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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN MODERN MONARCHY

Monarchies
and the
Great War

Edited by
Matthew Glencross
and Judith Rowbotham
Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy

Series Editors
Axel Körner
University College London, UK

Heather Jones
London School of Economics, UK

Heidi Mehrkens
University of Aberdeen, UK

Frank Lorenz Müller

University of St Andrews, UK
The death of Louis XVI on the scaffold in 1793 did not mark the begin-
ning of the end of monarchy. What followed was a Long Nineteenth
Century during which monarchical systems continued to be politically
and culturally dominant both in Europe and beyond. They shaped polit-
ical cultures and became a reference point for debates on constitutional
government as well as for understandings of political liberalism. Within
multinational settings monarchy offered an alternative to centralised
national states. Not even the cataclysms of the twentieth century could
wipe monarchy completely off the political, mental and emotional maps.
Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy reflects the vibrancy of research
into this topic by bringing together monographs and edited collections
exploring the history of monarchy in Europe and the world in the period
after the end of the ancien régime. Committed to a scholarly approach
to the royal past, the series is open in terms of geographical and the-
matic coverage, welcoming studies examining any aspect of any part of
the modern monarchical world.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14609
Matthew Glencross · Judith Rowbotham
Editors

Monarchies
and the Great War
Editors
Matthew Glencross Judith Rowbotham
King’s College London Plymouth University
London, UK Plymouth, UK

Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy

ISBN 978-3-319-89514-7 ISBN 978-3-319-89515-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89515-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938317

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: King George V visiting Flanders, July 1917. © Historical Images Archive/
Alamy Stock Photo

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

The editors would like to thank Her Majesty the Queen for her gra-
cious permission to quote material from the Royal Archives Windsor,
for which she holds the copyright, as would (in particular) Matthew
Glencross and Antony Best. The editors and contributors would also like
to thank all Royal Archives Staff for their help in accessing the material
held there. This material has helped to make two chapters in this volume
very robust.
Our gratitude goes out particularly to the late Professor Richard
Roberts (1950–2017), a staunch supporter of Matthew Glencross who
gave permission for the conference out of which this volume arose, to be
the 2014 summer conference of the Institute of Contemporary British
History, King’s College London. His masterly book, Saving the City: The
Great Financial Crisis of 1914 (2013), also helped to set the tone for our
approach. Without him, this volume is unlikely to have happened—we
have great sadness that he will not be able to see the end result, because
of his untimely death in December 2017. Our great thanks go also to
Dr. Michael Kandiah, for his constant and informed support both dur-
ing the conference and subsequently during the time that this volume
has emerged, and to Virginia Preston, also Department of Political
Economy, King’s College London, especially for her invaluable help with
the conference.
The editors would like to thank, in the UK, The National Archives,
Kew, The British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the Churchill
Archives Centre Cambridge, the Bodleian Library Oxford, the University

v
vi    Acknowledgements

of Sheffield, the London Library, the Hartley Library, University of

Southampton, the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the
Royal Navy Museum, Portsmouth, for their permission to quote mate-
rial held in their respective collections. Outside the UK, we would like
to thank the National Archives of Australia, Canberra; the Haus-, Hof-
and Staatsarchiv, Vienna, Austria; the Kriegsarchiv, Vienna, Austria;
the Národní archiv, Prague, the Czech Republic; the Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Austria; the Geheimes Hausarchiv, Berlin,
Germany; the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg, Germany; the
Archivio di Stato di Torino, Turin, Italy; and the Ottoman Archive of the
General Directorate of the Prime Ministerial State Archive of the Turkish
Republic, Istanbul, Turkish Republic, for their permission to quote
material held in their respective collections.
Thanks to Frank Muller, Heidi Mehrkens, Heather Jones and Axel
Körner, our series editors, for their critical insights which have undoubt-
edly refined the arguments of the volume. We are also grateful to Emily
Russell and Carmel Kennedy at Palgrave for their unwavering support
for us and out contributors, and for their always helpful and constructive
comments during the (at times) challenging process of evolving and col-
lating this volume.
Finally, the editors would like to thank the contributors for their
efforts. We are hugely grateful to them for substantiating our original
challenge of exploring monarchies in the context of the Great War—
because when one is undertaking an enterprise that flies in the face of
conventional wisdom on a topic, it is a little scary unless you have the
backing of such enthusiastic and eminent scholars, who have been willing
to travel with us on this journey into the unknown. While singling one
contributor out is usually invidious, we have to say that we are particu-
larly grateful to Chris Brennan who has aided us with the Introduction
and the Epilogue by adding his European perspective on events, and
so helping us to avoid howlers, and has spent long hours polishing our
grammar as well (he is even more pedantic than the second editor, which
is saying something!). We believe the end result for those two chap-
ters (One and Eleven) has benefitted from his joining us in producing
those. Thank you, Chris! We are also very grateful to Gillian Staerck who
found Chris for us when we were desperately searching for an Austro-
Hungarian scholar to contribute a chapter on that monarchy—you chose
well. We are (meanly but pragmatically) leaving it up them to thank the
 Acknowledgements    vii

many who have no doubted helped them—we are certain that each of
our contributors will have long lists of friends and mentors from whom
they drew advice and support. The editors would also like to thank our
own families, colleagues and friends for putting up with endless talk
of the intricacies and nuances of monarchical relationships and courtly
etiquette. As we, the editors, know even better than the first time we
came together on an edited collection, achieving completion of a collec-
tion of this type is, in summary, a tribute to the contributors who have
responded to the challenge set for them so magnificently, and to the tol-
erance of both the editors’ and the contributors’ various family members,
scholars and the wide range of friends who have not given up on us, yet.

February 2018 Matthew Glencross

Judith Rowbotham
 Contents

1 Introduction 1
Matthew Glencross, Judith Rowbotham
and Christopher Brennan

2 The British Royal Family and the Making

of the War-Time Anglo-American Relationship 41
Erik Goldstein

3 Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, the German

Command and Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1914–1915 67
Jonathan Boff

4 ‘Hesitant Heir and Reluctant Ruler’: Karl I/IV

of Austria-Hungary During the Great War 87
Christopher Brennan

5 Contextualising the Ottoman Dynasty:

Sultan Mehmed V Reşad and the Ottoman
Princes in the Great War 121
Mustafa Serdar Palabıyık

ix
x    Contents

6 A Cause of Tension? The Leadership of

King George V: Visiting the Western Front 153
Matthew Glencross

7 ‘How To Be Useful in War Time’ Queen Mary’s

Leadership in the War Effort 1914–1918 191
Judith Rowbotham

8 The Victorious King: The Role of Victor

Emmanuel III in the Great War 225
Valentina Villa

9 Albert I, King of the Belgians: A ‘Neutral’ Sovereign

and Commander 251
William Philpott

10 Monarchy, the Armed Services and Royal Alliances:

The Case of Britain and Japan, 1902–1975 277
Antony Best

11 Epilogue 297
Judith Rowbotham and Matthew Glencross

Index 305
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