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This study guide covers essential concepts in introductory biology, including cell structure and function, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, DNA and genetics, evolution and natural selection, ecology basics, and an overview of human body systems. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, outlines key organelles, and explains processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Additionally, it discusses genetic principles, levels of ecological organization, and the functions of various human body systems.

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5 views6 pages

Document

This study guide covers essential concepts in introductory biology, including cell structure and function, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, DNA and genetics, evolution and natural selection, ecology basics, and an overview of human body systems. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, outlines key organelles, and explains processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Additionally, it discusses genetic principles, levels of ecological organization, and the functions of various human body systems.

Uploaded by

kompirot12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introductory Biology Study Guide

The Cell – Structure & Function

• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells


o Prokaryotes: No nucleus, no
membrane-bound organelles (e.g.
bacteria)
o Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and
organelles (e.g. plant and animal
cells)
• Cell Organelles
o Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell
activities
o Mitochondria: Powerhouse, site of
cellular respiration
o Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
▪ Rough ER: Has ribosomes,
processes proteins
▪ Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids
o Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and
packages proteins
o Lysosomes: Break down waste
o Chloroplasts: (plants only)
Photosynthesis
o Cell Wall: (plants only) Structural
support
o Cell Membrane: Regulates what
enters/leaves the cell

2. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2+6H2O+light
energy→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O +
\text{light energy} → C_6H_{12}O_6 +
6O_26CO2 +6H2 O+light energy→C6 H12 O6
+6O2

• Cellular Respiration Equation


C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATPC_6H_{1
2}O_6 + 6O_2 → 6CO_2 + 6H_2O +
\text{ATP}C6 H12 O6 +6O2 →6CO2 +6H2
O+ATP
• ATP: Main energy currency of the cell

3. DNA and Genetics

• DNA Structure: Double helix made of


nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
• Replication: DNA makes an identical
copy before cell division
• Transcription & Translation:
o Transcription: DNA → RNA
o Translation: RNA → Protein
• Mendelian Genetics
o Dominant/Recessive traits
o Punnett Squares for predicting
offspring traits
o Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g. Aa)
o Phenotype: Physical traits (e.g. blue
eyes)

4. Evolution and Natural Selection

• Proposed by Charles Darwin


• Natural selection: Organisms with
favorable traits survive & reproduce
• Mutation: Source of genetic variation
• Adaptation: Trait that increases survival
5. Ecology Basics

• Levels of Organization:
Organism → Population → Community →
Ecosystem → Biosphere
• Food Chain vs Food Web
o Producers (plants) → Consumers →
Decomposers
o Energy pyramid: 10% of energy
passed to next level

6. Human Body Systems (Overview)

• Circulatory: Transports nutrients, gases,


waste
• Respiratory: Gas exchange (lungs)
• Digestive: Breaks down food for energy
• Nervous: Controls body via signals
(brain, nerves)
• Musculoskeletal: Movement and
support
• Immune: Defends against disease

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