,135
P(A and B)=0,135
Therefore the events are independent.

11
Solutions for homework activities
1.
a)

b) 5 People
c)
5+25+15 9
i. = 10
50
15 3
ii. = 10
50

2. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)

0,1 = (𝑥 + 0,1) × (0,1 + 0,3)
0,1 = (𝑥 + 0,1) × (0,4)
0,1 = 0,4𝑥 + 0,04
0,06 = 0,4𝑥
0,06
𝑥 = 0,4

𝑥 = 0,15

𝑥 + 0,1 + 0,3 + 𝑦 = 1
∴ 0,15 + 0,1 + 0,3 + 𝑦 = 1
𝑦 = 0,45

Solutions for Exam type questions

Question 1

32 67
1. P(V)xP(M)= 150 × 150 = 0,095
12
P(V and M) = 150 = 0,08

P(V and M)≠P(V)xP(M)

∴ The events are not independent

12
 2.

a. P(A and B)= 0,12 ≠ 0

Events are not mutually exclusive

b. P(A or B)=P(A) + P(B)-P( A and B)
0,83=P(A)+4P(A)-0,12
0,95=5P(A)
P(A)=0,19
P(B)=4(0,19)=0,76
c. P(not A)=1-P(A)

=1-0,19
=0,81

Question 2
a.

b. 26 − 𝑥 + 14 + 𝑥 + 12 + 5 + 15 + 13 − 𝑥 + 3 = 80
88 − 80 = 𝑥
𝑥=8
c. 26-8=18
12+14+15+8
d. 80
49
= 80

13
Question 3
1. P(A)xP(B)
=0,2x0,63
=0,126
P(A)xP(B)=P(A and B)
∴ A and B are independent

Question 4
a. a = 160
60
b. P(M)= 160
3
=8

c. P(Male)xP(Coffee)=P(Male and Coffee)

3 80 𝑏
× 100 = 160
8
3 𝑏
= 160
16

16𝑏 = 480
𝑏 = 30

Question 5
a. No, because P(A and B)≠0
b.
i. P(A and B)=0,3 P(only B)=0,2

P(A and B)=P(A) x P(B)

0,3=P(A)x0,5
P(A)=0,6
P(only A)=0,3
ii. P(not A or not B)= 0,2+0,2+0,3=0,7

14
Question 6
P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)
0,74=0,45+y
y=0,29

15
SESSION 4: Probability

Solutions for classwork activities

Question 1
a. 6!=6x5x4x3x2x1

=720
b. Number of ways Xoliswa sits next to Anees

=5!x2
=240
c. Number of ways Mary is at an end of the row on the left =1x5!

Number of ways Mary is at end of the row on the right = 5!x1

Total number of arrangements =6!
5!×1+1×5! 1
=3
6!

Question 2
1a. 7!=5 040
1b. 4!x4!=576
576 4
P(African flags together) = 5040 = 35

2. P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)

0,88=0,4+P(B)-P(A and B)
0,88=0,4+P(B)-0,4P(B)
0,48=0,6P(B)
P(B)=0,8

16
Solutions for homework activities
Question 1

3 1
a. P(novel)=12 = 4

b. 12!=479 011 600

5×3!×8!×4
c. 12!
1
=
99

Question 2
1a. 75 = 16 807
1b. 7×6×5×4×3
7!
2a. = 2520
2!

2b. 2 × 7 × 1 = 14

Solutions for exam type questions

Question 1

1.
a. 8! =40 320
b. 7! ×2!=10 080

2. P(Start L)=8!/(3!×2!) ÷9!/(4!×2!)

= 4/9 OR 0,4444 OR 44,44%

Question 2

a. 12!=12×11×10×. . . ×3×2×1

=479 001 600

b. 8 and 11 can be arranged in 2! different ways. Consider 8 and 11 as an entity. 11 objects

can be arranged in 11! different ways.

17
 Total arrangements

=2!×11!

=2×(11×10×9×8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1)

=2×39 916 800

=79 833 600

c. 4!/2! = (4×3×2×1)/(2×1) = 4×3 = 12 OR 4×3 = 12

Question 3

P(gift and gift)=P(gift at first draw) x P(gift at second draw)

7 1
= ×P(gift at second draw)
118 4
7 1 14
P(gift at second draw)=118 ÷ 4 = 59
15
∴P(gift at first draw)= 60

15 bags had mystery gifts inside

Question 4
a. 77 = 823 543
b. 7!=5040
c. There are 3 vowels
There are 4 consonants
The remaining 5 letters can be arranged in 5x4x3x2x1
3x(5x4x3x2x1)x4=1440

18
SESSION 5: Statistics
Solutions for classwork activities
Question 1
1. 100
2. Median = ±62
3. ..

4. Skewed to the left

Question 2
1.
Heartbeats/minute Number of Cumulative
intervals individuals Frequency

50 <x ≤ 60 4 4
60 <x ≤ 70 18 22
70 <x ≤ 80 26 48
80 <x ≤ 90 32 80
90 <x ≤ 100 6 86
100 <x ≤ 110 7 93
110 <x ≤ 120 2 95
120 <x ≤ 130 5 100

19
2.

3. 90.7 beats per minute

4. On graph
Median = ± 80 ; Lower Quartile = ± 72 ; Upper Quartile = ± 88

Solutions for homework activities

Question 1
1a. 614
x= = 68, 22
9
1b Median (Q2) = 76
.
1c. IQR = Q3 – Q1
= 91 – 42
= 49
2.

