12 어휘 적절성 파악

Gateway 2025학년도 수능 30번 25005-0056

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Studies in psychology have reported cases in which competitive incentives resulted in

lower task effort, and their focus was on the psychological underpinnings of the reduction
in motivation. For example, competition presents an inevitable conflict between the
motivation to achieve one’s personal goal and the ① desire to maintain good relationships
with others. When the maintenance of interpersonal relationships is important, with their
counterparts in particular or with others generally, competitors experience an ② internal
conflict that can harm their desire to achieve their goal and taint the good feeling brought
about by winning. Exline and Lobel found that the perception of oneself as a target for
upward social comparison often makes people ③ uncomfortable. When they believe that
others are making envious comparisons with them, people feel uneasiness, distress, or
sorrow. Feelings of guilt, an emotion generally associated with high motivation for
goal-achievement, lead to ④ stronger motivation and performance in the pursuit of
competitive goals. Consequences of this emotional state include lower task motivation
in a competition and preferences for more cooperative and altruistic outcomes, such as
⑤ diminishing the significance of the outcome or sharing the winner’s reward.
 taint: 더럽히다  altruistic: 이타주의의

Words & Phrases in Use

≄≄competitive 경쟁적인 ≄≄incentive 장려[우대]책 ≄≄underpinning 기반, 기초

≄≄reduction 저하, 감소 ≄≄motivation 동기 ≄≄inevitable 피할 수 없는
≄≄maintenance 유지 ≄≄interpersonal relationship 대인 관계 ≄≄counterpart 상대(방)
≄≄bring about ~을 생기게 하다, ~을 유발하다 ≄≄perception 인식
≄≄envious 시기하는[부러워하는] 듯한 ≄≄uneasiness 불안 ≄≄distress 괴로움, (심리적) 고통
≄≄associated with ~과 연관된 ≄≄pursuit 추구 ≄≄cooperative 협력적인

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 Solving Strategies 정답과 해설 30쪽

STEP 1 글의 앞부분(첫 번째 문장)을 읽으며 글의 핵심 소재를 파악한다.

 Studies in psychology have reported cases in which competitive incentives resulted in lower task
■

PARTⅠ
effort, and their focus was on the psychological underpinnings of the reduction in motivation.
 핵심 소재: 경쟁이 동기와 대인 관계에 미치는 심리적 영향

유형편
STEP 2 글의 논리적인 흐름을 따라가며 문장 간 또는 문장 내에서 그 근거를 찾아 밑줄 친 낱말의 적절성 여부를
판단한다.

① desire: 경쟁이 동기와 욕구 간의 갈등 야기

개인적 목표를 달성하려는 동기와 다른 사람들과 좋은 관계를 유지하려는 욕구 사이에 갈등이 생긴다는 맥락이므로, 적절
하다.
② internal: 내면에서 발생하는 갈등
관계 유지가 중요할 때, 경쟁자는 심리적으로 내적 갈등을 경험한다는 맥락이므로, 적절하다.
③ uncomfortable: 다른 사람의 상향 사회적 비교의 대상이 되는 것 → 불편함
사람들은 다른 사람들이 그들과 시기하는 듯한 비교를 하고 있다고 생각하면 불안, 괴로움, 혹은 슬픔을 느낀다고 했는
데, 그것은 사람들을 불편하게 만든다는 맥락이므로, 적절하다.
④ stronger: 죄책감의 결과로 약화되는 동기와 성과
심리적 갈등 과정에서 느끼는 죄책감은 경쟁 상황에서 동기와 성과를 더 약하게 만든다. 따라서 stronger는 문맥상 적절
하지 않다.
⑤ diminishing: 결과의 중요성을 줄이거나 보상을 나누는 것 → 협력적이고 이타적인 결과
결과의 중요성을 줄이는 것과 같은 더 협력적이고 이타주의의 결과를 선호한다는 맥락이므로, 적절하다.

