PAKISTAN

PREPARED BY SIR RIKI

LAND & PEOPLE
• THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN HAS FOUR PROVINCES:
BALOCHISTAN, THE NORTHWEST FRONTIER, PUNJAB, AND THE SINDH.
• IN ADDITION ARE THE FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED NORTHERN AREAS,
AND THE FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS.
• PAKISTAN WITH AN AREA OF 803, 932 SQ. KILOMETERS IS LARGER
THAN THE WEST PAKISTAN (BANGLADESH).
• ISLAMABAD IS THE NATION’S CAPITAL.
• OTHER MAJOR CITIES ARE KARACHI, PESHAWAR, AND LOHORE.
• PAKISTAN HAS A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE.
• PARLIAMENT CONSIST OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND THE SENATE.
 NUCLEAR ENERGY

• Herding and subsistence farming are common activities in

Pakistan.
• They produce fine handicrafts, home cloth and rugs, metal
objects, leather goods and jewelry.
• Like India, Pakistan had developed its nuclear energy.

• Of the population of 138,123,359

(1998), majority of Pakistan are
Muslims.
• They belong to Indo-European race.
• The national language is Urdu:
official language is English
• The regional languages are Sindhi,
Balochi, Punnjabi, and Pashto.
 EARLY HISTORY
• BACK TO 2,500 YEARS B.C., – PAKISTAN TRACES ITS HISTORY, WHEN A HIGHLY DEVELOPED
CIVILIZATION FLOURISHED IN THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY. EXCAVATIONS AT HARAPPA, MOHENJO DARO,
AND KOT DIJI HAVE BROUGHT TO LIGHT, THE EVIDENCE OF ADVANCED CIVILIZATION EXISTNG IN
ANCIENT TIMES.
• AROUND 1,500 B.C., – THE ARYANS, OF INDO-EUROPEAN STOCK INVADED THE REGION AND
INFLUENCED THE HINDU CIVILIZATION, WHOSE CENTER MOVED TO GANGES VALLEY, FURTHER EAST.
• 6TH CENTURY B.C.,-2ND CENTURY AD – PERSIANS OCCUPIED THE NORTHERN REGION.
• 327 B.C., – THE GREEKS CAME, UNDER ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND INTRODUCED HELLENISTIC
CULTURE.
• 712 AD – THE ARABS, LED BY MUHAMMAD BIN QUASIM, LANDED SOMEWHERE NEAR WHAT NOW
MODERN KARACHI AND RULED THE LOWER HALF OF PAKISTAN FOR 200 YEARS.
• DURING THE TIME OF ARAB RULING, ISLAM TOOK
ROOTS AND INFLUENCED THE LIFE, CULTURE, AND
TRADITION OF THE PEOPLE.
• 10TH CENTURY AD – BEGAN THE SYSTEMATIC
CONQUEST OF SOUTH ASIA BY THE MUSLIMS FROM
CENTRAL ASIA, WHO RULED UP TO 18TH CENTURY.
• THE BRITISH CAME AND RULED FOR NEARLY OVER 100
YEARS OVER WHAT IS PAKISTAN NOW.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

ISLAMIC CONQUEST
 INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

• THE MUSLIM REVIVAL BEGAN TOWARDS THE END OF THE

LAST CENTURY WHEN SYED AHMED KHAN, A RENOWNED SYED AHMED KHAN
MUSLIM LEADER AND ACADEMIC, LAUNCHED A MOVEMENT
FOR INTELLECTUAL RENAISSANCE OF THE MUSLIMS OF
SOUTH ASIA.
• IN 1930, THE WELL-KNOWN POET-PHILOSOPHER, ALLAMA
MUHAMMAD IQBAL, CONCEIVED THE IDEA OF A SEPARATE
STATE FOR MUSLIMS OF SOUTH ASIA.
• IN 1940, THE ALL-INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE ADOPTED A
RESULOTION DEMANDING A SEPARATE INDEPENDENT STATE
FOR MUSLIMS. ALLAMA MUHAMMAD
IQBAL
• INDIA NEUTRALISM DURING WORLD WAR II HURT ALLIED CAUSE AND
CONVINCED THE BRITISH THAT THE SUBCONTINENT IS GRANTEDFULL
INDEPENDENCE.
• IN 1947, THE BRITISH, THE HINDUS, AND THE MUSLIMS AGREED TO
PARTITION INDIA ALONG RELIGIOUS LINES.
• THE MUSLIMS WERE GIVEN TWO WIDELY SEPERATED AREAS IN THE
NORTH, TO BE CALLED PAKISTAN.
• HINDUS RECEIVED THE REST OF THE SUBCONTINENT, INDIA.
• BOTH NEW STATES BECAME DOMINIONS IN THE BRITISH
COMMOWEALTH OF NATIONS.
• THE LIBERTATIAN STRUGGLE UNDER THE BRILLIANT LEADERSHIP OF
QUAID-E-AZAM (THE GREAT LEADER) MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH FINALLY
BORE FRUIT WHEN PAKISTAN BECAME AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC ON
AUGUST 14, 1947.
 POST INDEPENDENCE