3. Lower Outlier < Q1 – 1, 5  IQR

< 42 – 1,5  49
< −31, 5
Upper Outlier > Q3 + 1, 5  IQR
> 91 + 1,5  49
> 164, 5
Hence, no outliers

20
SESSION 6: Statistics
Solutions for classwork activities
Question 1
1.
𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
𝑦 = 25,42 + 1,32𝑥
2.
𝑦 = 25,42 + 1,32(36)

𝑦 = 72,94
3.
𝑟 = 0,81
Strong positive

Solutions for homework activities

Question 1

𝑎 = 307,20
1. 𝑏 = −11,70
𝑦ˆ = 307,20 − 11,7𝑥
2. 𝑟 = −0,93
3. See scatter plot above (10; 190,2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (20; 73,2)
4. Negative strong association

21
 𝑦ˆ = 307,20 − 11,7(12)
5.
= 166,8

Solutions foe exam type questions

Question 1
1.
y

80

70

60

50

Marks obtained
40

30

20

10

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Time spent (in hours)

2. A = 38,78 (38.77697842)
B = 3, 83 (3.830935252)
y = a + bx
y = 38, 78 + 3, 83 x
3. Read from the graph
y-intercept: y = 38,78
gradient: positive
4. r = 0,93 (0,9317046883)
Since r ≈ 1, there is a positive strong relationship

Question 2
1. 𝑎 = 10,2837
𝑏 = 0.98
𝑦 = 10,28 + 0,98𝑥
2. r = 0,9605
3. Strong positive relationship

22
4. 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 11,75
5. Standard deviation = 3,21778 = 3.22

6. One Standard deviation from the mean:

8,53 < 𝑥 < 14,97
∴ 8 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

23
SESSION 7: Algebra

Algebra (Application) –Exam type questions solutions.

Question 1
a. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 > 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4) > 0
𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ −4 OR
𝑥 ∈ (−∞; −4) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ (−4; ∞) or
𝑥 < −4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > −4
OR
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 > 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4) > 0

The function values remain positive.

𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ −4
b. For two negative unequal roots: 0 < 𝑃 < 16

OR
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 = 𝑝
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 − 𝑝 = 0
0 < 16 − 𝑝 < 16
−16 < −𝑝 < 0
0 < 𝑝 < 16

24
Question 2
𝑛 𝑝
=𝑛
𝑚

𝑛2 = 𝑚𝑝
Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Δ = 𝑛2 − 4𝑚𝑝 , but 𝑛2 = 𝑚𝑝
∆= 𝑛2 − 4𝑛2 OR ∆= 𝑚𝑝 − 4𝑚𝑝
∆= −3𝑛2 ∆= −3𝑚𝑝
−3𝑛2 < 0 −3𝑚𝑝 < 0
∴ ∆< 𝟎 → is a non-real number
Question 3
2𝑥 × 3𝑦 = (23 × 3)6
2𝑥 × 3𝑦 = 218 × 36
2𝑥 = 218 and 3𝑦 = 36
𝑥 = 18 and 𝑦 = 6
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 12
Question 4
−𝑘 − 4 ≥ 0
𝑘 ≤ −4
Question 5
a) 𝑘 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 2

b) 𝑘 = −3
72014 −72012
c) √ 12

72012 (72 −1)

=√ 12

72012 .48
=√ 12

= √72012 . 4

= 2. 71005
𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 1006

25
Question 6
The square of any number is always positve or zero
So for the sum of two two square to be zero, both squares must be zero, i.e.
(3𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 0 and (𝑥 − 5)2 = 0
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 − 5 = 0
3(5) − 𝑦 = 0 𝑥=5
𝑦 = 15
Consider the functions 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘

−1 −1
Turning point of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 is ( 2 ; )
4

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑘 does not have real roots when the line 𝑦 = 𝑘 does not intersect
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥
−1
∴𝑘< 4

OR

𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑘 = 0
∆< 0
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
12 − 4(1)(−𝑘) < 0
1 + 4𝑘 < 0
−1
𝑘< 4

26
Question 7
1) 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0
−1 𝟏
𝑥 ≥ 2 Or [− 𝟐 , ∞)
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
√2𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 − 1 Restrictions
−1 1
2𝑥 + 1 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 𝑥≥ and 𝑥 ≥ 2
2

4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0
𝑥(4𝑥 − 6) = 0
3
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2
3
∴𝑥=2

Question 8
4±√16−4𝑚(−𝑚+5)
𝒙= 2𝑚

For non-real roots : 16 − 4𝑚(−𝑚 + 5) < 0

16 + 4𝑚2 − 20𝑚 < 0
𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 4 < 0
(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 − 1) < 0
∴1<𝑚<4
Question 9
2
3−√𝑎 4+√𝑎
a) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = ( + )
√2 √2
7 2
=( )
√2
49
= 2

= 2412
1
6
b) 1012 . √81.10 . √4.10
1
6 4
= 1012 . √26 . 10 . √34 . 10 . √22 . 10
1 6 1 4 1 2 1
= 1012 . 26 . 106 . 34 . 104 . 22 . 102
12
= 2 × 3 × 2 × 1012
= 120

27
Question 10
4√2−8(1+√2)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2√2(1+√2)

−4√2−8
= 2√2(1+√2)

−4(√2+2)
= 2(√2+2)

= −2
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

28
SESSION 8: Sequence and Series

Sequence and Series (Sigma notation) –Exam type questions solutions.