STEP 3 문맥상 적절하지 않은 ④ stronger의 대안을 생각해 보고 문맥을 점검하여 답을 정한다.

경쟁 상황에서 사람들은 다른 사람과의 관계를 유지하려는 욕구와 목표를 달성하려는 동기 사이에서 심리적 갈등을 겪으며,
그 과정에서 느끼는 죄책감은 더 약한 동기와 성과를 야기한다는 맥락이 되어야 한다.
 따라서 ④ stronger(더 강한)를 weaker(더 약한)와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.

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 Exercises

01 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

25005-0057 Our brains evolved when food was scarce; thus, we are compelled by our genetic heritage
to eat whatever and whenever possible. Animals have a tendency to eat a great deal of
food when tasteful food is readily ① available. In addition, we also subconsciously
prevent others from taking our food source. We ② defend our access to tasty food when it
is within easy reach and is at risk of being consumed by other humans. Studies have
shown that humans will eat more when more food is available even when the food is stale
or otherwise unappealing. Furthermore, even if you point out to others that the food is
stale or that they have eaten more than their fair share, they will ③ continue to eat. Our
biological ④ reluctance to consume tasty food to completion outweighs any opposing
cognitive or motivational factors. Even after we have gained a lot of weight, our bodies
want to ⑤ gain more.
 stale: 신선하지 않은, 상한

02 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

25005-0058 The world is shrinking in many ways. For better or worse, satellite television, mobile
phone networks and the internet have created conditions for instantaneous and friction-
free communication. ① Spatial distance is no longer a decisive hindrance for close contact
and new, deterritorialized social networks or even ‘virtual communities’ have developed.
At the same time, individuals have a larger palette of information to choose from than
they previously did. The economy is also increasingly globally ② divided. In the last
decades, transnational companies have grown exponentially in numbers, size and economic
importance. The capitalist mode of production and monetary economies in general have
become nearly ③ universal in the twenty-first century. In politics as well, global issues
increasingly ④ dominate the agenda. Issues of war and peace, the environment and
poverty are all of such a scope, and involve so many transnational linkages that they
cannot be handled satisfactorily by single states alone. Pandemics and international
terrorism are also transnational problems which can only be understood and addressed
through international ⑤ coordination.
 deterritorialized: 탈영토화한  exponentially: 기하급수적으로  pandemic: 세계적 유행병

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 정답과 해설 31쪽

03 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

25005-0059 You could think of fluency as the brain’s attempt at making a fast and intuitive truth-
judgment as opposed to a more deliberate, analytical assessment. Of course, the fact that

PARTⅠ
the brain processes familiar things more fluently isn’t a ① bad thing in itself. In fact, in
all likelihood it’s probably a useful and adaptive heuristic, or rule of thumb, in many

유형편
situations. It would be absolutely ② exhausting for your brain if you had to process every
bit of information completely anew. You know that 2×2 = 4 when you read it — this has
been ③ repeated to you many times, you can process it fast and fluently. The real problem
is that something can be true or false for many reasons other than ④ familiarity. If I were
to ask you, for example, how many animals of each kind Moses took with him on the
Ark, most people would say ‘two’, despite the fact that in the biblical story it wasn’t Moses
on the Ark, it was Noah. This doesn’t matter to your brain though; it’s just ⑤ avoiding
familiar answers.
 heuristic: 발견적 문제 해결법  Ark: (성서에 나오는 노아의) 방주

04 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

25005-0060 Targeting and segmentation are of prime importance to media strategy. The ① increase
in the number of media channels and vehicles, and the consequent fragmentation of
media audiences, mean that target groups of consumers are both easier and more difficult
to reach. They are easier to reach in the sense that audiences have fragmented into
② narrow interest groups that are served by thousands of special interest magazines and
TV channels. If an advertiser wants to reach, say, trout fishermen, sports car enthusiasts
or TV drama fans, there are specialist publications and TV shows that are ③ ideal vehicles
for targeting such narrowly defined audiences. But consumer groups are also more
difficult to reach because agencies have great difficulty in categorising audiences into
target groups that are sufficiently large to be workable for general advertisers. Being able
to target trout fishermen is ④ useful if you are selling fishing tackle, but not for general
fast-moving consumer goods sales that require varied target groups. While trout fishermen
probably have other consumer interests too, media vehicles that cater for one hobby are
of ⑤ unlimited use to most advertisers.
 segmentation: 세분화  fragmentation: 분열  fishing tackle: 낚시 도구

