GEOLO[KI ANALI BALKANSKOGA POLUOSTRVA 73 37–60 BEOGRAD, decembar 2012

ANNALES GÉOLOGIQUES DE LA PÉNINSULE BALKANIQUE BELGRADE, December 2012

DOI: 10.2298/GABP1273037K

The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land

NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ1, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ2 & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ3

Abstract. Palaeogeographic maps of the lacustrine Miocene and Pliocene have been constructed accord-
ing to all the known geological data. The Lakes of the Balkan Land, depending on the tectonics, migrated due
to causes from the deep subsurface. There are several phases of the Miocene lakes: the lowermost Miocene
transiting from marine Oligocene, Lower, Middle, Upper Miocene covering, in patches, the main part of the
Land. The Pliocene lakes spread mostly to the north of the Balkan Land and covered only its marginal parts.
Other lake-like sediments, in fact freshened parts of the Black Sea Kuialnician (Upper Pliocene), stretched
along the middle and southern portions of the Balkan Peninsula (to the south of the Balkan Mt.). Subsequently,
the Balkan Peninsula was formed.
Key words: Neogene, south-eastern Europe, lacustrine environments.

Апстракт. Палеогеографске карте језерског миоцена и плиоцена начињена су на основу свих гео-
лошких података сакупљеним до данас. Распоред језера Балканског копна зависио је од тектонике, а
мигрирала су сагласно са узроцима насталим дубоко под земљом. Може се разликовати неколико фаза
настанка миоценских језера: најнижи миоцен на преласку из морског олигоцена, доњи, средњи и гор-
њи миоцен који су местимично покривали велике делове копна. Плиоценска језера налазила су се
углавном на северу од Балканског копна и захватала су његове маргиналне делове. Друга врста
седимената, слична језерским, у ствари ослађене биофације делова црноморског кујалника (горњи
плиоцен) пружале су се дуж средњег дела Балканског полуострва (јужно од планине Балкан). После
тога је било формирано Балканско полуострво.
Кључне речи: неоген, југоисточна Европа, језерска средина.

Introduction 329 (COLL. AUTHORS 1974–1997), as well as through

bilateral and multilateral cooperation based on these
The lacustrine Miocene and Pliocene sediments of projects. All these studies enabled the preparation of
the Balkan Peninsula have been known since the late palaeogeographic maps (HAMOR 2001; KRSTIĆ et al.
19th century. Later studies were performed in the first 2003; POPOV et al. 2004; etc.), including both marine
half of the 20th century and culminated during its sec- and lacustrine biofacies, as they were often in imme-
ond half in the preparation of the Basic Geological diate contact.
Map (BGM) 1:100 000 of Yugoslavia (COLL. AUTHORS
1968–1995 for Serbia) and all the Balkan and neigh-
bouring countries. The second phase of 1:50 000 map- Study area
ping included specialist studies of phenomena charac-
teristic for certain areas, resulting in the publication of The present-day Balkan Peninsula includes the area
monographs solving some of problems raised by the to the south of the Sava and the Danube. The Balkan
BGM. The third phase was important as UNESCO Land, together with its lakes, in certain phases of the
started international cooperation through their IGCP Neogene development also spread to areas that are
projects, including the Neogene and post-Neogene of presently included not only in the Lower but also in
the area through the following Projects: 25, 155, and the Middle Danube Plains.

1 Djoke Vojvodića 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail: n_krstic@ptt.rs

2 Serbian Chamber of Commerce, Resavska 13-15, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail: ljubinko.savic@pks.rs
3 Museum of Natural History, Njegoševa 51, 11 000 Beograd, Serbia. E-mail: gordana.j@nhmbeo.rs;
38 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

The Balkan Land originated from the coalescence enabled the determination of the biostratigraphic age,
of an eastern part, making the edge of stable Europe as isotope studies were rarely performed.
(Carpatho-Balkanides), and a western island, which in Fossil position in sediments and their characteris-
the Upper Cretaceous was a part of Africa (Dinaric tics indicate the properties of a basin and its shape.
Alps). A strait existed between them until the very end For this, the sediment type is very important.
of the Oligocene (DE CAPOA & RADOIČIĆ 2002). At the
turn of the Palaeogene to the Neogene, the two islands
merged into the Balkan Land. The complicated tec- Miocene lakes
tonic movements, only occasionally precisely defined
(KRSTIĆ et al. 1999), matched with appropriate climat- The origin of the Miocene lakes may be connected
ic conditions, caused the appearance and diversity of with tectonic movements, from the northwards move-
a series of Miocene and Pliocene lakes, positioned in ment of the Adriatic Plate to the curvature of the
various parts of the Balkan Land (ZAGORČEV 2001, Carpatho-Balkan Mountain Range. Both these factors
etc.). In other words, the shape changes of the Balkan caused alternating shifts of dilatations and compres-
Land were caused by tectonics (PRELEVIĆ et al. 2005). sions, which produced depressions (filled with Neo-
The transgressing and retreating of the mostly epi- gene formations) followed by faulting and overthrust-
continental seas enables a correlation of the lacustrine ing (KRSTIĆ et al. 1988; RADOIČIĆ et al. 1989; MIKES
formations of the Balkan Land with the stratigraphic et al. 2008; etc).
scale of a World Ocean. Unfortunately, the direction of
these connections has still not been unambiguously
determined, although the Central Paratethys was during Various Early Miocene lakes
the Miocene connected with the Mediterranean towards
the West (RÖGL 1998; HAMOR 2001). However, this Several smaller lakes originated from the closure of
view is challenged by the presence of Lower Miocene the limans situated around the Late Oligocene Strait in
lacustrine formations on the Adriatic islands Rab and the axis of the present Balkan Peninsula. Other such
Pag (KOCHANSKY & SLIŠKOVIĆ 1978; KRSTIĆ 2000, lakes were set against the Aegean Sea. The limans
BULIĆ & JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK 2009). During the Pliocene, might have been the habitat for marine fishes of the
this connection certainly existed towards the Adriatic family Mugilidae, which spawned exclusively in the
(KRSTIĆ 2006) and in the area of the present-day Ae- sea (GAUDANT 2002). After the strait became closed
gean Sea (KRSTIĆ et al. 1999; GEORGIADES-DIKEOULIA due to the appearance of the Balkan Land, the limans
et al. 2002, etc.). became closed lakes, which existed in the place of the
limans for a short period of time, which were mostly
inhabited by Botriococcus algae, and oil shale sedi-
Material and methods ments formed (VASS et al. 2006).

It was possible to study in great detail the sediments

of the Neogene lakes at outcrops and in shallow bore Šumadijan Lake
holes during studies of the drillings made for coal
research, sources of underground water, the prepara- The Šumadijan Lake (Š in Fig. 1) is one of these
tion of the BG Maps and, additionally, other works lakes (KRSTIĆ et al. 2003). Unfortunately, it lacked
(such as the choice of a site for a nuclear power plant), organisms with a calcium carbonate shell, as the lake
all of which are included in this review. The systemat- water had to be acidic due to influence of some vol-
ic drillings (of 20 and 200 m in depth) made for the canic apparatus surrounding the lake from all sides,
purpose of the BG Mapping were performed in the dated about 23 Ma and less (CVETKOVIC et al. 2000).
lowlands, mostly to the north of the Sava and Danube, Hence, it is possible that the Lake origin follows the
and the number of such drillings was over 80 per sheet collapse of the magma chamber. The Šumadijan Lake
1:100 000 (a sheet area is 1500 km2, while the surface also contains oil shale sediments–a few drillings were
of the Balkan Peninsula is about 500 000 km2). made for oil research (KNEŽEVIĆ 1997).
In addition to ostracodes, which are the most useful The Buštranje–Poljanica Lake (B in Fig. 1) is the
as they are very abundant in lacustrine sediments, the second lake, with a number of layers of oil shale and
results of other palaeontological methods were also palynomorphs, which indicate the Oligocene (VASS et
employed. In the first place were the autochthonous al. 2006). According to geotectonics, palaeoclimatic
fossils: well-studied molluscs and sufficiently known indicators and spectrums of palynomorphs, this lake
diatoms. The presence or absence of Charophyta gy- should be of the same age as the Šumadijan Lake.
rogonits are important for in-depth enciphering. The In Bulgaria, SW of Sofia, the Pernik Coal Mine (P
allochthonous fossils include mammals, macroflora in Fig. 1) has a probable late Oligocene to early
(leaves and fruits) and palynomorphs; also fish fos- Aquitanian age, according to the palynomorphs and
silized under thermocline. All the recorded fossils some fishes (VATSEV 2004).
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 39

Fig. 1. Approximate distribution of the early Miocene lakes on the Balkan Land. Legend: Oblique lines - water basins exist-
ing in the Late Oligocene and the very start of the Miocene: Š, Šumadijan Lake; B, Buštranje–Poljanica area; P, Pernik mine
area; M, basins of Plovdiv and western Maritsa; L, Luleva Fm. of the Brežani area under Pirin Mt. (JURANOV et al. 1993),
K, Kymi on Eubea. Horizontal lines – Dinaric system of lakes and its probable extension northwards into Hungary, Austria,
Slovakia and beyond. Horned dots – sites with fruits of Ceratostationis sinjanus. Empty circles - sites with ostracodes
(SOKAČ & KRSTIĆ 1987): 1, Rab; 2, Žagar; 3, Gata; 4, Cazin; 5, Dugo Selo; 6, Medvednica; 7, Psunj; 8, Bunjani; 9, Livanjsko
Polje; 10, Sinj; 11, Krbava; 12, Busovača; 13, Breza; 14, Korenita; 15, Romanija; 16, Pljevlja; 17, Sjenica.

