El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.

Unit [1] lesson [1]

Friction
Equilibrium of a body on a horizontal rough plane

Smooth and rough planes:

First: For the smooth planes Second: For the rough

planes

The friction of a rough plane:

If the body weight (w) is placed on a horizontal rough plane and a force P acts
on the body in a horizontal direction and the body still in equilibrium so:
𝑵 = 𝑾, 𝑷 = 𝑭 where F is the
force of static friction of the plane to
this body and N is the normal reaction.

And If (P) is increasing gradually, then (F) is increasing gradually too.

The properties of the force of the static friction [ F ]

1) Its direction is opposite to the direction in which the body can move.
2) It equals to the tangential force which try to move the body and less than or
equals this force.
3) It increases when the tangential force increase and it always equals to it in
magnitude in the case of equilibrium.
4) It increases to a limit magnitude and can’t increase than this magnitude and in
this case the body is about to move and the force of friction in this case is called
(the limiting force of static friction), denoted by 𝐅𝐬 .

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 Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
5) The ratio between the limiting force of static friction and the normal reaction is
a constant value which depends on the roughness of the two touching bodies
and doesn’t depend on their shapes or masses or areas and called (the
coefficient of static friction) denoted by µs then
𝑭𝒔
µ𝒔 = ⇒ 𝑭𝒔 = µ 𝒔 𝑵
𝑵
Remarks:
1) 𝟎 < µ𝒔 < 𝟏 and may increase than 1 in some special cases .
2) 𝑭 ≤ 𝑭𝒔
𝐍 ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐅 ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐅𝐬 ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

o The force of kinetic friction: µ𝐬 ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

If a body moves in a rough plane then we 𝐅𝐤

⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
have a force of friction called kinetic force
of friction ( 𝐅𝐤 ) , In the opposite direction µ𝐤 ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
of the motion, where 𝐅𝐤 = µ𝒌 𝑁 𝐑′ ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝛌 ⇒ 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐫iction

So we can define the coefficient of kinetic friction is the ratio between the force
𝑭𝒌
of kinetic friction and the normal reaction µ𝒌 =
𝑵

Remark: µ𝐬 > µ𝐤
o The resultant reaction (𝐑′)
It is the resultant of the normal reaction and the force of static friction.

o The angel of friction ( 𝛌 ) :

It is the angle between the normal reaction (𝐍)and the resultant reaction (𝐑’) in
the case of the limiting friction.
We can find the resultant reaction 𝐑’

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

1) If the body is at rest :

𝜽

∴ 𝑹′ = √𝑵𝟐 + 𝑭𝟐

2) If the body is about to move:

∴ 𝑹′ = √𝑵𝟐 + 𝑭𝟐𝒔 = √𝑵𝟐 + 𝝁𝒔 𝟐 𝑵𝟐

𝑹′ = 𝑵√𝟏 + 𝝁𝒔 𝟐 = 𝑵√𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝝀

= 𝑵 √𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝝀 ∴ 𝑹′ = 𝑵 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝝀

o The relation between the coefficient of static friction and the

angle of friction:
From this figure

𝑭𝒔 𝑭𝒔
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝀 = 𝒃𝒖𝒕 = 𝝁𝒔
𝑵 𝑵
∴ 𝝁𝒔 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝀

Remarks:
1- The force of friction ∈ ]𝟎 , 𝝁𝒔 𝑵]
2- The resultant reaction ∈ ]𝑵 , 𝑵√𝟏 + 𝝁𝒔 𝟐 ]

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 Unit [1] Statics (Friction)

In the opposite figure:

The static friction force increases
gradually as the acting tangential force
parallel to the plane on the body
increases till it reaches its maximum
value (the limiting static friction force)
at this moment
, the body becomes about to move and it
has a coefficient of static friction (𝝁𝒔 ) when the body moves, this friction
force decrease (as shown in the figure) and in this case the friction force is
called kinetic friction force (denoted 𝑭𝒌 ) and it has coefficient of kinetic
friction (denoted as 𝝁𝒌 ) this kinetic friction force decrease as much as the
speed increases, specially to high speed.

Equilibrium of a body on a horizontal rough plane:

If the force P inclined to the horizontal by angle of measure 𝜽 and the body is:
i. In the state of rest then :
𝑭 = 𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑵 + 𝑷 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒘

ii. About to move, then:

𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝑷 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑵 + 𝑷 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒘

Ex. [1]: A body of weight 6 Newton is placed on a rough horizontal plane, the
body is pulled by a horizontal force of magnitude 𝟐√𝟑 Newton, So the body about
to move, find:

i) The coefficient of static friction between the body and the plane.
ii) The measure if the angle of friction