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 13 빈칸 내용 추론 (1 )

Gateway 2025학년도 수능 31번 25005-0061

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Literature can be helpful in the language learning process because of the

it fosters in readers. Core language teaching materials must concentrate on how
a language operates both as a rule-based system and as a sociosemantic system. Very
often, the process of learning is essentially analytic, piecemeal, and, at the level of the
personality, fairly superficial. Engaging imaginatively with literature enables learners to
shift the focus of their attention beyond the more mechanical aspects of the foreign
language system. When a novel, play or short story is explored over a period of time, the
result is that the reader begins to ‘inhabit’ the text. He or she is drawn into the book.
Pinpointing what individual words or phrases may mean becomes less important than
pursuing the development of the story. The reader is eager to find out what happens as
events unfold; he or she feels close to certain characters and shares their emotional
responses. The language becomes ‘transparent’ — the fiction draws the whole person into
its own world.
 sociosemantic: 사회의미론적인  transparent: 투명한

① linguistic insight
② artistic imagination
③ literary sensibility
④ alternative perspective
⑤ personal involvement

Words & Phrases in Use

≄≄foster 조성하다, 촉진하다 ≄≄core 핵심의 ≄≄operate 작동하다

≄≄essentially 본질적으로 ≄≄analytic 분석적인 ≄≄piecemeal 단편적인
≄≄superficial 피상적인 ≄≄engage with ~에 몰입하다 ≄≄mechanical 기계적인
≄≄inhabit ~에 깃들다, ~에 거주하다 ≄≄pinpoint 정확히 집어내다 ≄≄be eager to do 간절히 ~하고 싶어 하다
≄≄unfold 전개되다, 펼쳐지다

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 Solving Strategies 정답과 해설 33쪽

STEP 1 도입 부분을 읽고, 글의 핵심 소재를 파악한다.

■
 언어 학습 과정에서 문학의 효용 가치

PARTⅠ
(Literature can be helpful in the language learning process ~)

■
 핵심 언어 교육 자료는 언어가 규칙 기반과 사회의미론적 체계로서 작동한다는 것에 중점을 두어야 함

유형편
(Core language teaching materials must concentrate on how a language operates both as a rule-based
system and as a sociosemantic system.)
 언어 교육에서 문학의 역할에 관한 글임을 알 수 있다.

STEP 2 전개 부분을 읽고, 언어 교육에서 학습자가 문학에 몰입할 때 발생하는 구체적인 내용을 파악하여 빈칸에
들어갈 말을 추론한다.

■
 문학에 몰입함으로써 학습자는 외국어 체계의 더 기계적인 측면 너머로 자신의 주의를 전환할 수 있음
(Engaging imaginatively with literature enables learners to shift the focus of their attention beyond
the more mechanical aspects of the foreign language system.)
■
 소설, 희곡, 단편 소설을 탐구할 때,
① 독자는 텍스트에 ‘깃들기’ 시작함  책 속으로 빨려 들어감
(When a novel, play or short story is explored over a period of time, the result is that the reader
begins to ‘inhabit’ the text. He or she is drawn into the book.)
② ‌독자는 사건의 전개에 대해 궁금해하며, 등장인물과 감정적 반응을 공유함  언어는 ‘투명해’지고, 독자는 소설 자체의
세계에 들어가게 됨
(The reader is eager to find out what happens as events unfold; he or she feels close to certain
characters and shares their emotional responses. The language becomes ‘transparent’ — the
fiction draws the whole person into its own world.)
 소설, 희곡, 단편 소설과 같은 문학에 몰입할 때 얻게 되는 이점을 서술함

STEP 3 글의 요지를 파악하고, 빈칸에 들어갈 내용을 확인한다.