Also in Bulgaria, the lowlands around the lower of shale with lower coal bearing unit; age probably
reaches of the Maritsa River (M in Fig. 1), with pos- Early Miocene”, contains only the fossil fish Drapalis
sible connection toward Plovdiv, are of Chattian to macrurus. The ostracodes are drawn only aside the
Aquitanian age. The Merichleri Limestone Formation marine column part (VATSEV 2004).
includes exclusively marine molluscs of the Chattian. Westwards, in the graben of Brežani under Pirin
For the next, the Maritsa Formation, VATSEV claimed, Mt., the lowermost Miocene, Luleva Formation of
“age probably Chattian–Early Miocene... b) member Rakitna Village, contain Paleoleuciscus elegans GAU-
40 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

DANT and remnants of an Anoures (frog), Paleoba- lacustrine system of the Dinaric Alps (KRSTIĆ et al.
trachus? (GAUDANT & VATSEV 2003). The genus Pa- 2003, text-fig. 3; ČIČIĆ & MILOJEVIĆ 1977; MANDIĆ et
leoleuciscus was not known previously to the Mioce- al. 2009; BULIĆ & JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK 2009). The margin-
ne. In two formation below appear freshwater mol- al areas were covered with characin meadows, and in
luscs, Oligocene palynomorphs and Protothymallus some remote gulfs, such as Maoče (KRSTIĆ et al.
pirinensis GAUDANT, the genus known from the Oli- 2010a), bentic organisms could show a lower degree
gocene and Lower Miocene. The species P. pirinensis of salinity due to freshwater tributaries.
and the coal below it, may be Rupelian in age, while These sediments were disturbed by a number of
the GAUDANT species is very similar to P. elongatus gravitational faults. The faults are post-sedimentation
(KRAMBERGER). The formation between the two, a flu- ones and, in the northern half, they seem to be exclu-
viatile one, contain only badly preserved freshwater sively situated along the northern edge of the valleys
gastropods. (Pljevlja), while even somewhat reverse faulted
towards the south (KRSTIĆ et al. 1994). In the south-
western half of the Dinaric System of lakes, the faults
Dinaride System of Lakes are situated along the south-western edges of the val-
leys, adjusting the nape structures (ILIĆ & NEUBAUER
In the area of the Dinarides, but also further to- 2005; MIKES et al. 2008). The napes were produce by
wards the northwest (KRSTIĆ et al. 2003), all the way northward movements of the Adriatic plates on both
to Lower Austria, there are well-developed, karst-sub- sides of the Adrian (cf. CIPOLLARI et al. 1999). The
tropical types of lakes, in the intramontane depres- collision zone of the Adriatic and Dinaric segment is
sions. In the winter half of the year, the lakes coa- caracterized by late-orogenic (Oligocene to Miocene)
lesced. This situation matches the present day exam- thick-skinnned compressional uplift (exhumation),
ple of the Scodra Lake, rising by 6 m during the wet related gravity gliding, and still active escape tecton-
half of the year (KARAMAN & BEETON 1981). ics renching (CORBAR 2009).
Preserved Neogene sediments were tilted during There are numerous sites with endemic molluscs
and, even more, after the sedimentation. The coal beds (BRUSINA 1897, 1902, etc.), but it is difficult to attrib-
deepened as a result of faults, mostly along the NE of ute them to a definite part of the column as the exact
the valleys. These movements affected the bedrocks positions are lacking. The lacustrine molluscs belong
by the same amount, i.e., by 1500 m, thus forming all to “endemic” forms mostly congerias (KOCHANSKY &
the mountains (MILOJEVIĆ 1966). SLIŠKOVIĆ 1978 etc). The endemicity level is extreme-
Two column parts are easy distinguishable; a lower ly high (98 %) (HARZHAUSER & MANDIC 2008). These
one without congeria and an upper one with halofile large creatures are known from the Paratethys pro-
organisms, mainly dreissenids. While in the lower vince, its estuaries, gulfs and similar biotopes (POPOV
column part freshwater genera predominate (KRSTIĆ et al. 2004). The gastropods Clivunella, Orygoceras,
et al. 2009), in the upper one, different aberrant ben- Fossarulus, as well as endemic species from Proso-
tic creatures made an endemic biofacies. The source sthenia, Melanopsis, Emmericia, are often ornament-
of these highly developed taxons, transported from ed with ridges and tubercles. However, there is not a
distant eastern saline lakes, could be China, with sev- single representative of the genus Viviparus (BRUSINA
eral unknown adequate refugiums in between. 1884), a freshwater to halotolerant genus. At some
The lithology is quite diverse. Marl is the type of lacustrine costal sites, there is admixture of terrestrial
sediment with the widest distribution, forming mostly snails (PRYSJAZHNJUK 2008).
the upper part of the column. At the base, there are The ostracode fauna was studied only at a smaller
some well-sorted, unconsolidated, white chalky lay- number of localities (Fig. 1). Below the coal seams and
ers, indicating shallow lake water as in Kupres (KR- close to them, the ostracodes are freshwater types; in
STIĆ et al. 2010b) and submersed plants of the Pota- the marly sediments their shells may be partly or high-
mogeton type. In other places, there are some poorly ly absorbed (Štavalj Coal Mine on the Sjenica Plateau).
sorted siliciclastics, indicating fluvial transport as in In the silty beds of the higher column parts, the ostra-
Maoče Bay (KRSTIĆ et al. 2010a). Above the marl, codes are well preserved and represented by elongated
there are sand and conglomerate of prograding deltas aberrant forms of Candoninae, bimucronate representa-
filing up the lake basins. At the lower part of the col- tives of the genus Amplocypris and ornamented repre-
umn, there are many layers of coal and thick packages sentatives of the genus Potamocypris, while there are
of bentonite, indicating a remote volcanic activity at several species of Cytherideidae from the genera Clo-
the time, as there are no autochthonous synchronous nocythere (earlier as Amnicythere), Guangbeinia, Sino-
igneous rocks (VUJNOVIĆ et al. 2000). The main coal metacypris (KRSTIĆ 1987a, b, 2000; YOUTANG et al.
seams lie between the lower (freshwater) and the 2002) – the Chinese forms. The above-listed and some
upper (saline) part of the column. others indicate a salty lacustrine environment.
All these sediment types alternate at short dis- Charophyta indicate shallow water. They appear
tances, indicating a very long twisting shoreline of the abundantly below the coal seams, represented by large
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 41

gyrogonits, of a genus close to Harrisichara, and a ceptible to sliding, causing great damage during heavy
great number of small ones belonging to Chara, Spha- rains (e.g., in the spring of 2006 and all of 2010).
erochara, etc. (KRSTIĆ et al. 2009). Above the main The sedimentological features were given by
coal seam appear large gyrogonits Nitellopsis meri- OBRADOVIĆ & VASIĆ (2007). The sediments of deep
anii, in some levels “tuberculate”, and small ones depressions (lacustrine profundal) are of a meromictic
Chara molassica notata, Rhabdochara langeri and character containing the autogenic minerals: sirlesite
others (KRSTIĆ et al. 2010a ). in Kremna, magnezite in Baljevac on the Ibar River,
Fruit of the water nut Cerastoderma sinjana is not zeolite in Zlatkop near Vranje and many other sites of
abundantly present but was recorded from Austria and similar origin but with a smaller content of them; in
Slovakia through Sinj to the area Kymi at the southern shallow lake parts, dolomitic limestone could be pres-
part of Eubea in Greece (VELIZTELOS & GREGOR ent. The lacustrine profundal often bear oil shales,
1990), hence, in a stratigraphic-time sense, it connects richest in Bela Stena near Valjevo and Subotinac near
these distant regions. Aleksinac (VASS et al. 2006).
Age. Studying the congeria fauna, KOCHANSKY & The very large Serbian Lake, dotted with many
SLIŠKOVIĆ (1978) anticipated the Ottnangian age of the islands, was for the first time comprehended by CVIJIĆ
Dinaric Alps lakes. The Pag succession as deposited in 1924 based on the contours of the Mačkat fluviode-
between 17,41 and 16,7 Ma and that it corresponds to nundation Plain. The age was defined by STEVANOVIĆ
the Burdigalian Stage of the Central Paratethys (JI- et al. (1977b) as Middle Miocene, according to re-
MENEZ-MORENO et al. 2009). According to terrestrial cords of the reverse-spiralled Lymnaeide snail Koso-
snails (PRYSJAZHNJUK et al. 2000; PRYSJAZHNJUK 2008), via (PAVLOVIĆ, 1903, 1931). The lacustrine basin was
the Sjenica Lake should be regarded as somewhat recognized as unique by DOLIĆ (1983), according to
younger than the mammal Zone MN3b, or Ottnan- molluscs in oxygen-rich, shallow parts of the lake.
gian–Karpatian. A fossiliferous bed in Sjenica is over- This large lake, which used to stretch throughout
lain by a basalt (analcimite) flow, dated 22.95±1.25 Serbia from Belgrade to Macedonia and through SW
(but its prolongation on Koritnik /leucitite/ yielded Bulgaria (OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA 2000; KRSTIĆ et al.
9.12±0.35) Ma (CVETKOVIĆ et al. 2004) – this indicate 2003) to Serrai in Greece, was named the Serbian
late Eggerian (and the second one, a subsequent ba- Lake by KRSTIĆ & KOMARNICKY (1996). It is not clear
saltic outflow on the same fault line in the Upper Mio- whether the small Čukurovo Basin to the SE of Sofia,
cene equivalent of the MN10 Zone !). In Sinj, recent having plant remnants only (VATSEV 2004), was link-
measurements of the upper column part yielded an age ed to the Serbian Lake or was only a satellite.
of 17.92±0.18 Ma (LEEUW et al., 2010). The diatom microflora of the Serbian Lake was
The larger mammals Antracotherium minus and studied in the Lubnica near Zaječar, and in the Simitli
Chalicotherium grande are known in different places Basin of SW Bulgaria. Aulacoseira, Ellerbeckia, Me-
and less indicative are several findings (from BULIĆ & losira and Actinocyclus developed there during the
JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK 2009) of Gomphotherrium angusti- Middle Miocene time. “This period is marked mainly
dens and Prodeinotherium bavaricum, which give the by the coarsely ornamented forms of Aulacoseira gra-
age of the MN4 Zone (Ottnangian) to these sediments. nulata and A. islandica and different lacustrine Acti-
nocyclus species” (OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA 2000).
Allochtonous, macroflora is represented by forests
Serbian Lake stretching along the river margins, called riparian or
galerian flora. It has its climatic value, but changes in
Lacustrine sediments are widely distributed short cycles and depends on the exposure. A large
throughout Serbia (Fig. 2) as they originated by post- study of Serbian flora by PANTIĆ (1956) was complet-
collision spreading, not only in the area where the ed by MIHAJLOVIĆ (1978), which placed Serbian sites
Dinaric and Carpatho-Balkan islands collided, but not far from the Morava Valley, but to the east (Mel-
also deep into both sides. To the east, they are com- nica, Rakova Bara, Popovac, Misača), and Slanci near
pressed due to the later curvature of the Carpathian Belgrade into subtropical Helvetian (early Middle
Mountain Range (KRSTIĆ et al. 1988), while in the Miocene). Palynological analyze of silt from the
Western Island they sank due to post-compressional Ribnica River in Mionica gave again a subtropical cli-
extension (CVETKOVIĆ & PECSKAY 1999). mate (VASS et al. 2006). Only one site in the Levač
The sediments of the Serbian Lake are composed of County of central Serbia, in village Kaludra, contained
sand, silt, clayey silt, marl and marlstone, as well as of macroflora of Lower Miocene age, equivalent to the
sandy limestone, rarely lacustrine chalk and different Upper Ottnangian-Karpatian (MIHAJLOVIĆ 1988).
limestone types. This today highly populated hilly area The sediments with lacustrine ostracodes at the
acquires its drinking water mostly from Neogene sands. locality Slanci near Belgrade lie concordantly below
Coal is present in many of the depressions, but under- the marine Middle Badenian (as below the Lower
ground exploitation in most mines is no longer eco- Badenian – ĆORIĆ, et al. 2009 – in the northern lying
nomically viable. The areas with marly clays are sus- trough). The species Mediocypris nisseana was collect-
42 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