Question 1
1
𝑆∞ = 𝑇1 +, 𝑇2 + ∑∞
𝑛=3 𝑇𝑛 = 4

1
𝑆∞ = 2 + 4
𝑎 1
= 2+4
1−𝑟
𝑎 9
=4
1−𝑟
2 1 9
(1+𝑟) × (1−𝑟) = 4
2 9
(1−𝑟 2) = 4

8 = 9 − 9𝑟 2
9𝑟 2 = 1
1
𝑟=3
3
𝑎=2

Question 2
𝑎
𝑆∞ = 27 = 1−𝑟

𝑎(1−𝑟 3 )
𝑆3 = = 26
1−𝑟

27(1 − 𝑟 3 ) = 26
26
1 − 𝑟 3 = 27
1
𝑟 3 = 27
1
∴𝑟=
3

Question 3
1 1 1 1
(1 + 2) (1 + 3) (1 + 4) … (1 + 99)
3 4 5 6 100
= (2) (3) (4) (5) … ( 99 )
100
=( )
2

= 50

29
OR
1 1 1 1
(1 + 2) (1 + 3) (1 + 4) … (1 + 99)
1 3
𝑇1 = (1 + 2) = 2
3 1 3 4
𝑇2 = 2 (1 + 3) = 2 × 3 = 2
1 5 5
𝑇3 = (1 + 4) = 2 × 4 = 2
3 5 3 1
, 2, 2 … 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑚𝑑 𝑑 = 2
2
3 1
∴ 𝑇98 = 2 + (98 − 1) 2
100
= = 50
2

Question 4
∑50
𝑘=1(100 − 3𝑘) = 97 + 94 + 91 + ⋯

𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 97
𝑑 = −3
𝑛 = 50 − 1 + 1 = 50
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
50
𝑆50 = [2(97) + 49(−3)]
2

𝑆50 = 1175

Question 5
a. 𝑑 = 8
𝑇𝑘 = 𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑

= −3 + (𝑘 − 1)(8)

= −3 + 8𝑘 − 8

= 8𝑘 − 11
b. ∑𝑛𝑘=1(8𝑘 − 11)

30
 𝑛
c. 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]

𝑛
= 2 [2(−3) + (𝑛 − 1)(8)]

𝑛
= 2 [−6 + 8𝑛 − 8]

𝑛
= 2 [8𝑛 − 14]
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(4𝑛 − 7)

= 4𝑛2 − 7𝑛
Question 6
5 ; −15 ; −35
𝑑 = −20
𝑇𝑛 = −20𝑛 + 25
Last term in the sequence divisible by 5
−4187 + 4(3) = −4175
𝑇𝑛 = −20𝑛 + 25
−4175 = −20𝑛 + 25
20𝑛 = 4200
𝑛 = 210
There wil be 210 terms in the sequence that are divisible by 5

Question 7
a. 𝑇2 : 𝑎+𝑑 =8

𝑇5 : 𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 10
𝑇5 − 𝑇2 : 3𝑑 = 2
2
𝑑=3

31
b. 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 − 𝑑
2
=8−3
22
= 3

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
22 2
𝑇𝑛 = + (𝑛 − 1) 3
3

2𝑛+20
= 3
22 2
𝑆50 = ∑50
𝑛=1 ( 3 + (𝑛 − 1)) 3

Question 8
108 ; 72

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 𝑥
108 (1 − (3) ) 25220
=
2 81
1−3

2 𝑥 256
( ) =
3 6561
2 𝑥 2 5
(3) = (3) ∴𝑥=5

Question 9
a. 𝑇𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 7 or 𝑇𝑛 = −3 + (𝑛 − 1)(4)
b. 𝑇4 = 9
𝑇5 = 13
𝑇6 = 17
𝑇7 = 21
c. 0 ;1 ;2 ;0 ;1 ;2 ;0

32
d. Multiples of 3 in the pattern are : −3 ; 9 ; 21
𝑇𝑛 = −3 + 12(𝑛 − 1) OR 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

𝑇𝑛 = 12𝑛 − 15 393 = −3 + (𝑛 − 1)12

393 = 12𝑛 − 15 393 = 12𝑛 − 15

12𝑛 = 408 12𝑛 = 408

𝑛 = 34 𝑛 = 34
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [𝑎 + 𝐿] Or 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)(12)]

34 34
𝑆34 = [−3 + 393] 𝑆34 = [2(−3) + 33(2)]
2 2

𝑆34 = 6630 𝑆34 = 6630

Question 10
Let 𝑉 be the volume of the first tank

𝑣 1 2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 [1−( ) ] 524287
2 2
; ; … … … … 𝑆19 = 1 = 524288 𝑉
2 4 8 1−
2

= 0,9999980927 𝑉
<𝑉
Yes , the water will fill the first tank without spilling

33
SESSION 9: Functions

Functions (vertical distances, nature of roots and transformations)

– Solutions.
Question 1
1. a 𝑦 = −2 horizontal aymptote
.
b. 𝑥 = 1 vertical aymptote
3
2. −2 = 0
𝑥−1
3
=2
𝑥−1
3 = 2𝑥 − 2
5 = 2𝑥
5
𝑥=
2
3
𝑦= −2
0−1
𝑦 = −5
3.