■
 요지: 언어 학습 과정이 분석적이고 단편적이며 피상적인 경우가 많지만, 문학은 독자가 이야기 전개와 등장인물에 몰입
하고 그 세계로 빠져들도록 하여 외국어 체계의 기계적인 측면 너머로 자신의 주의를 전환할 수 있게 해 준다는 내용의 글
이다.
 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은 ⑤ ‘개인적 몰입’이다.
① 언어적 통찰력
② 예술적 상상력
③ 문학적 감수성
④ 대안적 관점

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 Exercises

01 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0062 Imagine someone eagerly attempting to explain why it is reasonable to conclude that
the sun will rise tomorrow morning because it always has done so in the past. There may
have been a time when primitive man anticipated the dawn with assurance based only
upon the fact that he had seen dawn follow the blackness of night as long as he could
remember, but this primitive state of knowledge, if it ever existed, was unquestionably
prescientific. This kind of reasoning bears no resemblance to science; in fact, the crude
induction exhibits a complete absence of scientific understanding. Our scientific reasons
for believing that the sun will rise tomorrow are of an entirely different kind. We
understand the functioning of the solar system in terms of the laws of physics. We predict
particular astronomical occurrences by means of these laws in combination with a
knowledge of particular initial conditions that prevail. Scientific laws and theories have
the logical form of general statements, but they are seldom, if ever, simple generalizations
from .
 crude: 서툰, 세련되지 않은  astronomical: 천문학의

① chance ② physics ③ experience

④ imagination ⑤ experiments

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 정답과 해설 33쪽

02 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0063 At a certain age — nine, ten, eleven, we were all there once — most of us are capable of
the kind of it takes to master some single, obscure

PARTⅠ
skill that we’ve decided is central to our identity. Maybe it’s drawing a horse, or copying
a guitar solo, or dribbling a basketball behind our back. Maybe it’s an ollie, that elementary

유형편
skateboarding move, a kind of standing jump where the feet never leave the board. We
don’t need a manual to tell us what to do, and we just do it. Repeatedly. Head-down,
nose-to-the-grindstone, just like we’ve been told. A belief in repetition is in the cultural
water supply, in every how-to-succeed manual and handbook, every sports and business
autobiography. There’s a reason that coaches, music instructors, and math teachers often
run their students through drills, followed by more drills: Perform one hundred A-minor
scales (or free throws, or toe kicks) in an afternoon and you will see progress. Do another
two hundred and you’ll see more still.
 obscure: 이해하기 어려운  nose-to-the-grindstone: 쉬지 않고 악착같이  minor scale: 단음계

① blind devotion
② creative thinking
③ deliberate breaks
④ mastering a manual
⑤ effective cooperation

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 Exercises

03 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0064 Designers do not merely solve the problems people face today, they also create new
meanings, a process also known as design-driven innovation. Innovative value creation is
based on more fundamental insights about people and society, and is often enabled by
advancements in technology. Consider, for example, the mobile phone. In a classic Dutch
television program, people on the street were asked whether they would like to have a
device that would allow them to make phone calls 24/7 from wherever they were. The
typical response was that such a device would not offer any added value and that its use
would be totally superfluous. That program was made in 1999 and now, 20 years later,
we can simply not imagine a world without handheld communication devices. Design-
driven innovation is about translating user insights into propositions — new meanings —
that people love, but .
 superfluous: 불필요한

① were not able to gain access to

② never knew they wanted or needed
③ never became skilled in interpreting
④ didn’t remember they had already considered
⑤ couldn’t comprehend because of their complexity

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 정답과 해설 34쪽

04 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0065 Through the ups and downs of our lives at school and at work, the reassuring stability of
can help us manage our moods and emotions. When

PARTⅠ
we engage in such “environmental self-regulation,” we rely on cues outside ourselves to
maintain the kind of equilibrium inside ourselves that facilitates the pursuit of our goals.