Fig. 2. Approximate spreading of the Middle Miocene lakes on the Balkan Land. Ostracode sites of the Serbian Lake:
1, Slanci; 2, Koceljeva; 6, Petrovac; 7, Melnica; 8, Kragujevac-Sabanta; 9, Levač; 10, Dragačevo; 11, Kraljevo – Dragčić;
12, Paraćin – Mutnica; 13, Ražanj – Madjari; 14, Sokobanja – Resnik & others; 15, Knjaževac – Gradište; 16, Svrljig;
17, Niš – Komren; 18, Mali Jastrebac – Azbresnica; 19, Metohija-Rudnik; 20, Vladičin Han; 21, Skopje – marl pit.
Diatomacea sites: Z, Zaječar (Lubnica); S, Simitli; (OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA 2000), Higher plants: Č, Čukorovo. Early
Sarmatian (early Volhinian) Lake of Bukulja, ostracode sites: 3, Vračević; 4, Brajkovac; 5, Jelovik.

ed not only at Slanci and Niš but also at other localities ‘halofile’ “Reticulatocandona” baljkovacensis and
with silty layers (compare KRSTIĆ et al. 1988). In the Ohridiella sabantae. At the eastern part of the Serbian
sand and sandy silt of Mutnica near Paraćin and nearby Lake, between Carpathian/Balkan ridges, freshwater
sites, the rich ostracode assemblage contains Ilyocypris genera predominate in Žagubica, Lubnica near Zaječar,
pannonica, Cypridopsis pannonica, Potamocypris Čitluk near Sokobanja, etc. Rarely they are replaced by
bouei, Dinarocythere costata, etc. In marly-dolomitic halofile ones, like in Melnica from where the endemic
layers all over the central and western parts of the genus Septocypris (European equivalent of the Chinese
Serbian Lake, the most common ostracode species are genus Megacypris) was described (KRSTIĆ 1987a). The
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 43

second such, remote outcrop of white chalky unconsol- of the Danube, in southern Banat, included numerous
idate sediment lies where Žukovska Reka reaches the plankton foraminifers of the Zone Praeorbulina-Orbu-
Timok trench (on the road to the Gradište village): lina suturalis (determination of F. RÖGL, in personal
white chalk yealded a candonid from lampadis group communication). On the Papuk Mt. and near Zagreb,
and in Žagubica (commentary of Selište) another can- the initial marine sediments “contain the nanoplankton
donid of the chasei group both are corroborating un- assemblages characterising the NN5 Zone” (ĆORIĆ et
usual water chemistry. al. 2009) covering the whole Badenian. The foramini-
The mollusc macrofauna association differs largely fera assemblage “belongs to the Early Badenian, corre-
from that of the Dinaride System of lakes, despite some sponding with the Lower Lagenide Zone” (ibid). Thus,
dreissena being successor of their very well known this is a southward transgression, going step by step
Lower Miocene predecessors. According to KNEŽEVIĆ from one to another trough. In all cases, it was a “sud-
1996 and JOVANOVIĆ & KRSTIĆ 2010, these are den but continuous transition from a freshwater lake
Mytilopsis cvitanovici servica, M. antecroatica sumad- into a marine environment” (ibid) in the whole south-
ica and others differing more, such as M. nisseana, M. ern part of the Pannonian Plain.
dactyloides descriebed by PAVLOVIĆ 1931. Gastropods Two remote bays of the Badenian Sea penetrated
are more numerous and very diversified– Ancylus ser- into the Balkan Land, along extremely tectonically
bicus, A. dimici, Planorbis pavlovici, Prososthenia ser- disturbed areas. One of them, called Timok Bay, pen-
bica they were described by BRUSINA (1894) and P. etrated along the Timok strikeslip fault, which was
fuchsi, Melanopsis petkovici by PAVLOVIĆ (1903) Later reactivated before the start of the Middle Badenian
PAVLOVIĆ (1931) presented snails from the Peć Fm.: (KRÄUTNER & KRSTIĆ 2003). The other larger one,
Hydrobia santrici, Bythinella cvijici, Micromelania Morava Bay, stretched along the contact between the
proni, M. metohiana, Kosovia praepontica, Gyraulus Dinaric and the Carpatho-Balkanic Islands; at the
decani. Some of these species (Radix cobeltiformis, R. time, the contact was still not sufficiently stabilized,
levasi, Fossarulus praeponticus and Marticia macarii) as still is, as its bottom is still subsiding now.
spreads northwards along the Ibar River (STEVANOVIĆ, Age. The Badenian comprises the upper part of the
1985) making them Ibar biofacies. MN5, the MN6 and the lower part of the MN7+8
Among the proboscideans, most findings belong to Zones (STEININGER 1999).
Deinotherium giganteum, Anancus avernensis and a
transition form from Gomphotherrium angustidens to
G. Longirostris (KRSTIĆ et al. 2007). Several localities Timok Bay
rich in diverse bones and teeth of micromammals
belong to the MN5 Zone (MARKOVIĆ 2008), hence to Timok Bay was not at all elongated. In the Middle
the Karpatian–Badenian according to STEININGER Badenian, marine facies reached to the town of Za-
(1999). ječar. In the Upper Badenian, some interbeds have a
The age of the Serbian Lake sediments are older sarmatoid character; hence, it was classified within
than the marine Middle Badenian, while laying con- the “Buglovka Layers” (DŽODŽO-TOMIĆ 1963). How-
cordantly below it. Combining macroflora and micro- ever, the Badenian Sea, of Vienna type, mainly comes
mammals with the Borač eruptive complex (CVETKO- through SW Romania to the north-western part of
VIĆ & PECSKAY 1999), late Karpatian–early Badenian Bulgaria.
was determined, even though the intercalated dacite
tuff (near Mionica and in Popovac) was not measured.
In Popovac, the marl quarry consists of feldspar, Mlava Bay
quartzite and biotite as the main constituents (PEŠIĆ &
KOPRIVICA 1996), hence the material is quite good for In the small Mlava Bay, near Petrovac, there are
radiometric age measurement. several interbeds of freshwater sediments following
thin coal seams in the gulf facies most influenced by
freshwater. The ostracodes within the coal-bearing
Southern margin of the Badenian Sea level are less numerous than charophyta gyrogonites,
indicating transparent shallow water (to a depth of 7 m,
Along the River Sava, from Belgrade to Zagreb, the approximately). Biofacies, transiting to marine, lie on
lacustrine formation is overlain mostly by marine the edge of the Bay at the Danube (JOVANOVIĆ &
Badenian. TOMIĆ 1997; KRSTIĆ et al. 2003).
Near Belgrade, the Badenian rises slowly from the
lacustrine Slanci Formation, starting as brachyhaline
sediments, changing fast into fully marine ones (KRSTIĆ Morava Bay
1978). F. RÖGL (personal communication) recognised
in them a Middle Badenian relative of Uvigerina pyg- The Morava Bay stretched far towards the south,
maea. The marine Lower Badenian drilled to the north gradually spreading the marine and then the brackish
44 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

biofacies of the Middle Badenian all the way to Kru- In the Valjevo–Mionica costal area, at the ancient
ševac (STEVANOVIĆ et al. 1977; DOLIĆ 1978). New watering place of Vračević (point 3 in Fig. 2), many
data on fossils from Tavnik (near Kruševac, wrongly micromammals were collected – Eomyops oppligeri,
attributed to Upper Miocene by KRSTIC et al. 2007), Keramidomys mohleri, Anomalomys gaudryi, By-
such as the new micrommamal species Miodyromys santinia bayraktepensis, Collimys longidens, Eumyo-
wesselsi (dormouse) and other small mammals, must rion latior and Microdyromys koenigswaldi–indicat-
have oriental origin. The environment was a shallow ing that these sediments belong to the MN7+8 Zone
calm pond according to charophyta (gyrogonits of (MARKOVIĆ & PAVIĆ 2004), actually supporting the
Nitellopsis merianii) and higher plants, such as Trapa Sarmatian age that was determined by STEVANOVIĆ.
and Nysa (depth around 6–7 m), then frogs, tritons, The profundal of this lake was situated between
emids and even small species crocodile remnants. today’s villages Radobić and Šušeoka, the sediments
Among the molluscs, there are some hydrobioids, of which had a meromictic character. There, thick
unionacea and other pelecipiods and a ceritihid Te- seams of oil shales (ERCEGOVAC et al. 2003; VASS et
rebralia lignitarum along with a large Planorbarius. al. 2006) with imprints of fish carcasses (GAUDANT
The last two indicate a swamp and the proximity of 2002) and other rare fossils (insects – bee, etc.) were
coal forming facies. The only high energy indicator is collected. These sediments contain authigenic miner-
a roughly ornamented Theodoxus and the sandy inter- als, zeolites, searlesite and even shortite and trona,
beds embedding all these thermophile fossils. suggesting a salty lacustrine environment (OBRADO-
Towards the west, a sign of the Badenian impact VIĆ et al. 1997; OBRADOVIĆ & VASIĆ 2007).
was recorded along Bosna River, to Doboj, but no Age. Their stratigraphic position between the Ser-
freshwater dilution of the marine Badenian has been bian Lake sediments delimited by discordance and the
recorded to date. transgressively lying Middle Volhinian (Lower Sar-
matian) place them into the lowermost Sarmatian.
Many micromammals from Vračević indicate that these
Sarmatian Bukulja Lake sediments belong to the MN 7+8 Zone (MARKOVIĆ
2003; MARKOVIĆ & PAVIĆ 2004), actually supporting
The relatively small Valjevo–Mionica–Belanovica the Sarmatian age determined by STEVANOVIĆ.
Lake, hidden by the Bukulja Mt. and Blizanjski Viso- In the late Volhinian and afterwards, the northern
vi, was only sometimes affected by the influence of part of the Valjevo–Mionica Depression was periodi-
Paratethys biofacies. cally flooded by Paratethys water. In a structural bore-
Lying discordantly above the sediments of the hole in Tabanović (above and eastwards of Radobićka
Serbian Lake, with a long gap, it was largely drilled Bela Stena) containing freshwater meiofauna (riverine
for uranium in Jelovik Village, where the Gornji Breg Potamocypris mostly), there are some interbeds with
Hill contained some of uranium in coaly interbeds Sarmatian molluscs (JOVANOVIĆ & DOLIĆ 1994) and
(KRSTIĆ, et al. 2011). To the East, the Lake stretches one meter of the Pannonian on the very top.
along the Jasenica Valley, westwards through Kačer
(STEVANOVIĆ et al. 1977a) and into the Mionica–Va-
ljevo Depression (STEVANOVIĆ 1977). The contact Upper Miocene lakes
with the Serbian Lake sediments in Tabanović should
be at a depth of 82 m (JOVANOVIĆ et al., 1994), just The Paratethys became fully separated from the
above a kind of hardground made of zeolitised tuff, as Mediterranean and the World Ocean at the beginning
in the Zmajevac Brook (JOVANOVIĆ & DOLIĆ 1994). of the Upper Miocene (PAPP et al. 1974), after the
The shallow water part of Jasenica–Kačer contains brackish Sarmatian phase of the late Middle Miocene,
mainly freshwater lacustrine organisms. Among the as some kind of remote gulf sediments.
molluscs in Jelovik (site 5 in Fig. 2), there are many
dreissenids larval valves covering the bedding planes;
adult dreissena are restricted to some beds, while Transitional lagoons
Prososthenia, Hydrobia, Planorbis, Theodoxus and
Planorbarius are usually poorly preserved (PRYSJAZH- On the north-western edge of the Middle Danube
NJUK & RUDJUK 2005, KRSTIĆ et al., 2011). Some of Plain, there are two small ostracode sites of Upper
the Jelovik ostracode fauna is similar to that in the Miocene age. One is the lowland of Turiec (PIPIK
Serbian Lake, but there are numerous large Eucan- 2001) and the other a lagoon near Graz (GROSS 2005).
dona also found in Brajkovac (site 4 in Fig. 2) togeth- The Turiec site contains the endemic mollusc Kosovia
er with vertebrates, including Bunolistriodon meida- stromphostomopsis and a nanogastropod, possibly Li-
mon, Giraffokeryx punjabiensis, Pseudoeotragus see- thoglyphus nannus, (collection of the late Miloš Ra-
grabensis and micromammals; “there are also some kuš). Another Turiec sample of the Martin site (PIPIK
very well preserved bird remains” including eggs, 2001, GROSS et al. 2009) contains sarmatoid fossils
first found long ago (1959) by STEVANOVIĆ. (GOZHYK, personal communication). Both the Grat-
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 45