4. (4 ; 5)

Question 2
1. 𝑥=
−𝑏
=
−(−2)
= −1
2𝑎 2(−1)
2
𝑦 = −(−1) − 2(−1) + 3
= −1 + 2 + 3 = 4
𝐶(−1 ; 4)

2. −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
𝐴(−3; 0) 𝐵(1; 0)
3. m=2 & c=6
y = 2x + 6

34
 4. 𝐶𝐸 2 = (1)2 + (2)2 = 5 𝐶𝐸 = √5

OR

C(-1 ; 4) and E(0 ; 6)

𝐶𝐸 = √(0 + 1)2 + (6 − 4)2 = √5

5. 𝑥>1

Question 3
1.a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥
27
= 𝑎3
8
3 3
(2) = 𝑎3
3
∴𝑎=2

b. 3 𝑥
𝑦 = (2)

3 𝑦
𝑥 = (2)

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
2

c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = −1
2
3 −1 2
OR other method (eg. sketch) 𝑥 = (2) 𝑥= 3

d. 𝑥∈𝐑

2.
y

x
q

35
Question 4
1. p = −1 ; q = −8 and a = 4
3
2. d = −2 ; t = − and k = 3
2
3. 0  x  1
4. Domain is x  ℝ and range is y  −8 ; y  ℝ

 3 7 1
5. y =  x −  − 2  y = x − or y = − x −
 2 2 2

Question 5

−3 1
1. f is increasing range is 2  y  2 that is  y 8
3

8
2. y = log 2 x
1
3. Domain is  x  8 and range is − 3  y  3
8

4.

5. It is a function because there is only one y value for each value of x

36
Question 6
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 20
−𝑏 −(−6) 3
Turning point: 𝑥 = 2𝑎 = 2(2) = 2 OR f’(x) = 4x – 6
0 = 4x – 6
3
x = 2
3 3 3 −49 1
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( ) = 2( )2 − 6 ( ) − 20 = /−242
2 2 2 2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏 2 4(2)(−20)−(−6)2 −49
OR 𝑦= = = /−2412
4𝑎 4(2) 2

3 −49 3
D(2 ; ) OR D ( 2 ; −24,5)
2

2. 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 20 = 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −2
A(−2 ; 0 ) B(5 ; 0 )
3. 𝑔(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 𝑘
Substitute (−2 ; 0):
0 = −2(−2) + 𝑘
𝑘 = −4
4. 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 20 = −𝑝 − 20
∴ −𝑝 − 20 < −24,5
−𝑝 < −4,5
𝑝 > 4,5
OR
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0
For non-real roots ∆< 0
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
(−6)2 − 4(2)(𝑝) < 0
36 − 8𝑝 < 0

−8𝑝 < −36

𝑝 > 4,5
OR

For no point of intersection f must be shifted more than 24,5 units

upwards. ∴ y-intercept will move 20 + 4,5 units upwards .
∴ 𝑝 > 4,5
5. 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 0
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 ≥ 5
6. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 𝑡
−2𝑥 + 𝑡 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 20
0 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 20 − 𝑡

37
 Tangent if roots are equal: ∆= 0
(−4)2 − 4(2)(−20 − 𝑡) = 0
16 + 160 + 8𝑡 = 0
8𝑡 = −176
𝑡 = −22
OR

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 6
𝑚𝑡 = −2 ∴ 4𝑥 − 6 = −2
4𝑥 = 4
𝑥=1
𝑦 = 𝑓(1) = −24 ∴ −24 = −2(1) + 𝑡
𝑡 = −22

Question 7
1. (1; 4) or (2; 16)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2
Substitute inverse point:
(1; 4) OR (2; 16)
4 = 𝑎(1)2 16 = 𝑎(2)2
𝑎=4 4𝑎 = 16
𝑎=4
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0

OR

Substitute (4; 1) or (16; 2) into 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 :

4 = 𝑎(1)2 OR 16 = 𝑎(2)2
4=𝑎 16 = 𝑎. 4
4=𝑎
2
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
3. 𝑔(𝑥 + 2) = 16
4𝑥+2 = 16
4𝑥+2 = 42
∴ 𝑥+2=2
𝑥=0

4. 2<𝑥≤3

38
SESSION 10: Calculus 1

Calculus 1 (1st Principle and rules) – Exam type questions solutions.

Question 1
a) f ( x) = −2 x 2
f ( x + h) = −2( x + h) 2
= −2( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2)
= −2 x 2 − 4 xh − 2h 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ' ( x) = lim
h →0 h
− 2 x − 4 xh − 2h − (−2 x 2 )
2
= lim
h →0 h
− 2 x − 4 xh − 2h 2 + 2 x 2
2
= lim
h →0 h
− 4 xh − 2h 2
= lim
h →0 h
h(−4 x − 2h)
= lim
h →0 h
= lim − 4 x − 2h
h →0

= −4 x
b) f ( x) = − x 2 + 2 x
f ( x + h) = −( x + h) 2 + 2( x + h)
= −( x 2 + 2 xh + h) 2 + 2( x + h)
= − x 2 − 2 xh − h + 2 x + 2h
− x 2 − 2 xh − h 2 + 2 x + 2h − (− x 2 + 2 x)
f ' ( x) = lim
h→0 h
− x − 2 xh − h + 2 x + 2h + x 2 − 2 x
2 2
= lim
h→0 h
− 2 xh − h + 2h
2
= lim
h→0 h
h(−2 x − h + 2)
= lim
h→0 h
= lim − 2 x − h + 2
h→0