유형편
In a study of mid-level professionals, Gregory Laurence, a professor of management at
the University of Michigan-Flint, found that incorporating personal items into their
workspaces helped them relieve the “emotional exhaustion” brought on by a stressful job.
Especially for employees whose office settings did not afford much privacy, being able to
personalize their work area — with photographs, posters, comic strips, mugs — helped
them “carve out their own space, inscribe it with personal meaning, and thus create a kind
of sanctuary at work,” write Laurence and his coauthors.
 equilibrium: (마음의) 평정  inscribe: 새기다  sanctuary: 안식처

① an unexpected encounter
② relaxing and calming music
③ meaningful material objects
④ keeping things neat and organized
⑤ preventing personal information leaks

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 14 빈칸 내용 추론 (2)

Gateway 2025학년도 수능 34번 25005-0066

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Centralized, formal rules can . The rules of baseball

don’t just regulate the behavior of the players; they determine the behavior that constitutes
playing the game. Rules do not prevent people from playing baseball; they create the very
practice that allows people to play baseball. A score of music imposes rules, but it also
creates a pattern of conduct that enables people to produce music. Legal rules that enable
the formation of corporations, that enable the use of wills and trusts, that create negotiable
instruments, and that establish the practice of contracting all make practices that create
new opportunities for individuals. And we have legal rules that establish roles individuals
play within the legal system, such as judges, trustees, partners, and guardians. True, the
legal rules that establish these roles constrain the behavior of individuals who occupy
them, but rules also create the roles themselves. Without them an individual would not
have the opportunity to occupy the role.
 constrain: 속박하다

① categorize one’s patterns of conduct in legal and productive ways

② lead people to reevaluate their roles and practices in a society
③ encourage new ways of thinking which promote creative ideas
④ reinforce one’s behavior within legal and established contexts
⑤ facilitate productive activity by establishing roles and practices

Words & Phrases in Use

≄≄centralize 중앙 집중화하다 ≄≄regulate 규제하다 ≄≄determine 결정하다

≄≄constitute 구성하다 ≄≄impose 부과하다 ≄≄corporation 기업
≄≄will 유언 ≄≄trust 신탁금 ≄≄negotiable instrument 양도성 증권
≄≄contract 계약하다 ≄≄trustee 신탁 관리자 ≄≄partner 동업자
≄≄guardian 후견인

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 Solving Strategies 정답과 해설 36쪽

STEP 1 도입 부분을 읽고, 글의 중심 소재와 그것의 예시를 파악한다.

■
 중앙 집중화된, 공식적인 규칙은 할 수 있음

PARTⅠ
(Centralized, formal rules can .)

■
 규칙의 예시

유형편
① 야구 규칙: 선수들의 행동을 규제  야구를 하는 관행을 만들어 냄
(The rules of baseball don’t just regulate the behavior of the players; they determine the behavior
that constitutes playing the game.)
② 악보: 규칙을 부과  음악을 만들어 내는 행동 양식을 만듦
(A score of music imposes rules, but it also creates a pattern of conduct that enables people to
produce music.)

STEP 2 전개 부분을 읽고, 법규가 하는 역할의 구체적 내용을 파악하여 빈칸에 들어갈 말을 추론한다.

