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Sufis in Medieval Baghdad Agency and the Public Sphere
in the Late Abbasid Caliphate 1st Edition Atta
Muhammad Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Atta Muhammad
ISBN(s): 9780755647583, 0755647580
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.42 MB
Year: 2023
Language: english
SUFIS IN MEDIEVAL BAGHDAD
ii
 SUFIS IN MEDIEVAL BAGHDAD

Agency and the Public Sphere in the late

Abbasid Caliphate

Atta Muhammad
 I.B. TAURIS
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK
1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA
29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland

BLOOMSBURY, I.B. TAURIS and the I.B. Tauris logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury
Publishing Plc

First published in Great Britain 2024

Copyright © Atta Muhammad, 2024

Atta Muhammad has asserted his rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act,
1988, to be identified as Author of this work.

For legal purposes the Acknowledgements on p. vii constitute an extension of this

copyright page.

Cover design: Adriana Brioso

Cover image: Manuscript with depiction by Yahya ibn Vaseti, found in the Maqama of Hariri,
ca. 1236. (© Bibliothèque nationale de France)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the
publishers.

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-
party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were
correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience
caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no
responsibility for any such changes.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: HB: 978-0-7556-4758-3

ePDF: 978-0-7556-4759-0
eBook: 978-0-7556-4760-6

Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

To find out more about our authors and books visit www​.bloomsbury​.com and
sign up for our newsletters.
 CONTENTS
Acknowledgements vii
Transliteration and dates viii

INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1
THE CONCEPT OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC SOCIETIES 15
Umma, s̲h̲arīʿa and the public sphere 15
S̲h̲arīʿa, the objectives of s̲h̲arīʿa and maṣlaḥa (common interest) 21
Maṣlaḥa from a Sufi point of view 23

Chapter 2
SPACES FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC SOCIETIES 27
Public spheres from above: Charity 28
Public spheres from below: Civic associations 34
Community organizations and the public good 34
Merchants’ and artisans’ guilds and the public good 36
Futuwwa groups and the public good 38
Futuwwa and Sufism 39
Public spheres from above and below: Commanding good and
forbidding evil 41
Other religious communities and the public good 46

Chapter 3
BAGHDAD IN THE LATE ABBASID CALIPHATE 49
Politics and the political elite 49
Socio-religious institutions, notables and the commoners 54
Communal riots, natural calamities and daily life 61

Chapter 4
THE RIBĀṬ: AN INSTITUTION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE 67
Ribāṭ: A space for education and learning 70
Ribāṭ: A space for the needy and the poor 74
Ribāṭ S̲ h̲ ayk̲ h̲ al-s̲h̲uyūk̲ h̲ of Baghdad and its role in the public sphere 77
Sufis as ribāṭ s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s and administrators, and their involvement in
political corruption 85
vi Contents

Chapter 5
SUFIS’ RELATIONS WITH THE RULING AUTHORITIES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION TO THE PUBLIC SPHERE 87
Sufis’ collaborative relationships with the ruling elite 88
Sufis’ oppositional relationships with ruling authorities 94
Apolitical Sufis and their public sphere 97
Sufis’ roles as teachers, preachers, ascetics and charitable s̲ha̲ yk̲hs̲ of ṭarīqa 99
Sufis’ relationships with artisans and traders 111
Sufis as futuwwa leaders: ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī 115

CONCLUSION 117

Appendix: Maps and Tables 123

Notes 137
Bibliography 164
Index 176
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am thankful to Allah the Merciful for His Blessings, which helped me to

complete this book.

My heartfelt thanks go to my respected supervisor Dr Fozia Bora for her persistent

guidance and invaluable feedback. She has been a guiding star in every step of my
research journey. Without her kind guidance and extra support and care, I would
not have completed my research and consequently my book. My learning from her
was not confined to her comments on my work but also drew much inspiration from
her many points of general wisdom. I am thankful to Dr Hendrik Kraetzschmar
for his useful comments on the chapter I presented for my transfer viva. I am
also thankful to Dr Mustapha Sheikh and Dr Tajul Islam as they encouraged me
at every step, and I had useful discussions with them. I greatly acknowledge the
kind support of Karen F. Priestley, Doctoral College Officer, and her colleagues
in the help she provided me whenever I visited her office. I am also thankful to
the Brotherton Library and the wonderful staff there. I am greatly thankful to my
friend Dr Abu Bakr, who helped in translating complex medieval texts. I thank the
Punjab Higher Education Commission Pakistan for granting me the scholarship
that funded my PhD research. I also thank the School of Languages, Cultures and
Societies, University of Leeds, for offering me funds to present papers relevant to
my research at various international conferences and workshops. The audiences’
questions and comments at these colloquia have greatly helped me to refine my
main arguments.
I am very grateful to Prof. Dr Tanvir Anjum, Department of History, QAU
Islamabad for her guidance and encouragement. During my studies at QAU, she
inculcated within me an enthusiasm and passion for learning and the pursuit of
Islamic history. She has been an inspiration for me throughout my PhD research
here at the University of Leeds. I am greatly indebted to Seyyed Hossein Nasr,
whose writings encouraged me and have continuously pushed me to pursue
learning ever since I became familiar with his works. I am particularly grateful to
the esteemed Mukhtar Hussain and his family, especially ‘Aman ji’, in Leeds for
their care, hospitality and prayers during my stay in Leeds. My deep thanks go to
my family for their support and prayers, in particular my wife. I am grateful to my
brother and cousins for their financial support for the last couple of months. On this
occasion my prayers go to my late mother, who always aspired for my education.
I am thankful to my respected bhaus, cousins, for their continuous support and
encouragement throughout my educational career. Without the care and support
of my cousins, I would not have been able to reach the stage of completing my PhD
and writing this book. I dedicate this book to my niece Shahrbanu.
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 4: Historical development and evolution
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 68: Case studies and real-world applications
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 8: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 75: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 77: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 9: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 89: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 90: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 91: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 11: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 100: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 101: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 102: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 104: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 109: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 12: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 113: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 13: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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