korn near Graz and the Turiec indicate a faunal suc- The Pontian and the Maeotian also appear in the
cession near the Middle/Late Miocene transition. west, as their ostracodes were recorded in the Peri-
The Maeothian in the Lower Danube Plain, the adriatic Depression (PAD) of Albania (PRILO & HA-
equivalent of the Upper Pannonian of Middle SANAJ 2002).
Danubian one, was influenced by sea water in its The Lower Pontian is present in the vicinity of
lower half, with a venerid Dosinia maeotica. The Athens, on the island Aegina.
upper half has nearly lacustrine fauna; together with A contact of the caspibrackish Pontian of the north-
ostracodes some Unionacea Teyserrinaia and Ano- ern Aegean (the Katherina, Halkidiki and Strimon
donta occur (see: GOZHYK 2006), as many different Depression) and the Central Macedonian Lake is not
gastropods sometimes in great accumulations (Litho- sufficiently clear. It is possible that there were some
glyphus nannus). mountain ridges with very narrow and often closed
straits or a threshold of subdued eustatic or tectonic
twisting. In a meridional trench covering the Pela-
Caspibrackisch sea- lakes gonia-Florina-Ptolemais-Servia Valleys, the Late
Miocene was proved below the Pliocene.
The specific (Caspian-like) type of sediments of the The time span of the Pontian was not large. Ac-
Paratethys sea-lakes overlaps the northern parts of the cording to STEININGER (1999), it started before the
Balkan Land from the Middle and Lower Danube upper third of the MN12 Zone and lasted until the end
plains southwards (Fig. 3, upper case). Large books of the MN13 Zone. The absolute age values are not
on the Pannonian (PAPP et al. 1985) and the Pontian mentioned here, as their data are not coherent in differ-
(eds. STEVANOVIĆ et al. 1989) present the geology, ent publications. According to CHUMAKOV (1993), ba-
palaeogeography, lithology and their fossil content of sed on fission track analyses, the Pontian started at 7.00
both huge lakes. Therefore, no details are given in the Ma and ended, in the Black Sea area, ca. 5.5 Ma ago,
schematic sketch in Fig. 3. The evolution of the basin but in Caspian one, it lasted longer until 5.19±0.89 Ma.
was studied by ROYDEN & HORVATH (1988).

Central Macedonian Lake

Pannonian Sea-Lake
Between the Paratethys and the Mediterranean,
The Pannonian Sea-Lake is restricted to the Middle there were several Upper Miocene salty lakes (Fig. 3).
Danube Plain filled by deltaic sediments from the The largest among them was the Central Macedonian
north-west (KORPÁS-HODI et al. 1992, etc.). The pale- Lake (DUMURDŽANOV 1997).
ogeographic evolution of Lake Pannon within the The Central Macedonian Lake stretches from the
Pannonian basin is reconstruced with eight maps, city of Vranje southwards to Athens. Its width is diffi-
ranging from Middle Miocene to the Early Pliocene. cult to calculate: lacustrine sediments crop out at
The maps are based on the distribution of selected Bureli in Albania and in the opposite direction,
biozones and specific fossils, and on sedimentological through Bulgarian Srednegorie, with gaps, reach
and seismic information (MAGYAR 1999). Outside it, Elhovo (VATSEV 2004; KRSTIĆ et al. 2008). Its column
only in the Besarabian (Middle Sarmatian) of Mol- consists of a lower coarse-grained part and an upper
davia (Black Sea Basin) are there a few levels with fine-grained one.
Pannonian fauna (PAPP et al. 1985, etc.). According to The sediments of the lower part of the Central
STEININGER (1999), the Pannonian started already in Macedonian Lake are exhibited in the uplifting
the late Astaracian, the MN7+8 Zone and finished region. They are often badly sorted due to a high ero-
before the upper third of the MN12 Zone. sion rate. None of the autochthonous bentic fossils
The Upper Pannonian equivalent in the Dacian Plain were found but an accumulations of vertebrate bones
is the Maeotian. The Maeotian penetrated the Lower were widely spread and sometimes very numerous. In
Danube Plain as a deep highly freshened marine gulf. the Axios Valley, lacustrine (?) sediments of the
Turolian (lying below the Pontian), contain bones of
Hominoidea (DE BONIS et al. 1986; KOUFOS & DE
Pontian Sea-Lake BONIS 2004).
In the upper column part, the sediments of the
The caspibrackish Pontian Lake was the largest one Central Macedonian Lake contain diatomitic beds.
ever on the Earth. It overlaps the Balkan Land not The diatom assemblage consists of coarsely orna-
only from the North but also from the South, less from mented benthic forms of genus Aulacoseira, in the
the East and the least from the West. Vranje and Prespa Basins. Similar rough species
In the Serrai (Strimon) Valley, the Pontian lies over Aulacoseira (A. granulata, A. ambigua) are dominant
beds of the Turolian (the supposed continental in SW Bulgaria in the diatomaceous sediments of
Maeotian of STEVANOVIĆ 1964). Gotse Delchev, Satovcha, Kostenets and Elhovo Ba-
46 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

Fig. 3. The Upper Miocene Lakes: in the North, in the Paratethys realm, these are the Pannonian and Pontian, in the middle
of the Balkan land, it is the Central Macedonian Lake. The whole array of basins of the Pelagonia–Florina–Ptolemais–Servia
hosted a kind of freshened Late Pontian. Diatomite sites according TEMNISKOVA-TOPALOVA & OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA 1997,
OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA 2006: E, Elhovo, GD, Gotse Delchev, Ko, Kolubara, Ks, Kostenets, M, Mariovo, Pr, Prespa,
Pt,Ptolemaida, Sa, Satovcha, Sr, Srednegorie, Vr, Vranje. Lacustrine mollusc sites: B, Bureli (Unionidae); Pt, Ptolemaida
(Theodoxus); S, Strimon depression; K, Katherina. Ostracode sites containing also molluscs of the upper part of the Central
Macedonian Lake sediments: 1, Veternik; 2, fortress of Skopje. Main sites of mammal bones: A, Axios, K, Kalimanci;
P, Pikermi; V, Veles.

sins. Their age was determined after the identical mi- Bulgaria, the Upper Miocene diatom microflora con-
croflora recorded in the Upper Pontian sediments of tains “the Miocene index-species Eunotia japonica and
the Serbian coal mine Kolubara (OGNJANOVA-RU- Fragilaria miocenica” (OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA 2003).
MENOVA & KRSTIĆ 2007). In Kostenets, they contain The Late Miocene indicates to eutrophic freshwater
some extinct species which can be considered key fos- lakes, only slightly alkaline, under moderate tempera-
sils for the Pontian. In the Satovcha Basin of SW tures (TEMNISKOVA & OGNJANOVA 1997).
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 47