■
 법규: 기업 설립, 유언과 신탁금 사용, 양도성 증권, 계약하는 관행을 가능하게 함
 개인에게 새로운 기회를 창출하는 관행을 만듦
(Legal rules that enable the formation of corporations, that enable the use of wills and trusts, that
create negotiable instruments, and that establish the practice of contracting all make practices that
create new opportunities for individuals.)
■
 법규: 사람들의 행동을 속박하지만, 역할 그 자체를 만들어 내기도 함
(True, the legal rules that establish these roles constrain the behavior of individuals who occupy
them, but rules also create the roles themselves.)
 야구 규칙, 악보, 법규의 예시를 통해 사람들의 행동을 규제하기만 하는 것이 아니라 실행도 촉진시켜 관행을 확립하는
규칙의 역할을 제시함

STEP 3 글의 요지를 파악하고, 빈칸에 들어갈 말을 확인한다.

■
 요지: 규칙은 사람들의 행동을 규제하거나 속박하기도 하지만 사람들의 행동을 촉진하는 관행과 역할을 확립하기도 한다
는 내용의 글이다.
 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은 ⑤ ‘역할과 관행을 확립함으로써 생산적인 활동을 촉진할’이다.
① 합법적이고 생산적인 방식으로 행동 양식을 분류할
② 사람들이 사회에서 자신의 역할과 실행을 재평가하도록 유도할
③ 창의적인 생각을 촉진하는 새로운 사고방식을 장려할
④ 법적인 입증된 환경 내에서 자신의 행동을 강화할

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 Exercises

01 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0067 Virtues are the basic building blocks of human character; they are fundamental qualities
like kindness, playfulness, or self-respect. Virtues are not qualities that only some people
possess; rather, a virtue is the capacity to exercise that quality. According to virtue ethics,
every person is endowed with the same basic library of virtues, and the potential to excel
in any of these virtues is part of our basic makeup. Therefore, what differentiates us from
one another is not whether or not we possess a given virtue, but rather the degree to
which we have developed (or our parents and teachers have developed in us) the ability
to exercise that virtue. Within a virtue ethics framework, a chronic liar would be
understood as being very short of honesty rather than lacking honesty entirely. Given the
right conditions and a genuine desire on that person’s part to become more honest,
.
 be endowed with: ~을 타고나다

① they could accept some acts of lying as a necessary evil

② they could over time develop a greater capacity for honesty
③ they could find themselves able to teach moral virtues to others
④ their courage to face uncomfortable truths could be compromised
⑤ all of their moral values could be assessed based on their honesty

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 정답과 해설 36쪽

02 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0068 We, as teachers, cannot be willfully ignorant when we are developing our classroom
libraries or making other choices about texts. If we are curating a classroom library, for

PARTⅠ
instance, . I am not the most avid reader of science
fiction and fantasy. A classroom audit of my collection revealed that I had far fewer titles

유형편
in that genre than in other genres. What I knew, though, from talking with students and
reading of their surveys, was that they loved science fiction and fantasy. It was one of
their most popular genres. I admitted to students that I’d let my own disinterest lead to
not doing what they were telling me they desired. I asked them what they wanted me to
add to the classroom library, as well as what texts they wanted to read during our
collective work, and I changed based on that feedback. Our science fiction/fantasy section
doubled, and readers were able to offer continuous feedback that enabled their literacy
practices to flourish.
 curate: 관리자 역할을 하다  avid: 열렬한  audit: 평가, 심사

① it’s important to set specific goals before collecting books

② we need to arrange texts in a way that makes them easy to find
③ we should provide texts that can improve students’ reading levels
④ our own preferences should not be more important than our readers’
⑤ any new texts should first be thoroughly reviewed before being displayed

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 Exercises

03 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0069 The natural tendency to blame someone for an error is shared by those who made the
error, who often agree that it was their fault. People do tend to blame themselves when
they do something that, after the fact, seems inexcusable. “I knew better,” is a common
comment by those who have done something wrong. But when someone says, “It was my
fault, I knew better,” this is not a valid analysis of the problem. That doesn’t help prevent
its recurrence. When many people all have the same problem, shouldn’t another cause be
found? If the system lets you make the error, it is badly designed. And if the system
induces you to make the error, then it is really badly designed. When I turn on the wrong
stove burner, it is not due to my lack of knowledge: it is due to poor mapping between
controls and burners. Teaching me the relationship will not stop the error from recurring:
will.
 recurrence: 재발