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

Solution:
N= 6 Newton
𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟐√𝟑
𝟐√ 𝟑 √ 𝟑
𝟔𝝁𝒔 = 𝟐√𝟑 ∴ 𝝁𝒔 = =
𝟔 𝟑
√𝟑
𝝁𝒔 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝀 = ∴ 𝝀 = 𝟑𝟎° (The
𝟑

angle of friction is 𝟑𝟎°)

Ex. [2]: : A body of 10 Kg.wt is placed on a horizontal rough plane and the
𝟏
coefficient of static friction between them = find:
𝟐

i) The least force acting on the body horizontally that makes the body
about to move.
ii) The least force inclined to the horizontal by 𝟑𝟎° to make the body
about to move.
Solution:
let the force= P
i) 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕.
𝟏
𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝑷 → 𝑷 = × 𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝑷 = 𝟓𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕.

ii) 𝑵 + 𝑷𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝑵 + 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎 (× 𝟐)
𝟐
𝟐𝑵 + 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟎 → (𝟏)

√𝟑 𝟏
𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 → 𝑷= 𝑵 (× 𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑵 = √𝟑𝑷 → (𝟐)
𝟐𝟎
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏)& (𝟐) ∴ 𝟐√𝟑𝑷 + 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟎 ⟹ 𝑷(𝟐√𝟑 + 𝟏) = 𝟐𝟎 ∴𝑷= 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕
𝟐√𝟑+𝟏

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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
Ex. [3]: 𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒆 A body of weight 𝟑 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔 is placed on a horizontal rough
𝟏
plane whose coefficient of friction with the body is , then the force of a friction
𝟑
∈……….
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂 [ , 𝟑] 𝒃 ]𝟏, ∞[ 𝒄 ]𝟎, 𝟏] 𝒅 ]𝟎, ]
𝟑 𝟑

Solution:
𝟏
𝐍=𝟑 , 𝛍𝐬 𝐍 = ×𝟑=𝟏
𝟑
The force of a friction ∈ ]𝟎, 𝛍𝐬 𝐍]
The force of a friction ∈ ]𝟎, 𝟏] → 𝒄
3

Ex. [4]: 𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒆 A body of weight 𝟏 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏 is placed on a horizontal rough

plane the coefficient of friction with the body and the plane is √𝟑 ,
Then the resultant reaction force ∈……….

𝒂 ]𝟎, 𝟏] 𝒃 ]𝟏, 𝟐] 𝒄 {𝟏, 𝟐} 𝒅 {𝟐}

Solution:
𝐍=𝟏
∴ 𝐍(𝐦𝐢𝐧. 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧) = 𝟏

𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐍√𝟏 + 𝛍𝐬 𝟐

1
𝟐
𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟏√𝟏 + (√𝟑) = 𝟐

The resultant reaction force ∈ ]𝐍 , 𝐍√𝟏 + 𝛍𝐬 𝟐 ]

The resultant reaction force ∈ ]𝟏 , 𝟐] → 𝒃

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

Ex. [5]: A body of 𝟒𝟎 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. is placed on a horizontal rough plane, a force acted on
𝟑
it of 𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. in direction inclined to the plane at an angle whose tan is , find the
𝟒
force of friction and if this force increased to be 𝟐𝟓𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕 So the motion is about to
begin, find the coefficient of friction. then find the magnitude and the direction of
the resultant reaction in the second case.

Solution:
Let F = the friction force
𝟒
𝑭 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟐𝟎 × = 𝟏𝟔 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕.
𝟓

o When the body is about to move so the friction becomes limiting equals 𝝁𝑺𝑵
𝟒
 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟐𝟓 ×
𝟓
𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟐𝟎 → (𝟏)
𝑵 + 𝟐𝟓 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟒𝟎
𝟑
𝑵 + 𝟐𝟓 × = 𝟒𝟎 → 𝑵 = 𝟐𝟓
𝟓
𝟐𝟎 𝟒
𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏) 𝟐𝟓𝝁𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎 𝝁𝒔 = =
𝟐𝟓 𝟓
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝑹′ = 𝑵√𝟏 + 𝝁𝒔 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓√𝟏 + ( ) = 𝟓√𝟒𝟏 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. , 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝀 = ,then𝝀 = 𝟑𝟖°𝟑𝟗′
𝟓 𝟓

Then the resultant reaction inclined to the normal reaction by angle 𝟑𝟖°𝟑𝟗′

Ex. [6]: A body of mass 48 gm is placed on a rough horizontal plane, the

𝟏
coefficient of static friction between the body and the plane is , two equal forces
𝟑
act on the body horizontally and the angle between them is 𝟏𝟐𝟎°, So that the
motion is about to start. Find the magnitudes of the two forces.

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
Solution:
Let the two forces be P, P
∝
Their resultant = 𝟐𝑷 𝑪𝒐𝒔 = 𝟐𝑷 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎° = 𝑷
𝟐
𝟏
𝑵 = 𝟒𝟖 , 𝑷 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = × 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒈𝒎. 𝒘𝒕.
𝟑

Ex. [7]: A body of weight is 𝟓 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. is placed on a horizontal rough plane, two
horizontal forces 𝟏𝟎, 𝒘 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. the angle between them is 𝟏𝟓𝟎° act on it. Find the
least value of 𝒘 that is sufficient to make the body move, and the direction of its
motion given that the measure of the angle of friction is 𝟒𝟓°.