= −2 x + 2

39
c) 1 2
f ( x) = x + x−2
2
1
f ( x ) = ( x + h) 2 + x + h − 2
2
1
= ( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) + x + h − 2
2
1 1
= x 2 + xh + h 2 + x + h − 2
2 2
1 2 1 1
x + xh + h 2 + x + h − 2 − ( x 2 + x − 2)
f ' ( x) = lim 2 2 2
h→0 h
1 2 1 2 1
x + xh + h + x + h − 2 − x 2 − x + 2
= lim 2 2 2
h→0 h
1
xh + h 2 + h
= lim 2
h→0 h
1
h( x + h + 1)
= lim 2
h→0 h
1
= lim x + h + 1
h→0 2
= x +1
d) 2
f ( x) = −
x
2
f ( x + h) = −
x+h

40
 2 2
− − (− )
f ' ( x ) = lim x + h x
h →0 h
2 2
− +
= lim x+h x
h →0 h
− 2x 2( x + h )
+
x ( x + h) x ( x + h)
= lim
h →0 h
− 2 x + 2( x + h )
= lim h
h →0 x ( x + h)
− 2 x + 2 x + 2h
= lim h
h →0 x ( x + h)
2h 1
= lim 
h → 0 x ( x + h) h
2
= lim
h → 0 x ( x + h)

2
=
x2
= 2 x −2

Question 2
a) y = x2 + x − 2x − 2
= x2 − x − 2
dy
= 2x −1
dx
b) t 2 −1
Dt ( )
2t + 2
(t + 1)(t − 1)
= Dt (
2(t + 1)
t −1
= Dt
2
t 1
= Dt ( − )
2 2
t 1
= Dt ( ) − Dt ( )
2 2
1
=
2

41
c) 2x 1
f ( x) = 2
−
x 2 x
1 12
= 2 x −1 − x
2
−2 1 1 12 −1
f ( x) = 2(−1) x
'
− ( )x
2 2
1 − 12
= −2 x − 2 − x
4
d) 𝐷𝑥 [ 3√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥
2
2
1
= 𝐷𝑥 [𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥
2
2 1
= 3 𝑥 3−1 − 2
1
1
= 𝑥 −3 − 2

e) 4
ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 3√𝑥
1
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 −1 + 3𝑥 2

1
3
∴ ℎ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 −2 + 2 𝑥 −2

f) 𝐷𝑥 (
8𝑥 3 −27
) = 𝐷𝑥 (
(2𝑥−3)(4𝑥 2 +6𝑥+9
) = 𝐷𝑥 (4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
2𝑥−3 2𝑥−3

= 8𝑥 + 6

g)
(
Dx  2x −1 − 5 

2


)
−2

= D x 4 x − 4 5 x −1 + 5 
−3 −2
= −8 x + 4 5 x
h) x 4 3
y = + x − 5p2
3
3
1
y=
x + x 4 − 5p2
3
−1
dy 1 3
 = + x4
dx 3 4

42
Question 3
1.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 −2
8
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3
8
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (2) = 2(2) + (2)3
𝑚=5
b) 𝑦 = 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 4 = 3
(2)2
∴ (2; 3); 𝑦 − 3 = 5(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 7
2.

𝑦 = 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥
For 𝑥 > 0
−2
𝑥 3 > 0 and 𝑥 3 < 0
∴ gradient of the tangent is < 0 if 𝑥 > 0
3.

𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − 2

= −(3𝑥 2 + 2)
This is always < 0
4.

a) 𝑓(−3) = (−3)−2 − 8 = 1
b) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑚 = 𝑓′(−3) = 2(−3) = −6
c) 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 equation of tangent:
1 = −6(−3) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −17
𝑦 = −6𝑥 − 17

43
SESSION 11: Calculus 2

Calculus 2 (Graphs and optimisation) – Exam type question solutions.

Question 1
1.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 2
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − intercepts (0; 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0; 2)
𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
0 = 𝑥(3 + 1)
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1

b) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 0
0 = 3𝑥 2 − 3
0 = 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −4 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 0
𝑇𝑃(−1; 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1; −4)
∴ 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
1
𝑥=2
1 3
𝑇𝑃 (− ; − )
2 4

c)

2.

2 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 −𝑥 3
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥−(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 2)
𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 − (−2) = 2

44
3.

0 < 𝑥 < 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < −1

Question 2
a) 𝐵(0; 12)
b) 𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 0
𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑎
But:
12 = (0 − 2)2 (0 − 𝑎)
𝑎 = −3
𝐴(−3; 0); 𝐷(2; 0)

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 12
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑡 𝐶
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
(3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
4
𝑥 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
3
4
At point C: 𝑥 = − 3
4 500
𝐶(− 3 ; )
27

d) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 2
6𝑥 − 2 = 0
1
𝑥=3
1
∴ 𝑓 is concave down when 𝑥 < 3