① redesigning the stove

② reminding me of the mistake
③ hiring more qualified workers
④ blaming myself for the mistakes
⑤ enforcing strict punishment for errors

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 정답과 해설 37쪽

04 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0070 Production is useless without distribution. Without a powerful distributor, the list of products
that a publishing organization’s executives believe could be tremendously successful will

PARTⅠ
have much less chance of achieving its potential. Some people believe that the Internet
reduces the importance of publication and distribution because just about anyone can

유형편
post — that is, distribute — a collection of just about anything online for very little cost.
But putting things on a personal website or even on a backwater page of a popular
distributor does not ensure that anyone but your friends will go to it. Perhaps you will get
lucky, and the clip you posted will become a popular viral video viewed by millions. In
most cases, however, the key is to have the power to place the content in a position where
many people have a good chance of seeing it. That means .
 backwater: 후미진

① focusing solely on online self-promotion

② restricting reliance on existing distributors
③ getting the attention of a powerful distributor
④ displaying a persuasive message for a product
⑤ improving the originality of products to win the competition

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 15 흐름에 무관한 문장 찾기

Gateway 2025학년도 수능 35번 25005-0071

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

The expansion of sports tourism in the twentieth century has been influenced by further
developments in transportation. Just as the railways revolutionized travel in the nineteenth
century, so the automobile produced even more dramatic changes in the twentieth. ① The
significance of the car in the development of sport and tourism generally has attracted
considerable coverage and it has had no less an impact on sports tourism specifically.
② Although originally invented towards the end of the nineteenth century, it started to
become a mass form of transport in the 1920s in the USA and rather later in Britain.
③ Apart from its convenience and flexibility, the car has the additional advantages of
affording access to many areas not served by public transport, as well as allowing the easy
transport of luggage and equipment. ④ The expansion of reasonably priced, good quality
accommodation associated with tourism growth has also facilitated the growth of locally
based restaurants. ⑤ As a result, it was invaluable for the development of many forms
of sports tourism but especially those which require the transportation of people and
equipment to relatively remote locations.

Words & Phrases in Use

≄≄expansion 확대 ≄≄revolutionize 혁신을 일으키다 ≄≄dramatic 극적인

≄≄apart from ~ 외에도 ≄≄flexibility 유연성 ≄≄luggage 짐
≄≄accommodation 숙박 시설 ≄≄facilitate 촉진하다 ≄≄invaluable 매우 유용한, 귀중한
≄≄relatively 비교적

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 Solving Strategies 정답과 해설 39쪽

STEP 1 반복적인 어구 또는 특정 개념과 관련된 어구를 통해 글의 내용을 추측한다.

 the expansion of sports tourism, developments in transportation, the automobile, the significance of
■

PARTⅠ
the car in the development of sport and tourism
20세기의 스포츠 관광의 확대는 교통수단 발전의 영향을 받아 왔으며, 스포츠 및 관광 발전에서 자동차의 중요성은 매체

유형편
의 상당한 주목을 끌었다.

 ‌글의 요지: 20세기에 교통수단이 더욱 발전하면서 스포츠 관광이 확대되었고, 스포츠 및 관광 발전에서 자동차가 중요한
역할을 했다.

STEP 2 글의 요지와의 연관성을 고려하면서 흐름에서 벗어난 문장을 찾는다.