Solution:
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏
𝑷(Resultant of the two forces)
= √(𝟏𝟎)𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐 + 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝒘𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟓𝟎°
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒘𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎√𝟑𝒘 → (𝟏)
𝑵=𝟓 𝑷 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟏 × 𝟓 = 𝟓

From (1) :

𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒘𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎√𝟑𝒘
∴ 𝒘𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎√𝟑𝒘 + 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟎
By using calculator ∵ 𝒘 = 𝟓√𝟑 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕
𝟐
Or by factorizing (𝒘 − 𝟓√𝟑) = 𝟎 → 𝒘 = 𝟓√𝟑𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕

For the direction of motion

𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟓√𝟑, 𝜶 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎°
Let 𝜽𝟏 is the angle between (P) and the force (10)
𝟏
𝑷𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝟓√ 𝟑 ×
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽𝟏 = = 𝟐 = √𝟑 ∴ 𝛉𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎°
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜶 −√𝟑
𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓√𝟑 × 𝟐
So the body will move in direction makes angle of measure 600 with the force (10).

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

Ex. [8]: A body of weight W is placed on a horizontal rough plane and the static
friction coefficient between them is tan A, it is pulled with a string in direction
inclined to the horizontal at angle 𝜽, if the body is about to move,
Prove that: the tension in the string = 𝑾 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝑺𝒆𝒄(𝜽 − 𝑨).
Solution:

.: By using Lami’s Rule:

𝐓 𝐰
=
𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝐀) 𝐒𝐢𝐧 (𝟗𝟎 − (𝛉 − 𝐀))

𝐓 𝐖 𝐖 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐀
= →𝐓=
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝛉 − 𝐀) 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝛉 − 𝐀)

𝐓 = 𝐖 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐀 𝐒𝐞𝐜(𝛉 − 𝐀).

Ex. [9]: A body of weight 𝟔𝟎 𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭. is placed on a horizontal rough plane, a force
of magnitude 𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐠. 𝐰𝐭. acted on it inclined to the horizontal upwards by angle 𝛉,
so the body becomes about to move, and if a force of magnitude 𝟔𝟎 𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭 acts on
the body in direction opposite to the first force so the body is about to move too.
Find the coefficient of static friction and the value of 𝛉.
Solution:
𝑵𝟏 + 𝟑𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎 → (𝟏)
𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 → (𝟐),

From (1) & (2)

∴ 𝝁𝒔 (𝟔𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽) = 𝟑𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 (÷ 𝟑𝟎)
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝝁𝒔 (𝟐 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝝁𝒔 = → (𝟑)
𝟐−𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑨𝒏𝒅 ∶
𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑵𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽

∴ 𝝁𝒔 (𝟔𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽) = 𝟔𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 (÷ 𝟔𝟎)

𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝝁𝒔 (𝟏 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 ∴ 𝝁𝒔 = → (𝟒)
𝟏 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽

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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟑)& (𝟒) ∴ =
𝟏 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟐 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟏
𝟏 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟐 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 → 𝟐𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏 ∴ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 =
𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎 √𝟑
∴ 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° , 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟒) ∴ 𝝁𝒔 = =
𝟏 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 𝟑

Ex. [10]: A Wooden block of weight 𝟔 𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭. is placed on a horizontal table and
is connected by a string passing over a smooth pulley at the edge of the table to a
weight of magnitude 1.5 Kg.wt. which is hanging freely. Given that the block is in
equilibrium. Find the force of friction and the normal reaction, and if the
𝟏
coefficient of friction between the block and the table is , State whether or not
𝟑
the block is about to move
Solution:
It is a smooth pulley. ,Then, 𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭.
𝐓=𝐅 → 𝐅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭. , 𝐍 = 𝐰 = 𝟔𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭.
𝟏 𝟏
𝛍𝐬 = ∴ 𝛍𝐬 𝐍 = × 𝟔 = 𝟐𝐊𝐠. 𝐰𝐭
𝟑 𝟑
𝐅 < 𝛍𝐬 𝐍 ∴ the friction is not limiting and
the body is not about to move.

Ex.[11]: A body whose weight is (w) is placed on a horizontal rough plane,

two perpendicular forces P1, P2 act horizontally on the body and keep it in
equilibrium, Prove that the coefficient of friction µ between the body and the
√𝑷𝟐𝟏 +𝑷𝟐𝟐
𝒘
plane is at more than , and if 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝁𝑺 = 𝟏 and P1 is increased
𝒘 𝟐
gradually till the body is about to move, Find P1 and the direction in which
the body is about to move.