45
Question 3
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 30
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 11
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 0
(3𝑥 − 11)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
11
𝑥= or 𝑥 = −1
3
400
∴𝑦=− or 𝑦 = 36
27
11 400
𝐵( 3 ; − ) or 𝐴(−1; 36)
27

b) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 8
6𝑥 − 8 = 0
4
𝑥=3

c) 𝑓(2) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 − 11(2) + 30 = 0

𝑓 ′(2) = 3(2)2 − 8(2)2 − 11 = −15
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = −15(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = −15𝑥 + 30

d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘
400
𝑘 > 36 or 𝑘 < − 27

Question 4
a) 𝑔′ (0) = 12
1
b) Symmetry at 𝑥 = 2
∴𝑥=1

c)

46
Question 5
a)

b) −1 < 𝑥 < 1

c) Point of inflection: “halfway” between turning points (𝑥 −values)

−1+1
∴𝑥= =0
2

d) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0
∴𝑥>0

Question 6
a) R(0; −1)
b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 1
𝑔′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6
3𝑥 2 − 6 = 0
𝑥 = ±√2 = ±1,41
∴ 𝑔(√2) = −6,66 or 𝑔(−√2) = 4,66
𝑃(−1.41; 4,66) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(1,41; −6,66)

c) 𝑥 < −√2 or 𝑥 > √2

d) −√2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √2
e) 𝑔′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6 and 𝑥 = 0 𝑅
𝑚1 = 𝑔(0) = 3(0)2 − 6 = −6
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = −6(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 + 1 = −6(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = −6(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 = −6𝑥 − 1

47
 f) 𝑥 = −√2

Question 7
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 2
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0

3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1
𝐴(−1; 0) and 𝐵(1; −4)

b) 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 2)

= −𝑥 3 + 5𝑥
𝑃𝑄 ′ = −3𝑥 2 − 5 = 0
5
∴ 𝑥 = ±√3

5
∴ 𝑥 = +√3
𝑦 = −(1,29)3 + 5(1,29) = 4,3
maximum length of 𝑃𝑄 = 4,3 units

c) 𝑘 = −4 or 𝑘 = 0
𝑥1 +𝑥2 −1+1 𝑏 0
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 > 0 or 𝑥 = = =0 𝑥 = − 3𝑎 = − 3(1) = 0
2 2

𝑥>0 𝑥>0 𝑥>0

Question 8
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 − 12
36 = (−4)3 + 𝑝(−4)2 + 𝑞(−4) − 12
36 = −64 + 16𝑝 − 4𝑞 − 12
28 = 4𝑝 − 𝑞 … … … . (1)
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
𝑓′(−4) = 3(−4)2 + 2𝑝(−4) + 𝑞
−48 = −8𝑝 + 𝑞 … … … … . (2)
(1) + (2): −20 = −4𝑝
∴𝑝=5
𝑞 = −8

48
 b) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 12) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 12
𝑏𝑥 − 12𝑥 = −8𝑥
𝑏 − 12 = −8
∴𝑏=4
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12 = 0
(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = −6 or 𝑥 = 2
(−6; 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2; 0)

c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 8
𝑓 ′ (1) = 3(1)2 + 10(1) − 8 = −5
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 + 14 = 5(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 19

d) 0 < 𝑘 ≤ 7

Optimisation solutions
Question 1
𝑡2 𝑡3
a) 𝐷(𝑡) = 6 + −
4 8
′ (𝑡) 𝑡 𝑡2
𝐷 =2−3 8
3 (3)2 15
𝐷′ (3) = 2 − 3 =− 𝑚/ℎ
8 8
Decreasing in depth

b) 𝐷′ (𝑡) = 0
𝑡 𝑡2
−3 =0
2 8
𝑡 𝑡
𝑡 (2 − 3 8) = 0
4
𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 3
4
At 9h00 and at 3 × 60 = 80 minutes which is at 10h20

49
Question 2
a) 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 340𝑐𝑚2
340
ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2
b) Total surface area= 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
340
2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 (𝜋𝑟 2 )
680
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑟

680
c) 𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑟
𝑑𝑆𝐴 680
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 +
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
For the surface area to be as small as possible:
𝑑𝑆𝐴
𝑆𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝑟
680
4𝜋𝑟 + =0
𝑟
4𝜋𝑟 3 − 680 = 0
𝑟 = 2,38 𝑐𝑚

Question 3
a) ℎ(𝑡) = −2𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 + 32
ℎ(0) = −2(0)2 + 12(0) + 32 = 32 𝑚

b) ℎ′(𝑡) = −4𝑡 + 12
0 = −4𝑡 + 12
𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

c) ℎ(𝑡) = −2𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 + 32

0 = −2𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 + 32
0 = 𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 − 16
0 = (𝑡 − 8)(𝑡 + 2)
𝑡 = 8 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠ −2
∴ ℎ′ (8) = −4(8) + 12
= −32 + 12 = −20 𝑚/𝑠
= +20𝑚/𝑠 downwards.

d) ℎ′ (𝑡) = −4 𝑚/𝑠 2 or ℎ′ (𝑡) = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 downwards

50
Question 4

a) 𝑄𝑅 = √2 𝑘
𝑄𝑅 = √2 (20 − 𝑘)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 = √2 𝑘[√2 (20 − 𝑘)]