The benthic macrofossils of lacustrine upper part of tomite-containing, mostly, broken Unionidae, in its
the column were found around Skopje and Bureli. The lower part and above them, alternate greater or small-
mollusc fauna is represented mainly by Unionidae, er amounts of snails of different sizes (Theodoxus
both in Skopje and Bureli, together with Melanopsis macedonicus, Valvata piscinalis, Lymnaea stagnalis).
affinis (KUMATI et al. 1997). At Veternik, to the north Two Neglecandona sp. juv. valves come out from a
from Skopje, one lens included a few well-preserved shell of T. macedonicus, together with a finest ochre
mollusc shells: Theodoxus doricus, T. cf. neumayri, red limonitic sandy fill. All this indicate redeposition
decorated with ribs and tubercles, and Aphanothilus in water of low energy, diminishing upwards.
as well as several ornamented species of Prososthenia
(DUMURDŽANOV & KRSTIĆ 1999).
Ostracodes are very abundant and diverse in the silt Attique
below the Skopje Fortress. There from, a new genus
Macedocandona with reverse valves (RV larger and Several localities with aberrant lacustrine molluscs
overlaps LV), yielded a species flock containing four of Attika were shown by KÜHN (1963) and PAPP
taxa. This new genus shows similarity to the Chinese (1979). Kühn determined museum material according
Potamocyprella. There are also other taxa, unknown the papers of Brusina on the Dinarides. Later Papp
yet, maybe also oriental. Aberrant ostracodes lived corrected the checklist having his own collection. The
next to the less numerous halotolerant Fabaeformi- gastropod species are highly endemic: Theodoxus atti-
scandona, Cypria, Cypridopsis and Plesiocyprido- cus, Th. morulus, Th. milessii, Melanostteira milessii,
psis. One marine Callistocythere (Clonocythere?) rep- Melanopsis (Canthidomus) longa, M. (C.) oroposi, M.
resentative was, probably, brought from the Mediter- (C.) freydbergi.
ranean area (KRSTIĆ & GUAN 2000). These ostracodes The Athens area is now heavily urbanized and fos-
have peculiar features and could only be compared sils have not been collected recently. An important
with some taxa from the Chinese Eocene and Oligo- finding there was during the digging for a swimming
cene stages. pool at the Pirgos Vasilissis site, also known for mol-
Age. The mammals of the Veles and other sites in luscs. There were found different mammals, along
the Central Macedonian Lake belong to the Pikermian with Graecopithecus (DE BONIS et al. 1986): Masto-
fauna, i.e., to the Turolian. The closeness of the Pon- don pentelici, Dicerorhinus orientalis, Hipparion me-
tian at the Strimon Valley and Katherina, but also on diterraneum, Tragoceras amalheus, Gasella gaudryi,
Aegina, near Athens, where Pikermy itself is situated, Helladitherium divernoi and Giraffa attica. The age is
indicates that they are superimposed. The conditions late Miocene, like the famous Pikermia mammal site,
that caused mass dying of mammals during the Tu- lying in the close vicinity of Athens.
rolian are probably the repeated droughts which The paleogeography of the marine and continental
occurred during the MN11 Zone. The palynomorphs Miocene of Greece was reconstructed by GUERNET
of the upper part of the Central Macedonian Lake, at (1978).
Bitola in Pelagonia, indicate a climate change into a
humid warm-temperate one (IVANOV 2002) by the end
of the Miocene. Pliocene lakes
The Pliocene lakes (Fig. 4) developed through dif-
Eordeian Trench ferent mechanism of origin. The two lakes forming
the northern boundaries of the Balkan Land belonged
A different evolution proceeded in a meridional to the area of the Paratethys. These are the Paludinian
trench covering the Pelagonia–Florina–Ptolemais– and Dacian–Romanian lakes. Their sediments are
–Servia Depressions. For one of them, CVIJIĆ (1911) connected to and gradually grow out of previously
used the ancient name Eordeian. Here, this name is laid formations of the caspibrackish Pontian Lake, as
applied to the whole trench. the Paratethys area continued to subside during the
There, only youngest Miocene sediments are pres- Pliocene.
ent; most of the sediment fill belongs to the Pliocene. From the east, the Balkan Land was flooded by
The coal-bearing outcrops are made of the Kom- waters of the Black Sea and from the south by water
nina Formation, belonging to the Late Miocene (BOR- of the Levantine Aquatorium. The subsidence was due
NOVAS & RONDOGIANNI-TSIMBAOU 1983; PAVLIDES & to the obduction of Asia Minor over the Balkans,
MOUNTRAKIS 1987). According to orbital signatures, it causing detachment of a “thin skin” (KRSTIĆ et al.
mostly matches the Pontian age. In the Lava Section, 1999). The “thin skin” even reached the centre of the
this is from 6.9 to 6.2 Ma (STEENBRINK et al. 2000). present-day Balkan Peninsula, being there combined
The 6 m of the Ptolemaida Section, above coal (ob- with strong crustal extension (MAROVIĆ et al. 1999).
served during the Pindosexcursion of the 10th Intern. CVIJIĆ (1911) named the southern aquatorium the
Congress, Geol. Soc. Greèce, 2004) consists of dia- Aegean Lake.
48 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

Fig. 4. Approximate spreading of the two types of Upper Pliocene lakes on the Balkan Peninsula: horizontal lines – the near-
ly freshwater Paludinian and the Dacian – Romanian Lakes; vertical lines – the slightly salty Aegean Lake being in connec-
tion with the oblique lines – Kuialnician Sea – Lake in the East (in the Black Sea realm). Diatomite sites (Sofia, Palakaria,
Karlovo, Pilep, Bitola, Servia) according OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA (2006) and JENKO & GJUSELKOVSKI (1957–1958 for
Prilep). 1, Moslavina, Kutina ZP-8, ZP-9; 2, Slavonia, Strizivojna V-4; 3, Posavina, Prevlaka OS-1; 4, Erdut P-2; 5, Baranja
Hill P-10 (all from SOKAČ, 1978); 6, Bajmok Sb-5, Sb-6, Sb-7; 7, Čoka K-11 and others; 8, Mol K-59 and others; 9, Crnja
Ž-11 and others; 10, Lazarevo JT-1 and others; 11, Gložanj G-3 and others; 12, Srbobran SRB-2; 13, Mačva: Crna Bara and
Pričinović; 14, brickyard at Krivci; 15, Ugrinovci KG-33 and Zemun B-12.13 (from KRSTIĆ, 2006); 16, Baraolt; 17, Silistra;
18, Mazgoš – Stanjinci, 19, Metohija; 20, Joanina; 21, Eubea; 22, Megara; 23, northern Peloponnesus; 24, Megalopolis;
25, Sparta; 26, Kos (starting with No 16 - by different authors).

Paludinian Lake dinian Lake of the Middle Danube lowland was prob-
ably the deepest, among the Pliocene lakes of the
The Paludinian Beds obtained their name from a Balkans, lasting for the longest period. At the bound-
synonym of the gastropod genus Viviparus. The Palu- ary, “caspibrackish sediments alternate with limnic
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 49

ones on the border between the ‘Pontian’ and the (300–100 KAa): Ilyocypris cf. monstrifica, Cyclocy-
‘Paludinian Beds’, therefore making the border pris cf. serena, C. cf. impressopunctata, Laevicypris
diachronous” (STEVANOVIĆ et al. 1989). laevis ducatensis, Trajancypris cf. laevis, as well as
The Early Pliocene of northern Europe had mostly the species Ilyocypris sokacae. The subspecies Scottia
an arid and regressive character, especially during its browniana kubanica and Ilyocypris getica crnjanskii
latter half. At that time, all the lakes in southeastern became the main species below the Pliocene–Ple-
Europe decreased in size, and their interconnections istocene boundary. Both subspecies of the species
were occasionally interrupted (KRSTIĆ 2006). Scottia browniana, indicate an environment of high
Molluscs appeared in shallow water, along the water energy, while they are abundant in more or less
coast or on the shore. The Paludinian molluscs cited sandy sediments (KRSTIĆ 2006).
by KNEŽEVIĆ (PAPAIANOPOL et al. 2003) are distributed In the Dinaric realm, Viviparids and large mammals
according to Viviparidae stratigraphy. In the Lower are known from the Vinodol–Ilirska Bistrica graben.
Paludinian, along with the smooth key species V. neu- An erosional remnant in a supposed Pliocene lake
mayri, ornamented Unionidae appear as Rytia bielzi, strait, on the way to Adrian, in Srb, along with Hydro-
Cuneopsidea partschi and many Melanopsis species. biids just a single Erpetocypris was recorded (JURIŠIĆ-
In the Middle Paludinian, the key fossil is Viviparus POLŠAK et al. 1997). In Istria, STACHE (1889) collect-
bifarcinatus followed by other ribbed, smooth and ed also Viviparus snails.
ornamented unionids, a few Melanopsis species and A curiosum is that Pliocene ostracode communities
different extinct gastropod taxa. The Upper Palu- of the same type as in the Pannonian Lake appear as
dinian is marked by the key species V. dezmanianus far as Thüringia (KRSTIĆ 2006).
and other knotted, but also some smooth viviparids
along with different Unionacea and some extinct
Theodoxus, Hydrobia and Valvata as several species Dacian–Romanian Lake
of Melanopsis. To the Pliocene belong Viviparus
boeckhi Beds still having ornamented Unionidae: Po- The Dacian–Romanian Lake lies on the Platform
tomida sturi, P. wilchelmi, Wenziella, Rugunio as the Moesian, covering mostly the Romanian plain and
first Unio cf. pictorum, then Pisidium rugosum, Hy- only small part crosses the Danube towards the south
drobia syrmica, etc. Some recent species, such as covering a little of Bulgarian territory.
Dreissena polymorpha, Fagotia esperi, Theodoxus At the Miocene–Pliocene transition, the Paratethys
transversalis and many others are known since the water retreated and connection between the Pan-
Middle Paludinian. nonian and Dacian Basins “was reduced to a system
The ostracode meiofauna, as well as planktonic of channels and straits” (ENCIU 2007). Its water chem-
microflora, was evenly distributed by wetland birds, istry changed and in the Dacian Basin, along with dif-
which carried it over large distances. The numerous ferent Lymnocardiidae (Pachidacna, Dacicardium,
records of ostracodes enable a quite precise recogni- Pseudocatillus, Stylodacna), the “first species of Psi-
tion of the arid phases which were present with vari- lunio (Psilunio), Jaskoa and numerous gastropods of
able intensity and quantity, depending on the particu- paludal facies (Valvata, Planorbis)” appear. “The in-
lar basin. For the Middle Danube Plain, the key fossils ternal change of lithology, architecture of sedimenta-
are Cypris subglobosa mandelstami, Zonocypris ry rhythms and thickness depended on the slow tec-
membranae, Stenocypris cf. boileki, Cyprideis torosa, tonic movement of the Moesian” Plate. The Early
and various taxa of Limnocytheridae (KRSTIĆ 2006). Pliocene was named Dacian, the late Romanian; they
Representatives of Leptocytheridae are rare (SOKAČ & continue one after other making a single Dacian–Ro-
KRSTIĆ 1987). manian Lake.
The Upper Paludinian Beds have a transgressive In volume, Dacian (MARINESCU & PAPAIANOPOL
character. The lakes increased in size and in the Upper 1995) in a description of the Getian substage Lake
Pliocene, they were widely connected with each other was figured as large and spread over the whole of the
(KRSTIĆ, et al. 2005). Only once did evaporation pre- southern plain of Romania, ending in the south at Lom
vail, indicated by Scordiscia, making distinctive sub- in Bulgaria. Bivalvia Lymnocardiids are diverse and
zone in the lower part of the Upper Paludinian Beds. numerous, giving the name Pachidacna – Beds to Ge-
The most important species of ostracodes in the tian, but there are enough Dreissena polymorpha,
Upper Paludinian Beds is Ilyocypris malezi. Most of Viviparus rumanus and other molluscs in it. Thick
the other taxa are known from extant biotopes, but the coal beds spread over western and northern part of the
Paludinian Lake contains exclusively halotolerant Dacian Basin.
forms, probably those that also thrived in alkaline During the late Dacian, the Paskovian substage, the
environments. Subspecies of recent species are com- Lake shrank considerably, retreating from the west
mon (only a few of them were occasionally described, and north, where the coal areas were situated; now
therefore most are indicated by “cf.”). These subspe- coal appears in the middle of this smaller Lake, but
cies lasted until the Mindel / Riss interglacial also in its NE portion were there was nearly none
50 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