Solution:

𝐏 = √𝐏𝟏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟐𝟐 𝐏=𝐅

∴ 𝐅 = √𝐏𝟏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟐𝟐 , 𝐍 = 𝐰

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

The body is not about to move then

𝐅 √𝐏𝟏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟐𝟐
𝛍𝐬 𝐍 > 𝐅 → 𝛍𝐬 > 𝛍𝐬 >
𝐍 𝐰
When the body is about to move

𝐰𝟐
∴ √𝐏𝟏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟐𝟐 = 𝛍𝐬 𝐍 → √𝐏𝟏𝟐 + = 𝟏×𝐰
𝟒

𝐰𝟐 𝟑 √𝟑
𝐏𝟏𝟐 + = 𝐰 𝟐 → 𝐏𝟏𝟐 = 𝐰 𝟐 → 𝐏𝟏 = 𝐰
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
For the direction of the motion:
𝐰
𝐏𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
It is the same direction of P 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉𝟏 = = = ∴ 𝛉𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝐏𝟏 √𝟑
𝐰 √𝟑
𝟐

The direction is 𝟑𝟎° with first force.

Ex.[12]: In the opposite figure:

𝐈𝐟 𝐦𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐤𝐠., 𝐦𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐠. The coefficient of
friction between 𝒎𝟐 and the horizontal
plane=0.15, then the least mass m should be placed
up on 𝒎𝟐 to keep the system in equilibrium equals
……… kg.
𝐚 𝟏 𝐛 𝟏 𝐜 𝟏 𝐝 𝟏
𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Solution:
∵ 𝝁𝒔 𝒎𝟐 < 𝒎𝟏
𝑅
∴ The body is not equilibrium
∴ The least weight (𝒎) should 𝑚
𝜇𝑠 𝑅 𝑚2 𝑇
be placed which make the body is about to move
𝑻 = 𝒎𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒌𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. , 𝑹 = (𝟏𝟎 + 𝒎) 𝒌𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. 𝑇

, 𝑻 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑹 ∴ 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 × (𝟏𝟎 + 𝒎) 10 + 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. 𝑤𝑡. 𝑚1

𝟕𝟎 𝟏
∴𝒎= = 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝒈. ⟹ 𝐛
𝟑 𝟑

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
Ex.[13]: In the opposite figure:
If a body is in equilibrium on a rough horizontal plane.
⃑ inclined to the horizontal at an angle of measure 𝛉.
A force 𝐏
The friction is limiting at 𝛉 = 𝟔𝟎° and 𝛌 = 𝟑𝟎°, then all the
following statements are true except ………
𝟏 √𝟑
𝐚 𝑭𝒔 = 𝑷 𝐛 𝑹′ = 𝑷 𝐜 𝑹= 𝑷 𝐝 𝑾 = √𝟑𝑷
𝟐 𝟑
Solution:
∵ The body is about to move ∴ The equations of equilibrium as follow:
√𝟑
𝑹 + 𝑷 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎° = 𝑾 ∴𝑹=𝑾− 𝑷 , 𝑭𝒔 = 𝑷 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎° 𝑅
𝟐 𝑅′ 𝑃
𝟏
∴ 𝑭𝒔 = 𝑷 ⟹ (𝒂)
𝟐 𝐹𝑠 60° 𝑃 cos 60°
𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏 ×××××××××××××××××××
∴ 𝝁𝒔 𝑹 = 𝑷 ∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝟎° (𝑾 − 𝑷) = 𝑷
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑤
∴ 𝑾− 𝑷= 𝑷 ∴𝑷= 𝑾 ∴ 𝑾 = √𝟑 𝑷 ⟹ (𝒅)
√𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟑
√𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑
and so, 𝑹 = 𝑾 − 𝑷 = √𝟑 𝑷 − 𝑷 = 𝑷
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟐
√𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
′ 𝟐 𝟐 √
∴ 𝑹 = √𝑹 + 𝑭𝒔 = ( 𝑷) + ( 𝑷) ∴ 𝑹′ = 𝑷 ⟹ (𝒃)
𝟐 𝟐
∴ all the statements are true except ⟹ 𝐜

Ex.[14]: In the opposite figure:

A body of weight 𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐠. 𝐰𝐭. is placed on a rough
horizontal plane. The coefficient of static friction between
√𝟑
the body and the plane = If the body is about to move,
𝟑
′
then 𝐅 + 𝐑 = ……… 𝐤𝐠. 𝐰𝐭.