= 2𝑘(20 − 𝑘) = 40𝑘 − 2𝑘 2

b) 𝐴 = −2𝑘 2 + 40𝑘
𝑑𝐴
= −4𝑘 + 40 = 0
𝑑𝑘
𝑘 = 10

Question 5
a) 𝑉 = 𝑠 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 15 𝑚/𝑠
b) 𝑠′(25) = 2(25) + 15 = 65 𝑚/𝑠
c) 𝑠 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 15 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑠 ′′ (𝑡) = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
d) 𝐴 = 𝑠 ′′ (5) = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
e) 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 = 250
𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 − 250 = 0
(𝑡 + 25)(𝑡 − 10) = 0
𝑡 ≠ 25 or 𝑡 = 10
𝑉 = 𝑠 ′ (10) = 2(10) + 15 = 35 𝑚/𝑠

Question 6
a) 𝑡 = 2
1 1
𝐷(2) = 3 + 2 (2)2 − 4 (2)3
= 3 + 2 − 2 = 3𝑚
3
b) 𝐷′(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 4 𝑡 2
3
𝐷′ (3) = 3 − 4 (3)2 = −3,75 𝑚/ℎ
c) 𝐷′ (𝑡) = 0
3
𝑡 − 4 𝑡2 = 0
3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 = 0
𝑡(3𝑡 − 4) = 0
1
𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 1 3 = 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛

51
SESSION 12: Trigonometry

TRIGONOMETRY - Exam type questions solutions.

Question 1
1. 𝐶𝑂𝑆 75° + 𝐶𝑂𝑆 15° = 𝐶𝑂𝑆(45° + 30°) + 𝐶𝑂𝑆(45° − 30°)
= 2𝐶𝑂𝑆45°. 𝐶𝑂𝑆30°
√2 √3
= 2( × )
2 2

√6
=
2
2. 1 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 0
1 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 = 0
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2) = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2 (𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2

𝑥 = 30° + 𝑘. 360
𝑥 = 150° + 𝑘. 360; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴
3. = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
=
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
sin(450°−𝑥) tan(𝑥−180)𝑠𝑖𝑛23° 𝑐𝑜𝑠23°
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠44° sin (−𝑥)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛23° 𝑐𝑜𝑠23°

=
𝑠𝑖𝑛46°(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛23°𝑐𝑜𝑠23° 1
= = −
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛23° 𝑐𝑜𝑠23°. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2

52
Question 2

1. cos 56° 𝑐𝑜𝑠26° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠146°sin (−26°)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛34°𝑐𝑜𝑠26° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠146° sin(−26°)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛34°𝑐𝑜𝑠26° + cos(180° − 34°) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛26°)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛34°𝑐𝑜𝑠26° + (−𝑐𝑜𝑠34°)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛26°)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛34°𝑐𝑜𝑠26° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠34°𝑠𝑖𝑛26°
= sin(34° + 26°)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°
√3
=
2

tan(180°+𝑥)cos (360°−𝑥)
2. sin(𝑥−180°) cos(90°+𝑥)+cos(720°+𝑥)cos (−𝑥)

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1

3. =
2−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=
2(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
1
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

53
Question 3
cos(40°−𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−sin(40°−𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛205°.𝑐𝑜𝑠25°

cos(40° − 𝑥 + 𝑥)
=
−𝑠𝑖𝑛25°𝑐𝑜𝑠25°
cos (40° − 𝑥 + 𝑥)
=
1
− 2 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛25°. 𝑐𝑜𝑠25°)
𝑐𝑜𝑠40°
=
1
− 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛50°
𝑐𝑜𝑠40° 𝑠𝑖𝑛50°
= 𝑂𝑅
1 1
− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠40° − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛50°

= −2
2.
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) =
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

54
 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1
c. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 = 45° + 𝑘. 180; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
𝑥 = 22.5° + 𝑘. 90; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍

Question 4

tan(180°+𝐴).cos(180°−𝐴).sin (360°−𝐴)
1. cos (90°−𝐴)

(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

2.
a. cos 52° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(26°)
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 26° − 1
= 2(𝑟)2 − 1
= 2𝑟 2 − 1

55
 𝑠𝑖𝑛71°
b. tan 71° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠71°

sin(45° + 26°)
=
cos(45° + 26°)
𝑠𝑖𝑛45°𝑐𝑜𝑠26° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°𝑠𝑖𝑛26°
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠45°𝑐𝑜𝑠26° − 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°𝑠𝑖𝑛26°
√2 √2
( 2 ) 𝑟 + ( 2 ) (√1 − 𝑟 2 )
=
√2 √2
( 2 ) 𝑟 − ( 2 ) (√1 − 𝑟 2 )

√2
( 2 ) (𝑟 + √1 − 𝑟 2 )
=
√2
( 2 ) (𝑟 − √1 − 𝑟 2 )

𝑟 + √1 − 𝑟 2
=
𝑟 − √1 − 𝑟 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
3. = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

56
 4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = sin (𝑥 − 30°)
= cos[90° − (𝑥 − 30°)]
= cos[(120° − 𝑥)]
𝑘𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 120° − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 120 − 𝑥 + 𝑛. 360°; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
3𝑥 = 120° + 𝑛. 360°; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
𝑥 = 40° + 𝑛. 120°; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
or
2𝑥 = 360° − (120° − 𝑥) + 𝑛. 360; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
2𝑥 = 240° + 𝑥 + 𝑛. 360°; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
𝑥 = 240° + 𝑛. 360°; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

Question 5

2 sin(180°+𝑥)sin (90°+𝑥)
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥(1)
= −𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥

2. At 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 0
2𝑥 = 90° 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 = 270°
𝑥 = 45° 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 135°