regression, as opposed to the southwards ingression in tohija (in southern Serbia), and one of them is shown on
the middle and eastern Lake portions. The main fos- the drawing–Carpathocandona bataniica (from Me-
sils are Lymnocardiidae: Limnodacna, Pseudocatil- tohija). The last belongs to the most distinctive find at
lus, Horiodacna, Dacicardium, Prosodacnomya and Baraolt–a species flock of bimucronate Candoninae,
some gastropods, such as, Lithoglyphus. Among the there together with Cyprideis jekeliusi and a few
ostracodes in Bulgaria, halophilous species prevail, Leptocytheridae species of the Pontian type (PAPAIANO-
such as Cyprideis torosa, Paracyprinotus salinus and POL et al. 2003). In Baraolt-Brašov, one mammal-bear-
the extinct Zonocypris membranae, also the halotoler- ing column started at 3.7 and ended at 3.5 Ma; the
ant: Pseudocandona compressa, Laevicypris laevis remaining three columns started at 3.5 and ended at
and Neglecandona. In the Roþitori borehole, Romano- 3.1 Ma, hence they belong completely to the Early
castor filipescui was determined to the MN14 Zone Gauss, in other words, to the middle and the first one
belong Bereþti site rich in micromammals and partially to the Lower Romanian.
Ciupreceni with large mammals.
The Upper Pliocene, Romanian spread its aquatori-
um even larger than it was at the beginning of the Aegean Lake
Pliocene. The Romanian stage of Moesian Plate was
delimited towards the Black Sea, the Kuialnician bio- The ancient Aegean Lake covered the southern
facies, by a threshold laying to the south of the Buzau Balkan Peninsula, Aegean Sea and parts of Asia Mi-
River. It was not a barrier while the two sea-lakes nor. Its water chemistry was similar to seawater but
communicated over it (PAPAIANOPOL et al. 2003). This much diluted, while it comes from the Black Sea
could be used to explain Pliocene remnants in Ba- Kuialnician biofacies. It is fossil-bearing from Koso-
raolt-Brasov intramontane depression containing vo and Metohija to the Peloponnesus. At the same
aberrant ostracodes, molluscs and mammals. time, the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula com-
The Romanian has its tripartite biostratigraphic municated with the Mediterranean Sea. This can be
subdivision supported on molluscs: while Lymnocar- observed in a column of Megara near Athens, where
diidae vanished, Unionacea flourished. The Lower Melanopsis layers and Cardium layers alternate
Romanian contains smooth unionids accompanied by (GEORGIADES-DIKEOULIA et al. 2002).
Viviparus bifarcinatus, Jaskoa sturdze, Psilunio sibi- The largest area with fossiliferous Pliocene sedi-
nensis and Melanopsis rumana. The Middle Romani- ments lies approximately in the middle of the Balkan
an is rich in ornamented unionidae, corroborating a Peninsula. It is Kosovo and Metohija where mollusc
higher temperature when CaCO3 intake was faster; it fauna (mostly congerias and Viviparus) in places lit-
is possible to distinguish three contemporaneous zo- ters the sediment (PAVLOVIC, 1903). The ostracode
nes: a) Rugunio lenticularis, Rytia slavonica; b). Pri- fauna of the area is rich and diverse-three groups of
stinunio davilai with Viviparus stricturatus and c) Bu- ostracodes are distinguishable (KRSTIĆ et al. 1988).
limus vukotinovici with Canthidomus lanceolata. In The species which are the same as recent freshwater
the Upper Romanian, climatic variations are observed ones are: Fabaeformiscandona krstici, Cypria kara-
according to lacustrine, palustrine and terrestrial fa- mani, C. sketi, Paralimnocythere ohridensis, P. geo-
cies, the zone with Ebersiniana milcovensis and sub- gevitschi, with some others, such as Candona candida
zone Unio kujalnicensis. In the Romanian stage are pliocenica, which are related to them. On the other
present: Ilyocypris angulata, I. lanceolata, Zonocypris hand, there are species of the Kuialnician type, such
membranae, Berocypris, Kowalevskiella, Scordiscia ji- as Graviacypris, Zalaniella, Ohridiella, Reticulocan-
riceki (taxonomy corrected according to KRSTIĆ 2006) dona as the very rare Amnicythere and Cyprideis; also
and others. Mammals are recorded in two areas of the extinct species Ilyocypris malezi, Scottia browniana
Romanian Plain: the ten outcrops at the slope of Car- kubanica. Bimucronate Candoninae belongs to an
pathians along the Olt and neighbouring rivers belong intermediary group.
to the Gilbert and early Gauss (4.3–3.1 Ma) and West of Sofia, at the very border of the state of
Slatina 1, 2, 3, as the Tetoiu to the Matuyama (2.6–1.9 Serbia, the erosion remnants of Pliocene sediments
and 1.75 Ma) (PAPAIANOPOL et al. 2003). are present at the open coal pits in Mazgoš and Sta-
The mentioned Baraolt–Brasov Depression could njinci. In Mazgoš (Serbian mine), the halophilous
be a remote bay of the Black Sea. Kuialnician pene- ostracodes Paracyprinotus salinus and Neglecandona
tration into the Carpathian Mountains and having angulata decimai were recorded together with halo-
higher salinity (due to evaporation and the narrow tolerant ones, such as Peudocandona compressa and
strait), Paradacna abichi, Lymnocardium zagrabiense others. The mollusc fauna present in Mazgoš includes
and even Budmania, being there in a refugium, were the ubiquitous pond species Planorbarius corneus and
therefore determined (MARINESCU & PAPAIANOPOL Galba palustris as well as a slightly smaller and
1995). From the Baraolt Basin in the Carpathians, the Planorbarius–shaped, African snail (JOVANOVIĆ et al.
first recorded species was “Candona” kinkelini. Eight 2005). This intramontane area was slightly influenced
ostracode taxa are identical for both Baraolt and Me- by Kuialnician water, in the same manner as Metohija.
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 51

Towards the south, sediments of the same Upper clinal folds of the Dinarides along the Adriatic, where
Pliocene age with numerous fossil ostracodes and de CAPOA & RADOIČIĆ (2002) recorded a continuity of
molluscs, such as Viviparus brusinai, are recorded in sediments from the Eocene to the Seravalian. Whether
the basins of Joanina (GUERNET et al. 1977), also at the Eubean Kymi site (VELITZELOS & GREGOR 1990)
northern Eubea (MOSTAFAWI 1994), in the open pit of is a part of this folding is difficult to say. The last
Megara near Athens (GEORGIADES-DIKEOULIA et al. research prolonged the marine Miocene northwards
2002), on the north of Peloponnesus (MOSTAFAWI until Istria (Triesete–Kopar and Pazin Basin) all along
1994), as well as the central part of Peloponnesus at the Outer Dinaride (MIKES et al. 2008) “Upper Oligo-
Sparta (GUERNET 1979; KRSTIĆ & VELITZELOS 2002) cene palynomorphs, nanofossils and larger foramini-
having the same community in Megalopolis (LÜTTIG fera in the Pićan flysh” (Istria) “have been dated here-
& MARINOS 1962). in to be not older than the Late Burdigalian” accord-
There are similar interesting associations away ing to nanofossils which “tolerate reduced salinity”.
from the Balkan Peninsula mainland on the island Kos For the islands Rab and Pag (BULIĆ & JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK
(GUERNET et al. 1976; MOSTAFAWI 1988). All this 2009), with their freshwater ostracode genera and
means that Paratethys water during the Upper Plio- congerian fauna, the conclusion should be the same,
cene poured into the nearly dry Mediterranean depres- namely, there was a large lacustrine aquatorium of the
sion, yet recorded only close to Barcelona (GILLET Ottnangian Stage.
1965) and curiously in the upper Ebro Basin The Chinese biota had to travel a long way to the
(RODRIGUEZ-LAZARO & MARTIN-RUBIO 2005). Dinaride Lake, from one refugium to another, carried
by birds, in order to appear in south-eastern Europe in
the Lower Miocene. Some such refugiums are pre-
Implications sented on the Palaeogeographic Maps of SE Euro-
pe–SW Asia (POPOV et al. 2004). A large Dne-
For the precise determination of the biostratigraph- per–Donets Basin, from Donets High over Kiev and
ic placement of lake fossils, the ostracode communi- into Poland contains congeria fauna in its gulfs and
ties have to be used for various purposes. The ecolo- estuaries of already freshened sea.
gy and distribution of certain species, clear enough in For the Middle Danube Area, HAMOR (2001)
the younger levels, indicate the evolution of climate. declared that “the marginal sediments of the Ottnan-
The correlation with other similar or different palaeo- gian transgression are the ‘Oncophora-bearing sand-
biological units enables an understanding of the evo- stones’” and that it was “detected in the NN3 Zone,
lution of the Balkan lakes in Neogene time and space. the ‘Rzehakia layers’ ... in the Vienna Basin”, in
These conclusions mirror the geodynamic evo- northern Hungary and in Czech Moravia. HAMOR
lution–the distribution of equivalent time sediments drew quite narrow river valleys on his map of the
indicates the tectonic mechanism that preceded them. Lower Miocene (Upper Eggerian–Eggenburgian–Ot-
The obtained data are actually proof for the existing tnangian), where fluvial channel line facies and flu-
tectonic models (CIPOLLARI et al. 1999; MIKES et al. vial floodplain facies separated. According to the dis-
2008). However, certain explanations are still lacking. tribution of the lacustrine pre-Badenian in the Serbian
The transition from the latest Oligocene limans into part of the Middle Danube Plain (COLL. AUTH.
early Miocene lakes is connected to compressive clos- 1968–1995), the equivalent sediments are widely dis-
ing of the strait between the Western (Dinaric) and the tributed but preserved only as remnants of erosion
Eastern (Carpatho-Balkanic) Islands. The origin of the processes.
water basins also assumes transcurrent movements For the Serbian Lake, there is a hypothesis of post-
along the straits in the direction North–South, with collision spreading (CVETKOVIĆ et al. 2000, 2004) and
perpendicular faulting at their sides, causing the later compression (PRELEVIĆ et al. 2005), explaining
appearance of depressions in the West–East direction. the great elongation of this “narrow” lake. However,
The origin mechanism of Dinaride System of Lakes the original width of the lake was much larger than
slowly becomes apparent, aside it spreading across shown in Fig. 2. Its eastern half is compressed be-
the Middle Danube Plain until behind the Alps. The tween the many stripes of the Carpatho-Balkanides
explanation by De CAPOA and RADOIČIĆ (2002) is that and often deeply buried Neogene (KRSTIĆ et al. 1988).
tectogenesis of the External Dinarides “actually The time of these movements approximately corre-
occurred during the Early Late Miocene”, so the early sponds to the boundary between the Lower and Mid-
extensional movements could commence in the mid dle Miocene, but it cannot be precisely determined as
Lower Miocene, while the faulting occurred later. A the coal-bearing “lower Badenian” part of the lacus-
detailed study of palaeostress in the Central Dinarides trine sediments is folded and faulted, while the upper
“indicates, a NE–SW contraction, as well as a subor- part remained almost horizontal. In the Serbian Lake,
dinate NW–SE extension, which is related to the early the depth zones are already recognizable: the almost
Miocene shortening of the Dinaric orogenic wedge” unconsolidated lake chalk with “Candona” cf. similil-
(ILIĆ & NEUBAUER 2005). These pressures caused iso- ampadis at Knjaževac, compressed between the gabro
52 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