𝐚 𝟒𝟓 𝐛 𝟒𝟓√𝟑 𝐜 𝟑𝟎√𝟑 𝐝 𝟏𝟓√𝟑

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

Solution:
∵ 𝑹 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑅
𝑅′
√𝟑
, 𝑭 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑹 = × 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓√𝟑
𝟑 𝜇𝑠 𝑅 𝐹
×××××××××××××××××××
𝟐
∴ 𝑹 = √(𝟒𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟓√𝟑) = 𝟑𝟎√𝟑
′

∴ 𝑭 + 𝑹′ = 𝟒𝟓√𝟑 ⟹ 𝐛 45

Ex.[15]: [Trial May 2021] In the figure shown:

Two bodies of the same material of weight 𝐹1 = 10 𝐹2 = 12
××××××××××××××××××××××××××
𝟐𝟎 and 𝟑𝟎 newton are placed on a horizontal
rough plane. Two horizontal forces of 𝑤1 = 20 𝑤2 = 30
magnitude 𝟏𝟎 and 𝟏𝟐 newton act on them
respectively, the first body becomes about to move, while the other
moves with uniform velocity, then the ratio between the coefficient of
static friction and the coefficient of kinetic friction is ………
𝐚 𝟔∶𝟓 𝐛 𝟒∶𝟑 𝐜 𝟑∶𝟐 𝐝 𝟓∶𝟒

Solution:
For the 𝟏𝒔𝒕 body 𝑁 𝑁′

𝟏
𝑵 = 𝟐𝟎 , 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎 , 𝝁𝒔 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 ′
𝟐 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝐹1 = 10 𝐹2 = 12
××××××××××××××××××××××××××
For the 𝟐𝒏𝒅 body
𝟐
𝑵′ = 𝟑𝟎 , 𝝁𝒌 𝑵′ = 𝟏𝟐 , 𝝁𝒌 = 𝑤1 = 20 𝑤2 = 30
𝟓
𝝁𝒔 ∶ 𝝁𝒌 = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟒 ⟹ 𝐝

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)

Ex.[16]: [Trial June 2021] In the figure shown: 𝐹

A body of weight 6 newton is placed on a rough 30°

××××××××××××××
horizontal plane, a force 𝐅 of magnitude 6 newton
acts on the body in a direction inclined to the horizontal
6
by an angle of measure 𝟑𝟎° downwards, if the body
becomes about to move, then the measure of the angle
between the resultant reaction ⃑𝐑
⃑ ′ and the force 𝐅 equals ………°
𝐚 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐛 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐜 𝟔𝟎 𝐝 𝟑𝟎

Solution:

𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟑√𝟑 𝑁

𝑅′
𝑵 = 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟗
𝜆 6 cos 30°
𝟏 𝜇𝑠 𝑁
𝝁𝒔 × 𝟗 = 𝟑√𝟑 ∴ 𝝁𝒔 = ××××××××××××××
√𝟑 30°

𝟏 6 6
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝝀 = ∴ 𝝀 = 𝟑𝟎°
√𝟑 6 sin 30°

The angle between 𝑹′ , 𝑭

equals 𝟏𝟓𝟎° ⟹ 𝐛

Ex.[17]: In the opposite figure:

⃑ required to keep a body of mass
The least horizontal force 𝐏
𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐠. in equilibrium on a rough vertical wall if the coefficient
of static friction between the body and the wall
𝟏
equals is ……… 𝐤𝐠. 𝐰𝐭.
𝟓

𝐚 𝟓 𝐛 𝟐𝟓 𝐜 𝟑 𝐝 𝟕𝟓

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

Solution:

×××××××××××××××××××
𝜇𝑠 𝑁
𝝁𝒔 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟏
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓 ∴ 𝑵 = 𝟕𝟓 𝑁 𝑃
𝟓
𝑷 = 𝑵 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. ⟹ 𝐝
15

Ex.[18]: In the opposite figure:

Force 𝑷 of magnitude 𝟖 𝑵. makes an angle of measure 𝟑𝟎°
to the horizontal acts on a body of weight 𝟏𝟎 𝑵. placed on
a vertical rough wall.
The body is about to slide, then the coefficient of static
friction between the body and the wall = ………
𝐚 √𝟑 𝐛 𝟐 𝐜 √𝟑 𝐝 𝟏
𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑
Solution:
8 sin 30°
×××××××××××××××××××

𝑵 = 𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟒√𝟑 𝒏. 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 8

𝝁𝒔 𝑵 + 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟏𝟎
𝑁 30° 8 cos 30°
𝝁𝒔 × 𝟒√𝟑 + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎

√𝟑
𝟒√𝟑 𝝁𝒔 = 𝟔 ∴ 𝝁𝒔 = ⟹ 𝐚
𝟐 10

Homework → Exercise [2]

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

27
Unit [1] Statics (Friction)

Unit [1] lesson [2]

Friction
Equilibrium on a rough inclined plane

If a body is about to slide down an inclined plane under the action of its weight
only, so the measure of the inclination angle of this plane to the horizontal
equals the measure of the angle of friction.
Proof:
Let 𝛉 be the angle of inclination of this plane and 𝝀 is the angle of friction
𝑵 = 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 − − − −(𝟏)
𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 − − − −(𝟐)

Divide (1), (2)

𝝁𝑺 𝑵 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
∴ = → 𝝁𝑺 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝑵 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝀 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 → 𝝀=𝜽

The relation between 𝜶 & 𝝀 ∶

𝜶 <𝝀 𝜶 =𝝀 𝜶 >𝝀
∴ The body is at rest. ∴ The body is about to ∴ The body is sliding
slide down the plane. down the plane.

