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 Piotr Koryś

POLAND
FROM
PARTITIONS
TO EU
ACCESSION
A Modern Economic History,
1772–2004
Poland From Partitions to EU Accession
 Piotr Koryś

Poland From
Partitions to EU
Accession
A Modern Economic History,
1772–2004
Piotr Koryś
University of Warsaw
Warsaw, Poland

ISBN 978-3-319-97125-4    ISBN 978-3-319-97126-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97126-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956152

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

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 Acknowledgements

Unlike the political and social history of Poland presented in numerous

books, most notably in Norman Davies’ Poland: God’s Playground, the
economic history of modern Poland remains almost unknown to the
contemporary Western reader. This book is the first systematic synthesis
of the modern economic history of Polish lands published in English and
offers the possibility of filling an important gap in the economic history
of modern Europe.
It is not uncommon that the knowledge of Polish economic history
among Western economists and historians is limited to very basic facts.
Thus, information and data are often misused (as it is, e.g., in the case of
the occupational structure of late-nineteenth-century Polish lands, that—
according to some papers—is almost comparable to Britain). The aim of
this book is to provide a more detailed view of the Polish economic his-
tory, the history of Polish development, its intellectual underpinning,
and broader political and social context; this book contains new estima-
tions of the Polish GDP and the occupational structure of Polish lands. It
presents latest research of mine, my colleagues from Chair of Economic
History in Faculty of Economic Sciences at Warsaw University, and
researchers all over Poland and Europe.
While I’m purely responsible for all mistakes, omissions, and misinter-
pretations, obviously, I owe a great debt to my friends, colleagues,

v
vi Acknowledgements

s­ tudents, and last, but not least, family, support of whom was indispens-
able during the planning and writing of this book.
In particular, I would like to express my appreciation to my friends
and colleagues from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University
of Warsaw. Professor Jacek Kochanowicz (1946–2014) invited me to the
world of economic history as my supervisor, head of the chair, and friend.
His critique was always useful; discussions with him—always fruitful;
and guidance, curious and patient. Jacek, thank you so much for every-
thing. I am also entirely grateful for the co-operation and support given
by Maciej Tymiński, Cecylia Leszczyńska, and Maciej Bukowski.
Discussion with Professors Janos M. Kovacs, Max S. Schulze, and
Nikolaus Wolf drew my attention to some important problems of Polish
economic history. Co-operation with Professor Marek Okólski, econo-
mist and demographer, was one of the most inspiring lessons on how to
conduct research, how to infer from available data, and finally, how to
use existing knowledge for a better understanding of Polish society and
history. My great friends Paweł Dobrowolski and Adam Leszczyński
spent a lot of time reading and commenting this book. Thank you!
Tomasz Zarycki, Artur Wołek, Łukasz Hardt, and Jan Fałkowski also
devoted their time for reading and discussing parts of the manuscript. I
also thank the referees of the proposal and book. They offered me many
fantastic and insightful critical comments. Ms. Małgorzata Matysik
spent a lot of time patiently and attentively translating and editing sub-
sequent versions of the manuscript. Without her, the final result would
have been worse.
Institutional support also proved to be very important. My depart-
ment at the University of Warsaw creates an extremely inspiring area for
intellectual debate. University of Warsaw financially supported the trans-
lation and redaction of manuscript. The Institute for Human Sciences in
Vienna offered me the perfect environment to work on this book during
my stay there in the academic year 2016/2017. This book would not have
been possible without the comfortable stay in Vienna. The generous sup-
port of research by the National Science Centre in the research proj-
ects “Economic Growth of The Polish territories in the Time of The First
Globalization” (2012/07/B/HS4/00451) and “In pursuit of modernity.
 Acknowledgements vii

Successes and failures of the politics of modernization in Poland since

1800” allowed me and my colleagues to focus on intellectual inquiries.
And last, but not least, my family was both extremely patient and help-
ful during the process of the creation of this book. I thank my parents,
who supported me and believed in me for dozens of years. My beloved
wife Izabela always gave me emotional and intellectual support while our
incredible sons Jan, Krzysztof, and Stanisław assisted me all the time, deaf
to my requests for a moment of peace. Maybe without them this book
could have been written faster, but honestly speaking, it might have never
been written. I love you!
 Contents

1 Introduction: From the “Little Divergence” to Successful

EU Integration: Towards Economic History of Modern
Poland   1

2 The View from Afar: The Polish Economy Between the

Golden Age and the Partitions (Sixteenth to Eighteenth
Centuries)  35

3 The Age of Enlightenment Reforms and Partitions of

Poland: Economy and Politics in the Late Eighteenth
Century (1772–1795)  43

4 Between the Consolidation from Above and the

Fragmentation of the State: Partitions, Duchy of
Warsaw and Polish Lands After the Congress of Vienna
(1795–1830)  77

5 On the Peripheries of the Modern Western World:

Delayed Social Reforms and Unfinished Industrial
Revolution (1830–1870) 115

ix
x Contents

6 The Dawn of Modern Economic Growth: Period of Late

Industrialization (1870–1914) 151

7 The Window of Opportunity: Polish Lands During the

Great War (1914–1921) 195

8 A Moment of Independence: Reconstruction and

Economic Development of the Second Republic of Poland
(1918/21–1939) 207

9 Under the Nazi and Soviet Rule: Polish Lands During

World War II (1939–1945) 255

10 Communist Modernization? Economic Development of

Poland Under State Socialism (1945–1989) 265

11 In Pursuit of the Western World: Poland Between the

Transition and the EU Accession (1989–2004) 321

12 Conclusion: Two Centuries of Catching-up to the West 347

Annex 365

Bibliography 371

Index 373
 List of Maps and Graphs

Map 3.1 Poland after the First Partition (1772) and Polish lands
after the Third Partition 1795 53
Map 5.1 Polish lands after Vienna Congress. (Kingdom of Poland
in purple colour, Grand Duchy of Posen in brighter green) 128
Map 8.1 Poland after WWI (1918–1939) 221
Graph 8.1 Value of industrial output (total and per capita), constant
prices of 1928 (1928 = 100) 237
Map 10.1 Poland after 1945 281
Graph 12.1 GDP per capita of the territory of the Kingdom of Poland
(Russian partition) in comparison to neighbouring
countries and leaders of growth 359

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