massif of Zaglavak at the East and Mesozoic rocks in various systematic categories of Candoninae, except
the West; the right transcurrent Timok dislocation Pseudocandona. The genus Potamocypris has tuber-
transversely cuts through Jurassic limestone and an cles or spines, some Limnocytheridae taxa (the one
over - laying succession of lower Cretaceous strati- transported from China and Russia) may be heavily
graphic units (KRSTIĆ et al. 1970; KRÄUTNER & ornamented with ridges and tubercles along with a
KRSTIĆ 2003). denticulate hinge, etc. The chemistry of the water
The spacious valleys of the mid-southern Balkan sometimes caused reversion of the shells, when the
(including the Pelagonia–to Servia trench–PAVLIDES & left ostracode valve acquires the characteristics of the
MOUNTRAKIS, 1987; STEENBRINK 2001), where the right one and vice versa. Theodoxus ornamentation
Upper Miocene continental and lacustrine sediments was also noticed. Even the lack of ostracodes and
were laid, could be connected with the collapse of the other organisms that bear a calcium carbonate shell
present-day Aegean Sea (MAROVIĆ et al. 1999). This can indicate the acidity of the lake water. This charac-
extension follows the closing of the Middle Miocene teristic is due to intensive volcanic action in the
Serbian Lake in the North, due to a compression of the Šumadijan Lake.
actual bending of the Carpathian-Balkan Arc. The energy of the water is represented through the
Upper Miocene sediments have their widest distri- presence or absence of certain groups. In addition to
bution in Macedonia and a somewhat smaller area the gastropods Fagotia, Theodoxus and Lithoglyphus,
along the southern flank of the Balkan Mt. and nearly ostracodes may also be reophilous, for example
the whole of southern Bulgaria (OGNJANOVA-RUME- Scottia browniana.
NOVA 2001, 2003, 2007). Towards the west, the Bureli Changes in climatic belts cause the presence or
surroundings in the middle of Albania (KUMATI et al. absence of certain ostracode species. While in the
1997) could be an extremely freshened distal part of Pannonian Plain, the Pliocene taxon Scottia browni-
an Adriatic bay containing Unionacea. A small ero- ana kubanica is very abundant and at Metohija, it is
sion remnant, rich in ornamented Theodoxus, is situ- rarely represented but still recorded, it is completely
ated in the town of Athens (KÜHN 1963; PAPP 1979). missing in Peloponnesus and southwards. The repre-
The Pliocene tectonics is quite different, being con- sentatives of the species Ilyocypris malezi are smaller
nected with the obduction of Asia Minor over the in the Aegean than in the Paludinian Lake, probably
Balkan Land. The obduction caused the detachment of due to the warmer climate in the southern areas.
a “thin skin” layer over a wide area from Sofia and A climate reconstruction is possible for the late
Metohija southwards, with very visible bow-shaped Pliocene and for the lacustrine Pleistocene. By the end
boundaries near Skopje (COLL. AUTH., 1968–1995). of the Pliocene, colder winters are recorded while in the
The obduction reflexes might be found all the way to same sample may be found both–summer and winter
Čačak and Rtanj (KRSTIĆ, 2006), and towards the west generations of a particular species (cold winters and
to the Adriatic Coast in Albania, as well as in its warm summers)–hence, a climatic cooling may be
Peshkopi Trench (KRSTIĆ et al. 1999). The Monte- directly recorded. In the older lacustrine sediments,
negro–Adriatic fault caused great earthquakes. reconstruction of the climate is more or less connected
Due to such a great impact of tectonics on the pres- with the reconstruction of the water chemistry, when it
ent distribution of the Neogene lacustrine sediments, is affected by the climate. Thus, warm temperatures
a palaeogeographc reconstruction is difficult. Each cause an increase in evaporation and, therefore, also a
individual lake or any of its parts would have to be diminishing of the tributaries. Both increased the min-
studied in greater detail–that would be one of palae- eralization of the water. However, it is more complicat-
olimnology important tasks. The problem is an insuf- ed–when a lake decreases in size, due to aridity, it loos-
ficient number of observation points and an even es not only its influx but also its outflow, hence the bal-
smaller number of detailed studies of fossil associa- ance in the water chemistry is affected.
tions in the Miocene part of the Balkan Peninsula Ostracode meiofossils are the best support for stud-
Neogene. The number of samples from the Pliocene is ies of lacustrine sediments as they are much more
already considerably larger, especially in the Middle abundant than molluscs, they are also autochthonous
Danube Plain, and their fauna is similar enough to the benthic organisms and since studies of diatoms,
extant one that a palaeogeographic map could be con- dinoflagelata and endemic calcareous nanoplankton,
structed (KRSTIĆ 2006). For the Pliocene spreading all which were often transported still alive, are less sig-
over southern Europe and SW Asia, a reconstruction nificant.
was performed (KRSTIĆ et al. 2005). The main means of meiofauna and microflora uni-
The chemistry of the lacustrine water could be fication, when the environment is appropriate, is dis-
deduced based on a number of “endemics”-the aber- semination by birds. Old ideas of their evolution in
rant taxa-and the ornamentations on their shells. There restricted geographic region were born due to the slow
is a surprising diversity in the ornamentation of ostra- evolution of the environment chemistry in the
code genera that in freshwater environments are either Paratethys and similar areas. Understanding that bird
smooth or only insignificantly punctuated, such as the transport was the main agent of ostracode dissemina-
 The Neogene Lakes on the Balkan Land 53

tion providing the meiofauna of the Central Mace- about 2000 m between the same levels, for example
donian Lake (KRSTIĆ & GUAN 2000) explains why the Livanjsko Polje and the freshwater biofacies of Ku-
ostracodes have no similarity with those of the neigh- pres. The measured absolute age of the younger Neo-
bouring Paratethys parts but with the Kainozoic lacus- gene of Sinj, deposited in mineralized water inhabited
trine ostracodes of China. The same comprehension by dreissena, is 17.92 ± 0.18 Ma.
was a little later placed for the microflora–diatoms The Serbian Lake originated by the postcollision
and dinoflagelata (personal communication by OG- spreading of western and eastern Balkan Islands. At
NJANOVA–RUMENOVA) and afterwards for larval stages the East, the nape of the Carpatho-Balkanides has
of gastropods, maybe all molluscs (personal commu- covered the older Lake, coal-bearing sediments with
nication by Bandel, Hamburg). It is not known how Mesozoic and other older sediments in the meridional
many ancient refugia existed between China and direction. In the younger subhorizontal part, there are
southeastern Europe. Some of them, since Lower Mi- coarse-grained coastal limestones with Kosovia and
ocene, contain congerian and other fauna, still insuf- fine-grained siliciclastic rocks rich in benthos fauna in
ficiently correlated between themselves. The recent lentic areas. The fauna shows a slight indication of
molluscs and ostracodes of western and central mineralization. The profundal in the deeper parts of
Europe are identical in every of lake and pond due to the Lake is highly mineralized with well-preserved
the circulation of wild geese. However, there are dif- remains of fish. According to the diatomic associa-
ferent recent species in the southeastern part, especial- tion, it may be concluded that the Lake stretched
ly on the Balkans, due to the different climate and bird southwards to the Simitli Valley in SW Bulgaria.
migration, which come from SW Siberia and have The marine Badenian later gradually penetrated
their feather change on the Caspian. In general, today from the North into the Serbian Lake, and the furthest
and in the past, bird migration had the same direction, attained area was in the Morava Bay: the Middle
from east toward west, due to the rotation of the Earth. Badenian, of Sarmatoid biofacies, reached the town of
Hence, the appearance of the community from Chi- Kruševac. The other bays were shorter and shallower:
nese early Eocene is the same as in the early Pliocene at the Mlava Bay, the meiofauna close to the coal was
of the Middle Danube Lowland; the same species of the freshwater type - with abundant characean gy-
Ilyocypris angulata Sars lives today in the H’nka rogonites. The marine Middle-Badenian fauna pene-
Lake near Vladivostok with its subspecies found in trated to Doboj down the River Bosna Valley. The
the Middle Paludinian Beds (KRSTIĆ 2006) and so on. Viennese type of Badenian reached Bulgaria and east-
Meiofauna indirectly provide data on ancient water ern Serbia through Romania, along the River Olt .
chemistry, even by their absence due to lake water Generally speaking, the northern boundary of the
acidity. When the obtained proxies are combined with Serbian Lake sediments, predisposed by faults in the
studies of palynomorphs and macroflora, there is a W–E direction, moved slowly southwards. Therefore,
possibility for conclusions about the climate in the in southern Banat, the Papuk belt, the marine Lower
whole Neogene past. Matched with sedimentological Badenian continuously ascended from the lacustrine
and other geological studies, they provide data for pre-Badenian. The belt passing through Belgrade in-
palaeogeography and tectonics, which can protects us cluded the Middle Badenian only, while to the south
from geological hazards. from Bukulja and in Valjevo–Mionica Depression, the
lacustrine-riverine Lower Volinian with Potamocypris
was concordantly covered with brackish Mactra lime-
Conclusions stone of the Middle Volinian.
The deep gulfs at the northern and western edge of
The time of the appearance and the distribution of the Pannonian Plain were inhabited by endemic fauna.
lacustrine basins on the Balkan Peninsula were caused The one close to Graz was determined as Sarmatian
by numerous processes at the boundary of the (due to vertebrate bones), while the other in Hungary
asthenosphere and the lithosphere, combined with is the equivalent of freshened Badenian and includes
movements of tectonic plates. Black Sea biofacies.
The water of the Šumadijan Lake used to have high The two Upper Miocene lacustrine phases, the
acidity, judging by the absence of autochthonous car- “Pannonian Sea” and its much greater Pontian descen-
bonate fossils. It may be assumed that the lake was dant, have entered over the Balkan Land to the south
formed by the collapse of a magma chamber, from to only a small extent. However, the Pontian part also
which the numerous magmatic bodies have already approached the Balkan Land from the South, via the
erupted, including the massifs of Borač and Kotlenik. Aegean, and from the West in the Periadriatic De-
The Dinaric system of lakes was formed by pulsat- pression of Albania.
ing indentation of Adriatic plates towards the north. The Aegean collapse reached northward to Vranje. It
The Dinaric mountain system was formed by under- was widespread in central Macedonia and SW Bul-
thrusting and uplifting, leading to greater elevation of garia. The Central Macedonian Lake was a tectonically
younger sediments and the altitudinal difference of mobile area; hence, the older coarse clastic sediments
54 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

