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Computer - Read Only Memory (ROM)

What is ROM?
ROM is a non-volatile memory that stores data permanently. Advanced ROM data can be erased and
rewritten. The information in ROM can only be accessed, making it perfect for use in computers as it
enables quick access to data without the need for constant data rewriting. Important data, like BIOS
settings and operating system instructions, are stored in these memories, which are crucial for the
proper functioning of your computer. Without them, your computer would essentially be "brain dead,"
so they must continue to work properly at all times!
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ROM is an efficient storage method requiring minimal effort and maintenance, capable of holding
instructions and various types of data.

Characteristics of Read Only Memory (ROM)

The primary characteristics of ROM are as follows −

ROM is Non-volatile in nature.

Advanced ROM can be rewritten.

Data or information stored on ROM can be read-only.

ROM holds its data even when power is turned off.

The read-only characteristic ensures data stability and integrity.

ROM utilization occurs during the computer's boot-up procedure.

How does Read Only Memory (ROM) Work?

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ROM functions by using memory cells, which are composed of transistors arranged in series to enable
the flow of electrical current when powered. This current passing through the transistors generates a
magnetic field that retains the data in the memory cell until it is erased by another signal passing
through the transistor. The information stored in these cells cannot be altered or deleted unless
directed by an external entity such as a computer processor or hard drive controller.

Overall, inside the computer, a small but durable battery powers the ROM. Its two essential
components are the decoder and OR logic gates. Binary input from the ROM is processed by the
decoder, which then produces the decimal equivalent as output. The decimal output of the decoder is
used as the input for the OR gates in the ROM.

ROM is akin to an array of disks. The system can be activated and deactivated using a grid of rows and
columns. Each element of the array is assigned to a specific memory element on the ROM. A diode is
used to connect the relevant components. When a request is sent, the address provided is used to
locate the specific memory location. The value extracted from the ROM chip must match the value in
the array's selected element.

Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Based on its characteristics and uses, ROM is broadly classified into four different types −

1. MROM (Masked Read-Only Memory)

MROM stands for Masked Read-Only Memory. This memory device is no longer used nowadays due to
obsolescence. Manufacturers are using this memory to store software and information during the
manufacturing process. Therefore, it is impossible to alter, reprogram, or erase this type of pre-
programmed chip later.

Applications of MROM

It is most widely used in Network Operating Systems and Server Operating Systems.
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2. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)

PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory. Generally, its a blank memory chip. It can be
programmed during manufacturing and cannot be changed or erased. A PROM programmer or PROM
burner is used to write information to a PROM. The process of programming a PROM chip is
commonly known as "PROM Burning." Once programmed, the chip's content cannot be changed. As a
result, it is also known as a one-time programmable device.

Applications of PROM

It is most widely used in Computer Bios, TV Remote, Video game consoles and nowadays a day used
in Mobile Phones.

3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It can be programmed and later erased
by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light. After being erased, the EPROM can be reprogrammed. EPROM
is a type of read-only memory chip that may erase previously programmed data. High voltage can be
used to program the programmable read-only memory to write data, which is then retained until
exposed to ultraviolet light for 10 minutes or more.

Applications of EPROM

It is most widely used in Video cards, Memory sticks, BIOS chips, and Modem.

4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is an advanced type of
ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed electrically. This operation can be repeated indefinitely,
and the computer system can do it while running. The EEPROM allows users to program and erase any
desired spot. It is erased byte by byte rather than the full chip. As a result, reprogramming is flexible
and takes less time to complete the process.

Applications of EEPROM

It is most widely used in Bios Chip and Microcontrollers for Smart Cards.

5. Flash Memory

It is a type of EEPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks rather than one byte at a time
which allows for faster and more efficient operations. It is widely employed as storage in modern
devices such as USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs. A modern variant of EEPROM is flash memory.
With its newer designs and high endurance, it may be erased and rewritten faster than typical
EEPROMs.
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Applications of Flash Memory

It is most widely used in storage devices like USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs.

Advantages of Using (Read Only Memory) ROM

The primary advantages of ROM are as follows −

It is non-volatile and less expensive than RAM.

Its circuit design is simple as compared to RAM.

No need to refresh it.

ROM provides fast data access.

It is reliable.

Data remains intact and uncorrupted.

It maintains data integrity and security.

Applications of Read Only Memory (ROM)

There are various applications of ROM. Some of those applications are as follows −

Supports the Booting Process − It supports the booting process of the computer and loads
the operating system.

Input/output (I/O) Tasks − ROM performs large I/O tasks.

Stores Data − ROM stores data and updates firmware software.

Embedded Systems − ROMs are most widely used in microwaves, washing machines, and
related appliances where firmware controls operations.
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Consumer Electronics − It is used in modern smartphones for storing bootloaders and

firmware.

Computer BIOS − It provides support for basic Input / Output System (BIOS) in PCs.

ROM is an essential memory device in different electronic systems due to its impact use like reliability,
security, and cost-effectiveness.

RAM Vs. ROM

The primary difference between RAM and ROM are as −

RAM ROM

It stands for Random Access Memory It stands for Read-only Memory

It is more expensive than ROM It is less expensive than RAM

Its speed is high Its speed is low

Temporary storage for data and programs Permanent storage for data and programs

Its storage capacity is low compared to the

Its storage capacity is high compared to ROM
RAM

It can perform Read, Modify and Delete operations It performs only Read operations

It performs processing on current instructions It performs Bootstrap processing

RAM is a fast ROM is slow

Probably used in the CPU cache and primary Probably used in firmware and micro-
memory controllers

It is volatile It is not volatile

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