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

The force which supports the body:

If 𝜶 > 𝝀 so the body is moving down
the plane so the least force which prevent
the body from sliding
(is to make it about to slide down) is called
the force which support the body, in this
case the limiting friction (𝝁𝑺 𝑵) acts
upwards the plane.

Remark:
If we increase the force which
supports the body to slide until the body is
about to move up the plane the direction of
the limiting friction (𝝁𝑺 𝑵) is downwards
the plane.
As shown in the figure.

Ex. [1]: A body of mass 52 Kg. is placed on a rough inclined plane which is
𝟏𝟐
inclined to the horizontal with an angle whose tangent is , it is noticed that if a
𝟓
force of 𝟓𝟔 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. acts on the body in the direction of the greatest slope
upwards, it makes the body about to move up the plane. Find the coefficient of
friction.

Solution:
𝟓
𝑵 = 𝟓𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟓𝟐 ×
𝟏𝟑

𝑵 = 𝟐𝟎𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕.

𝟓𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝟓𝟔
𝟏𝟐
𝟓𝟐 × + 𝟐𝟎𝝁𝑺 = 𝟓𝟔,
𝟏𝟑
𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝝁𝑺 = 𝟖 → 𝝁𝑺 =
𝟓

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

29
 Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
Ex. [2]: If a body whose weight is 36 n is placed on a rough plane inclined to
the horizontal by angle of measure 60o, So this body is about to slide
down, find the coefficient of friction, and if the angle of inclination is
decreased to 30o . Find the friction force, then find the force that acts
upon the body in direction of the line of the greatest slope of the
plane to make the body is about to move.
i) Up the plane
ii) Down the plane

Solution:
∵The body is sliding down under the action of its weight only so
the angle of friction = the angle of inclination of the plane
∴ 𝝁𝑺 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟔𝟎 = √𝟑
When the angle of inclination
decreases to 30o then
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟔 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏

When the force acts on the body:

i) To make the body about to
move up the plane
So (𝝁𝑺 𝑵) is down the plane.

𝑵 = 𝟑𝟔 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖√𝟑 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏

𝑷 = 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 + 𝟑𝟔 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎
= √𝟑 × 𝟏𝟖√𝟑 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏

ii) To make the body about to move down the plane

So (𝝁𝑺 𝑵) is up the plane.
𝑵 = 𝟑𝟔 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖√𝟑 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝑷′ + 𝟑𝟔 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 = 𝝁𝑺 𝑵
𝑷′ = √𝟑 × 𝟏𝟖√𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

Ex. [3]: A body of mass 5Kg. is placed on a rough inclined plane under the action
of a force P parallel to the plane upwards, it was found that if P = 3Kg.wt. the
body is about to move up, and if P = 2Kg.wt. the body is about to move down the
plane. So find the coefficient of friction, and the measure of the angle of
inclination of the plane to the horizontal.

Solution:
The body is about to move up then (𝝁𝑺 𝑵) is down wards.
𝑵 = 𝟓 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 → 𝟑 = 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 + 𝟓 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶
∴ 𝟓𝝁𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝟓 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 𝟑 → (𝟏)
The body is about to move down then (𝝁𝑺 𝑵)
is upwards.
𝑵 = 𝟓 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 → 𝟐 + 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝟓 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶
∴ 𝟓 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 − 𝟓𝝁𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 = 𝟐 → (𝟐)
𝟏
Add (1), (2) 𝟏𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 𝟓 → 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 = → 𝜶 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝟐

From (2):
√𝟑
𝟓 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 − 𝟓𝝁𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎 = 𝟑 → 𝝁𝑺 =
𝟏𝟓

Ex. [4]: A body whose weight is 19 Kg.wt. is placed on a rough inclined plane of
𝟏𝟐
angle 𝜶 where 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 = is pulled horizontally by a force (P) that make the body
𝟏𝟑
𝟏
is about to move up the plane, if the coefficient of friction = , find (P).
𝟐

Solution:
𝑷 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶 = 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 + 𝟏𝟗 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶
𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟓
𝑷 = 𝑵 + 𝟏𝟗 × → (𝟏)
𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝑵 = 𝑷 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜶 + 𝟏𝟗 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜶
𝟓 𝟏𝟐
𝑵= 𝑷 + 𝟏𝟗 × → (𝟐)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟐 𝟓
From (1) , (2) 𝑷= [ 𝑷 + 𝟏𝟗 × ] + 𝟏𝟗 × → 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕.
𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
Ex. [5]: A body whose weight is 𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. is placed on a rough plane inclined to
the horizontal at an angle of measure 300, it is found that, if a force of magnitude
𝟒√𝟑 𝑲𝒈. 𝒘𝒕. and inclined to the plane upwards by the angle 300 acts on the body so
the body is about to move up the plane, find the coefficient of friction.