with mammalian remains (Veles, Kalimanci, etc.) were BRUSINA, S. 1884. Neritodonta Dalmatiens und Slavoniens,
preserved over a wider area than the younger fine- nebst allerlei Malakologischen Bemerkungen. Jahr-
grained lacustrine sediments with endemic macro and bücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Geselschaft,
meiofauna and rich microflora. The Central Mace- 1: 5–120.
donian Lake was bordered by a threshold from the BRUSINA, S. 1894. Fragmente der serbischen tertiäre
Pontian of the Aegean Lake in the South. In Greèce, Malacologie 8. Geološki anali Balkanskoga poluostrva,
besides the Eordean Rift, there are numerous valleys 5 (1): 193–199 (in Serbian).
stretching from Athens southwards and across the sea BRUSINA, S. 1897. Materiaux pour la faune malacologique
to Rhodes and the Anatolian Xanthos Rift. neogene de la Dalmatie, de la Croatie et de la Slavonie
The Pliocene lakes from the North entered the avec les especes de la Bosnie, de l’Herzegovinae et de la
Southern areas along the coasts of the Balkan Land. Serbie. Djela Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjet-
These are the Paludinian and the Dacian–Romanian nosti, 18: 1–43.
Lakes. In the Middle Danube Valley, the gradual de- BRUSINA, S. 1902. Iconographia Molluscorum fossilium in
crease in salinity influenced the formation of orna- telure Tertiaria Hungariae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Dalma-
ments in species of the genus Viviparus and numerous tiae, Bosniae, Herzegovinae, Serbiae et Bulgariae inven-
taxa of Unionacea. In the ostracodes, there are some torum. Operis per alteris, Atlas: 10 pls, Zagreb.
almost exclusively halotolerant species, with the BULIĆ, J.& JURIŠIĆ-POLŠAK, Z. 2009. Macropalaeontology
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The Kujalnitian of the Black Sea reached to the sion and compression-related basins in central Italy dur-
Buzãu River; hence, the Brašov-Baraolt Depression in ing the Messinian Lago-Mare event. Tectonophysics,
the Carpathians was narrowly connected to the Black 315: 163–185.
Sea, having more saline biofacies. To the south from COLL. AUTH. 1968–1995. Basic geological map of SFR Yu-
Stara Planina, the waters of the Black Sea flooded the goslavia 1:100 000: Sheets and Explanatory booklets
SE part of the Balkan Land, as a consequence of the 216. In: DIMITRIJEVIĆ, M. et al. (eds.), Federal geologo-
obduction of Asia Minor over the Balkans. cal survey, Beograd.
In the southern parts of Greece, the lacustrine COLL. AUTH. 1974–1997. Geological correlation, Interna-
Pliocene was alternating with marine biofacies in short tional geological correlation programme IGCP. Geosci-
intervals. This was the area of contact between the ence in the service of society. In Martisson, A. (ed.).
water bodies of the Paratethys and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris.
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Viviparus and meiofauna, reaching westwards into rides in the NE Adriatic region: a model constrained by
Spain and northwards into Thuringia, pose a question tectonostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene
about the uniformity of the lacustrine biotopes of the carbonates. Earth-Sciences Reviews, 96: 296–312.
Late Pliocene and the transport of smaller organisms CVETKOVIC, V. & PECSKAY, Z. 1999. The Early Miocene
(including mollusc larvae) inside the plumage of eruptive complex of Bora (Central Serbia): Volcanic
migratory birds. facies and evolution over time. Geologica Carpathica,
This concludes the present-day knowledge on the 50: 91–93.
origin, development and disappearance of the Mio- CVETKOVIC, V., PRELEVIĆ, D. & PECSKAY, Z. 2000. Lampro-
cene and Pliocene lakes on the Balkan Land. phyric rocks of the Miocene eruptive complex (Central
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Acknowledgements CVETKOVIC, V., PRELEVIĆ, D., DOWNES, H., JOVANOVIĆ, M.,
VASELLI, O. & PECSKAY, Z. 2004. Origin and geodynam-
All authors are thankful to all their colleagues for provid- ic significance of Tertiary postcollisional basaltic mag-
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STEVANOVIĆ, P., PAVLOVIĆ, M. & EREMIJA, M. 1977a. Ka-
čersko-Jasenički basen. In: PETKOVIĆ, K. (ed.) Geologija Резиме
Srbije, Kenozoik 2(3), 189–192. Zavod za regionalnu
geologiju i paleontologiju Rudarsko geološkog fakulte- Неогена језера на Балканском копну
ta, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Beograd (in Serbian).
STEVANOVIĆ, P., PAVLOVIĆ, M. & EREMIJA, M. 1977b. Strati- Време настанка и распоред језерских басена на
graphische Lage der Kosovia-Horizontes im Süßwas- Балканском полуострву последица су кретања
serneogen Serbiens (Šumadija und Morava Gebiet). тектонских плоча и других процеса који су се
Comptes Rendus des séances de la société Serbe de géo- дешавали на граници астеносфере и литосфере.
logie pour l’année 1975–1976: 77-81 (in Serbian, Вода Шумадијског језера је била доста кисела
German summary). јер у њему нису нађени аутохтони карбонатни фо-
60 NADEŽDA KRSTIĆ, LJUBINKO SAVIĆ & GORDANA JOVANOVIĆ

сили. Може се претпоставити да је језеро настало фауном. Нека је одређена као сармат (кости ки-
урушавањем магматске коморе из које су се већ чмењака), друге су у Мађарској еквиваленти
избила бројна магматска тела, укључујући масиве бадена и садрже црноморске биофације.
Борач и Котленик. Две горњомиоценске језерске фазе Паратетиса –
Динаридски систем језера је продукт пулсацио- “Панонско море” и његов много пространији пон-
не индентације Јадранских плоча ка северу. Дина- тијски наследник – само малим делом залазе
ридски планински систем je настао подвлачењем, према југу на простор Балканског копна.
што је изазивало постепено издизање млађих Егејски колапс је достигао на север до Врања.
седимената и висинску разлику од око две хиљаде Дејство колапса се осећало у простору средње
метара између истих слојева, као на пример Македоније као и ЈЗ Бугарске. Централно Маке-
између Ливањског поља и слатководних биофаци- донско језеро је било тектонски мобилни простор,
ја Купреса. Апсолутна старост млађег „конгериј- отуда старији грубокластични талози са остацима
ског“ дела Сињског неогена, таложеног у минера- сисара (Велес, Калиманци и др.) захватају шире
лизованој води, износи 17,92 ± 0,18 Ma. подручје него млађи финозрни језерски талози са
Пространо Српско језеро настало је услед пост- ендемичном макро и меиофауном и богатом ми-
колизионог одбијања западног и источног Балкан- крофлором. Централно Македонско језеро је на
ског острва. У његовом источном делу, повијањем југу делимично одвојено од понта Егејског језера
Карпато-Балканида дошло је до покривања стари- на југу. Осим Еордејског рова захвата још и бројне
јих седимената са мезозојским и другим старијим потолине, а простире се јужно од Атине и преко
седиментима меридионалног правца. У млађем мора до Родоса и анадолског Ксантос грабена.
субхоризонталном делу могу се разликовати прио- Плиоценска језера на северу незнатно залазе ка
балске кречњачке творевине са Kosovia и ситнозрни југу дуж обала Балканског копна. То су Палудинско
силицикластити богатих бентоском фауном са ма- и Дакијско-романијско језеро. У средњедунавској
лим индикацијама минерализације. Профундал низији постепено снижење сланости воде одразило
дубљих делова језера високо је минерализован са се на скулптуру врста рода Viviparus и бројност
добро сачуваним остацима риба. На основу дијато- таксона Unionacea. Остракоде су заступљене скоро
меја може се закључити да се према југу језеро само халотолерантним врстама, мада има и ретких
пружало до Симитли потолине у ЈЗ Бугарској. слојева са халофилима. У низији доњег Дунава
Морски баден је касније са севера продро у јасно се препознају исушивања настала током
Српско језеро, најдаље у Моравском заливу; сред- дакијског ката као и водом богати романијски кат.
њи баден, у сарматоидној биофацији се простире се Унутар Карпата, депресија Брашов–Бараолт би-
код Крушевца. Други заливи су били краћи и пли- ла је повезана са црноморским кујалником што је
ћи: у Млавском заливу је меиофауна слатководног допирао до реке Бузау. Слична веза је постојала и
типа, а гирогонити харацеа су бројни. Морска јужно од Старе Планине јер су воде Црног мора
средњобаденска фауна је продрла дуж реке Босне преплавиле ЈИ део Балканског копна као последи-
до Добоја, а у Бугарску и источну Србију је бечки ца обдукције Мале Азије на Балкан.
тип бадена стигао преко Румуније, дуж реке Олт. На југу Грчке, језерски плиоцен се у кратким
Уопште посматрано северна граница седимена- интервалима наизменично смењује са морским
та Српског језера, приближно правца З–И полако биофацијама. То је био простор контакта вода
се померала према југу, па у појасу јужни Ба- Паратетиса и Медитерана. Местимични налази
нат–Папук морски доњи баден постепено је из- плиоценских творевина са Viviparus и меиофау-
растао из језерског пребадена. У појасу који про- ном, према западу до Шпанијe и према северу до
лази кроз Београд заступљен је само средњи ба- Тирингијe, отварају питања истоветности језер-
ден, а јужно од Букуље и у Ваљевско-мионичкој ских биотопа касног плиоцена и транспорта си-
потолини језерско-речни доњи волин са Potamo- тнијих организама (укључујући ларве мекушаца) у
cypris и конкордантно је прекривен бракичним перју птица селица.
кречњаком средњег волина са Mactra. Овај закључак представља досадашње познава-
На северном и западном ободу Панонске низије ње настанка, развоја и нестанка миоценских и
дубоки заливи су били настањени ендемичном плиоценских језера на Балканском копну.