57
 𝑐𝑜𝑠347°.𝑠𝑖𝑛193°
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛315°.𝑐𝑜𝑠64°

(𝑐𝑜𝑠13°)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛13°)
=
(−𝑡𝑎𝑛45°)(𝑐𝑜𝑠64°)
𝑐𝑜𝑠13°. −𝑠𝑖𝑛13°
=
−1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠64°
2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛13°𝑐𝑜𝑠13°
=
2𝑐𝑜𝑠64°
𝑠𝑖𝑛26°
=
2𝑠𝑖𝑛26°
1
=
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
4. = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

cos (2𝑥 + 𝑥)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 1 + 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 1

58
SESSION 13: Euclidean geometry
Euclidean Geometry –– Exam type questions solutions.
Question 1
a) K̂ 2 = M̂ 2 = 40 0 tan chord theorem
b) N̂1 = K̂1 = 84 0 − 40 0 = 44 0 subtended by chord ML

c) T̂ = N1 = 44 0 Alternate angles NM // KT

d) M̂1 = 84 0 Alternate angles, NM // KT

L 2 = M 1 = 84 0 subtended by the same arc KN

e) L̂1 = 180 0 − (M̂ + N̂1 ) = 1800 – (124 + 400) = 160 sum of angles of a triangle

Question 2
Cˆ = 108 0 Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
Cˆ + DAˆ E = 180 0 ;108 0 + 2 x + 40 0 = 180 0 Opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral ABCD

 2 x = 180 0 − 148 0  2 x = 32 0
x = 16 0

Question 3
Hint: Look for Tan chord, corresponding angles, alternating as we have tangents and parallel
lines.
a) K̂ 3 = Ĉ [corresp s; CA| |KT]

= Â 3 [tan-chord thm]

=x
b) K̂ 3 = x = Â 3 [proved in 9.1]

 AKBT is cycl. quad [line (BT) subtends equal s]

OR
[converse s in same segment]

c) K̂ 3 = Ĉ [proven in 9.1]

59
 = B̂2 [tan-chord thm.]

= K̂ 2 [s in the same segm.]

 TK bisects AK̂B
OR

K̂ 2 = B̂2 [s in the same seg]

= Â3 [tans from same pt; s opp equal sides]

]
 = K̂ 3 [proven in 9.1]

 TK bisects AK̂B

Question 4
a) 𝑆̂1= 65° (corr ∠’s; AN || SV )
̂
𝑌3 = 65° (tan-chord th)
𝑁̂ 1 = 65° (tan-chord th)
b) 𝑆̂1 = 𝑁̂1
VYSN is a cyclic quad ; (YV subtends equal angles)
c) 𝑆̂2 = 65° (∠’s in same segment))

̂ 3 = 65°
𝑁 (alt. ∠’s; AN || SV)
∴ 𝐴̂ = 𝑁
̂3
AS = SN (sides opp equal angles)

Question 5
1. tangent-chord theorem
2. In △ ABC and △ ADB

Â1 = Â1 [ common ]

B̂1 = D̂1 [ proven 9.1]

∴ ΔABC|||ΔADB[∠; ∠; ∠]

Ê2 = F̂1 [alternate ∠s; EA ∥ GF ]

3. F̂1 = D̂2 [ext ∠ of cyc quad DGFC]
∴ Ê2 = D̂2

4. In △ AEC and △ ADE :

60
 Â2 = Â2 [common]
Ê2 = D̂2 [proven 9.3]
∴△ AEC|||ΔADE[∠; ∠; ∠]
AE AC
∴ = [ from |||Δs]
AD AE
∴ AE 2 = AD × AC
∴ AE = √AD × AC

AB AC
= AB [ from |||Δs/ uit |||Δ𝑒] from 9.2]
AD
2
5. AB = AD × AC
= AE 2 [from 9.4]
∴ AB = AE

Question 6

AS AR
= RB [ line ∥ side of Δ]
SP
3
1. =2 OR [RS ∥ BP]
AS 3
=7 [AP = PC]
SC

RT SP
= [ line ∥ side of Δ]
TC PC
2. 2
=5 OR [RS ∥ TP]

Area of ΔRAS AS 3
3. = SC = 7 [ common height]
Area of ΔRSC
1
Area ΔTPC TC.PC⋅sin TCP
= 21
Area △RSC RC.SC⋅sinTCP
2
TC PC
= RC × SC
4.
5 5
=7×7
25
= 49

Question 7

61
 ON OT
1. = [ prop theorem ]
NM TS
ON OP
= PQ [ prop theorem ]
NM

OT OP
∴ =
TS PQ
∴ NT ∥ MS

ON OT 3
= = 5 [prop theorem]
NM TS
2. OT 3
= 8 × 32
= 12
5
VT = 8 × 12
15
= or 7,5
2

Question 8
PE PD line ∥ one side △ POQ OR
= DO
EQ prop theorem ED ∥ OQ
2
𝑥 𝑥
3
= 𝑥+3
9
2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 6𝑥
1. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3
N.A
DO = 6
DO = OR 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑖
OR = 6 units

2. S is the midpoint of RE
DE = 2OS
DE = 2,8 units midpoint theorem

Area ΔPED PD
= PR same height (DE)
Area ΔPER
2
= 14
3. 1
=7
Area ΔPER = 7 × Area ΔPED
= 18,9 units 2

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