• 1947 – UPON PARTITION AND INDEPENDENCE, MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH, THE “FATHER OF
PAKISTAN” BEACAME INDIA’S FIRST GOVERNER GENERAL; LIAQATH ALI KHAN BECAME HIS PRIME
MINISTER.
• 1948 – JINNAH DIED, KHWAJA NAZIMUDDIN SUCCEEDED HIM.
• 1951 – ALI KHAN WAS ASSASINATED AND GHULAM MUHAMMAD BECAME GOVERNER GENERAL.
GHULAM MOHAMMAD DIED IN THE SAME YEAR AND WAS SUCCEEDED BY ISKANDER MIRZA.
• MARCH 1956 – CONSTITUTION WAS ADOPTED AND MIZRA ASSUMED THE TITLE OF PRESIDENT.
• OCTOBER 7, 1958 – PRESIDENT MIRZA ABOLISHED THE CONSTITUTION AND DECLARED MARTIAL
LAW.
• OCTOBER 27, 1958 – MIRZA WAS FORCED INTO EXILE BY THE MILITARY. GENERAL MUHAMMAD
AYUB KHAN TOOK OVER CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT.
 LIAQATH ALI KHAN
ISKANDER MIRZA

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

KHAWAJA NAZIMUDDIN GHULAM MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN

 KASHMIR ISSUE
• THE PARTITION OF THE SUBCONTINENT LEFT PAKISTAN AND
INDIA A THORNY ISSUE ABOUT THE NORTHERN STATE OF
KASHMIR.
• INDIA CLAIMED BECAUSE THE RULER, A HINDU, CHOSE TO
JOIN INDIA.
• PAKISTAN CLAIMED KASHMIR BECAUSE 85% OF ITS PEOPLE
ARE MUSLIMS.
• IN 1957, INDIA ANNEXED PART OF KASHMIR.
• PAKISTAN POSTED AND BORDER FIGHTING’S THREATENED
TO ESCALATE INTO FULL-BLOWN WAR.
• IN 1996, THE USSR MEDIATED THE CONFLICT, AND A TRUCE
WAS SIGNED BETWEEN TWO STATES.
 CIVIL WAR
• UNTIL 1971, PAKISTAN WAS COMPOSED OF TWO
SEPERATED AND UNEQUAL PARTS.
• WEST PAKISTAN INCLUDED THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY,
SITE OF THE HARAPPA CIVILIZATION.
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
• EAST PAKISTAN (NOW BANGLADESH) WAS IN THE
GANGES RIVER DELTA.
• BETWEEN THE TWO PAKISTAN LAY A 1,000-MILE
STRETCH OF INDIAN TERRITORY.

GANGES RIVER DELTA

• 1956 – PAKISTAN BECAME A PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC.
• 1958 – MILITARY DICTATORSHIP UNDER GENERAL AYUB KHAN.
• 1965 – TO APPEASE PAKISTANI LIBERALS AND DEMOCRATS, AYUB KHAN HAD HIMSELF ELECTED AS
PRESIDENT OF GUIDED DEMOCRACY, BUT OPPOSITION TO HIS RULE GREW EVEN STRONGER.
• 1969 – AYUB KHAN WAS FORCED TO RESIGN, HANDING OVER STATE POWERS TO ARMY GENERAL
YAHYA KHAN.
• 1971 – CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PAKISTAN AFTER YAHYA KHAN REFUSE TO
CONVENE A NEW CONGRESS IN WHICH THE ELECTED MEMBERS FROM EAST PAKISTAN WOULD
HAVE COMPOSED THE MAJORITY TO FORM NEW GOVERNMENT.
• THE POWERFUL WEST PAKISTANI INVADED EAST PAKISTAN BUT WAS MET WITH STIFF RESISTANCE BY
THE DEFENDERS.
• THE FIGHTING ESCALATED INTO WAR BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN, IN WHICH THE INDIAN ARMY
DEFEATED THE PAKISTANIS.
• PAKISTAN AGREED TO RECOGNIZE THE INDEPENDENCE OF EAST PAKISTAN AND A NEW NATION,
BANGLADESH WAS CREATED.
 CIVIL WAR

YAHYA KHAN

1973 – India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh signed peace treaty

in which they agreed to exchanged prisoner of war a
repatriation of people who chose to settle either in Pakistan or
Bangladesh.

PEACE TREATY
 CONTEMPORARY TIMES
• 1973 – THE POPULAR ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO SUCCEEDED YAHYA KHAN UPON THE
LATTER’S RESIGNATION. HE TOOK OVER AS CIVILIAN MARTIAL LAW
ADMINISTRATOR.
• BHUTTO AND INDIAN PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GANDHI SIGNED SIMLA PEACE
AGREEMENT.
• THE NEW PAKISTAN CONSTITUTION OF 1973 WAS ADOPTED AND BHUTTO
BECAME PRIME MINISTER.
• 1977 – GENERAL ELECTIONS BHUTTO’S PARTY WON BUT THE ELECTION RESULTS
WERE MET BY VIOLENT PROTEST AND RIOTING. THIS LED TO DECLARATION OF
MARTIAL LAW IN 1977.
• 1978 – BHUTTO WAS OUSTED AND ORDERED ARRESTED. HE WAS SUCCEEDED BY
GENERAL MOHAMMAD ZIA UL HAQ.
• 1979 – BHUTTO WAS HANGED. ALI BHUTTO
• 1985 – ZIA UL HAQ LIFTED MARTIAL LAW IN PAKISTAN.
MARTIAL LAW
DECLARATION

ZIA UL HAQ

SIMLA PEACE
AGREEMENT
• AFTER LIFTING THE MARTIAL LAW IN PAKISTAN, A
DEGREE OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REFORMS WERE
IMPLEMENTED.
• DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES AND ELECTIONS WERE
RESTORED.
• ALI BHUTTO’S DAUGHTER WAS EVEN ELECTED TO THE
HIGHEST POST.
• TODAY, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF GENERAL PERVEZ
MUSHRRAF, PAKISTAN NOW IS A KEY PLAYER IN ASIAN
AFFAIR.
PERVEZ MUSHARRAF
 END OF SLIDES

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