Solution:
The body is about to move up,
then (𝝁𝑺 𝑵) downwards.

𝑵 + 𝟒√𝟑 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎 ∴ 𝑵 = 𝟑√𝟑

𝝁𝑺 𝑵 + 𝟏𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎 = 𝟒√𝟑 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎

√𝟑
∴ 𝟑√𝟑𝝁𝑺 + 𝟓 = 𝟔 → 𝝁𝑺 =
𝟗

Ex. [6]: A body whose weight is 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒈𝒎. 𝒘𝒕. is placed on a rough plane inclined
to the horizontal at an angle of measure 𝜽,the body is then attached to a string
passes over a smooth pulley at the top of the plane, if the least weight can be
hanged to the other end of the string is 𝟐𝟓√𝟐 𝒈𝒎. 𝒘𝒕. and the maximum weight
that can be hanged is 𝟏𝟐𝟓√𝟐 𝒈𝒎. 𝒘𝒕 (without disturbing equilibrium), Find 𝜽
and the coefficient of friction.

Solution:
For the least weight the body is about to move down the plane

So 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 is up the plane, and T = 25√𝟐

𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 + 𝟐𝟓√𝟐 , 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝝁𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟐𝟓√𝟐 → (𝟏)

For the maximum force 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 is downwards.

𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓√𝟐

, 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝝁𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓√𝟐 → (𝟐)

From (1) & (2) by add:-
√𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎√𝟐 ∴ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = ∴ 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
𝟐

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

𝟐
From (1) ∴ 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟒𝟓° = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝝁𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟒𝟓 + 𝟐𝟓√𝟐 → 𝝁𝑺 = .
𝟑

Ex. [7]: A horse is pulling a stone with a rope along a road that’s inclined
upwards to the horizontal at angle H° , while the rope is inclined 𝜽° to the road
up, if the angle of friction is L, and the horse is about to move the stone up the
plane,
Prove that 𝜽 = L when the tension in the rope is minimum, and find this tension

Solution:
By using Lami’s Rule
𝑻 𝒘
=
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − (𝑯 + 𝑳)) 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − (𝜽 − 𝑳))
𝑻 𝒘
=
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑯 + 𝑳) 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝜽 − 𝑳)
𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑯 + 𝑳)
∴𝑻=
𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝜽 − 𝑳)
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏. ∴ 𝜽 − 𝑳 = 𝟎 → 𝜽 = 𝑳 Remark: 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟏]
So min. tension= 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑯 + 𝑳)

Ex. [8]: When a weight W is placed on a rough plane inclined at an angle 𝜽 to the
horizontal. It is found that the weight is about to slide down, Prove that the least
force along the line of the greatest slope which makes the weight about to move
upwards is equal to 𝟐𝑾 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽, Prove also that the resultant reaction is equal to
W.
Solution:
Let the force=P
𝜽=𝝀 𝝁𝑺 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝀 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝑵 = 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑷 = 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 × 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑷 = 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + × 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
= 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽, 𝑷 = 𝟐𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
The resultant reaction 𝑹′ = √𝑵𝟐 + 𝝁𝑺 𝟐 𝑵𝟐
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 × 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = × 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽, 𝝁𝑺 𝑵 = 𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023
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Unit [1] Statics (Friction)
∴ 𝑹′ = √𝒘𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒘𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = √𝒘𝟐 (𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽)

= √𝒘𝟐 × 𝟏 = √𝒘𝟐 = 𝒘

Ex. [9]: Two bodies of weight 2w , 3w are connected with a light string
conceding the line of the greatest slope of rough plane , the two coefficient of
𝟏 𝟏
friction between the two bodies and the plane are , respectively, if 𝜽 is the
𝟒 𝟔
measure of the angle of inclination of the plane, and this measure increases
gradually. show which of the two bodies should be put below the other to move
together and the string connecting them is tensioned, give reason, then Prove
𝟏
that 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = , when the two bodies are about to slide.
𝟓
Solution:
The body whose coefficient of friction is the smaller should be put below the body
whose coefficient of friction is greater So that the two bodies move together and
the string is tensioned.

With respect to the body whose weight 3w,

it is about to move down
∴ 𝑻 + 𝝁𝟐 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟑𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 , 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟑𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟏
∴ 𝑻 = 𝟑𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 → (𝟏)
𝟐

𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝝁𝟏 𝑵𝟏 = 𝑻 + 𝟐𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽, 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟐𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟏
∴ 𝑻 = 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝟐𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 → (𝟐), 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏), (𝟐)
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟑𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝟐𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝟓𝒘 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒘 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 ∴ = → 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟓 𝟓

Ex. [10]: In the opposite figure:

A plane makes an angle of measure 𝟑𝟎° above the
horizontal. Its upper portion is rough. A body of weight
𝟐𝟒 𝑵. is placed on this portion. The lower portion is

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 El Hakim Academy Statics – (3rd Sec.)

smooth and the body of weight 𝟏𝟐 𝑵 is placed on this

portion. The two bodies are connected with a light
string and the system is about to move, then the coefficient of static friction
between the rough plane and the body on it = ………
𝐚 𝟏 𝐛 𝟏 𝐜 √𝟑 𝐝 𝟐
𝟐 √𝟑 𝟐 √𝟑

Solution: 𝑁 𝜇𝑠 𝑁

From the equilibrium of the body (𝟏𝟐)

𝑻 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎° 𝑻 = 𝟔 𝒏. 𝑇
𝑁′
From the equilibrium of the body (𝟐𝟒) 𝑇

𝑵 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟏𝟐√𝟑

𝑻 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎° = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵
√𝟑 30° 12 cos 30°
𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝝁𝒔 × 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 ∴ 𝝁𝒔 = ⟹ 𝐜
𝟐

Ex. [11]: In the opposite figure:

A body of weight 𝟔 𝑵 is placed on a smooth inclined
Plane makes an angle of measure 𝟔𝟎° with the horizontal.
A body of weight 𝟓√𝟑 𝑵 is placed on a rough horizontal
plane.
The two bodies are connected by a string passes over
a smooth pulley and they were about to move, then the coefficient of static
friction between the body 𝟓√𝟑 𝑵 and the rough plane equals ………
𝐚 𝟏 𝐛 𝟓 𝐜 𝟑 𝐝 𝟓
√𝟑
𝟐 𝟔 𝟓 𝟑

Solution: 𝑅

𝑇
∵ 𝑻 = 𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎° = 𝟑√𝟑 𝑵 𝜇𝑠 𝑅
××××××××××××××××
, 𝑹 = 𝟓√𝟑 𝑵 , 𝝁𝒔 𝑹 = 𝑻 𝑇
𝟓√𝟑 × 𝝁𝒔 = 𝟑√𝟑 5√3
𝟑
∴ 𝝁𝒔 =
𝟓
6 sin 60° 6
60° Homework → Exercise [3]

Mr. Abd El Hakim Rashed 2023

35
 Unit [1] Statics (Friction)

UNIT SUMMARY
Unit Summary
▪ The smooth surfaces: the friction force is completely vanished and the coefficient of friction = zero.
▪ The rough surfaces: the friction force appears and the coefficient of friction equals a real positive number.

▪ Reaction:
▪ In case the smooth planes the reaction is to be perpendicular on the surface of the common tangent of the
touching bodies.
▪ In case of rough planes the direction of the reaction is unspecified and it is depended on the natural of the
touching surfaces and the other forces which acts on the body .

▪ The static friction force: appears when the two surfaces are sliding or about to move and its direction is in
opposite direction to the direction of the force and it is given by the inequality
𝟎 ≤ 𝐅 ≤ 𝛍𝐬 𝐍Where 𝛍𝐬 is the static coefficient friction

▪ The limiting static friction force: when the force of friction become the limiting static friction
(𝐅𝐬 ) the body is about to move (without moving) and the friction is limiting and we symbolize it by (𝐅𝐬 ) and :
(𝐅𝐬 = 𝛍𝐬 𝐍)
▪ Kinetic friction force: If a body moves on a rough plane, then it is subject to a kinetic friction force its
direction is opposite to its motion and the value of its is given by the relation :
(𝐅𝐤 = 𝛍𝐤 𝐍)Where 𝛍𝐤 is the kinetic coefficient friction.
▪ Notes on coefficients of static and kinetic friction:
• 𝛍𝐬 , 𝛍𝐤 Depend on the nature of the body and the surface and not depended on the areas of the
contiguous surfaces or the mass of the moving body.
• Coefficient of static friction (𝛍𝐬 ) > Coefficient of kinetic friction (𝛍𝐤 )
▪ The resultant reaction: the resultant reaction (𝐑`)is the resultant of the normal reaction 𝐍 ⃑⃑⃑ and the
friction force 𝐅𝐬 .
▪ Angle of friction: the angle which included between the normal reaction and the resultant reaction when the
friction is limiting.
▪ The relation between coefficient of friction and angle of friction : when the friction is limiting, then the
coefficient of friction equal the tangent of the angle of friction

The relation between the measure of angle of friction and the measure of the angle of inclination of
the plane to the horizon: If a body is placed on a rough inclined plane and the body is about to move,
then the measure of the angle of inclination of the plane to the horizontal equal to the measure of the
angle of friction.

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