첫 두 문장  ‌도입(주제): 20세기의 스포츠 관광의 확대는 교통수단 발전의 영향을 받아 왔으며, 자동차가 여행에 혁신을
일으켰음

문장 ①  스포츠 및 관광 발전에서 자동차의 중요성이 매체의 상당한 주목을 끌었다는 내용이므로 요지와 연관됨

문장 ②  자동차는 미국과 영국에서 대중적인 교통수단이 되기 시작했다는 내용이므로 요지와 연관됨

문장 ③  ‌자동차는 편리함과 유연성 외에도 짐과 장비를 쉽게 운송하게 해 주며, 대중교통이 제공되지 않는 많은 지역에 접
근할 수 있게 하는 장점이 있다는 내용이므로 요지와 연관됨

문장 ④  ‌관광업 성장과 연관된, 가격이 적정하고 질이 좋은 숙박 시설의 확대는 현지에 기반을 둔 음식점의 성장을 촉진했
다는 내용이므로 요지와 무관함
문장 ⑤  ‌자동차는 여러 형태의 스포츠 관광 형태의 발전에 매우 유용했다는 내용이므로 요지와 연관됨

STEP 3 글의 전개 방식을 환기하면서 문장 ④가 무관함을 확인한다.

도입부(주제) 스포츠 관광의 확대는 교통수단 발전의 영향을 받아 옴


전개 1 스포츠 및 관광 발전에서 자동차의 중요성이 매체의 주목을 끌었음


전개 2 자동차는 미국과 영국에서 대중적인 교통수단이 되기 시작했음


근거 자동차는 편리함과 유용성, 운송 수월성, 지역 접근성 등의 장점이 있음


결과 자동차는 여러 형태의 스포츠 관광 형태의 발전에 매우 유용했음

 따라서,
‌ 숙박 시설 확대로 인한 음식점의 성장에 관한 ④는 글의 전체 흐름과 관계가 없다.
As a result 다음에 나오는 it이 가리키는 대상이 문장 ③의 the car이므로, 문장 ③ 다음에 문장 ⑤가 자연스럽게 연결
된다.

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 Exercises

01 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

25005-0072 AI technologies are of great importance in terms of managing processes such as diagnosis
and diagnostic tasks in the field of health. ① Wearable technology with AI systems
provides considerable benefits in terms of early disease identification and regular health
monitoring. ② Sensors detect signs such as heart rate, body temperature, and a person’s
workout habits, and this data can be monitored in real time. ③ The absence of standard
guidelines for the moral use of AI in healthcare has not only served to worsen the situation
but also raised concerns about patient privacy and data security. ④ The data collected and
processed with wearable technologies have the potential to improve the health status of
users, as well as provide significant benefits for public health. ⑤ This is especially
valuable in terms of developing preventive health policies.

02 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

25005-0073 When we’re in positive moods, we often develop a sense of naive optimism. ① For
example, one factor that sustains a financial bubble is irrational exuberance, a term
coined by Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve. ② During the “dot-
com bubble” in the late 90s, stock prices of Internet companies skyrocketed over several
years, rising to a point where the underlying financials of those companies didn’t support
the overinflated stock prices. ③ This overinflated price led investors to fear that the
company in which they invested their money would collapse at any moment, and their
fear was not unfounded. ④ As stock prices continued to rise sharply, people developed
a sense of naive optimism and irrational exuberance. ⑤ The positive emotions they
experienced from their large gains led to a false assumption that stock prices would
continue to rise, a perception that blinded them to the imminent burst of the bubble and
the resulting depletion of their bank accounts.
 exuberance: 과열  imminent: 임박한  depletion: 고갈

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 정답과 해설 39쪽

03 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

25005-0074 The human brain seems to be programmed for song. So fundamental is the human
capacity for music that it may have evolved even before speech. ① Physiologists have

PARTⅠ
shown that a mother’s lullaby does double duty by lowering a child’s arousal levels while
simultaneously increasing the child’s ability to focus attention. ② Music therapists have

유형편
found that listening to music induces the release of pleasure-producing endorphins that
both lower blood pressure and ease the sensation of physical pain. ③ Social scientists
believe that music, by bringing people together to perform and listen, may have provided
an early model for social cooperation, cohesion, and even reproductive success.
④ Surprisingly, the highest noise levels come from listening to music with earbuds, which
often far exceed the danger point. ⑤ If this is correct, then music would seem to be a
fundamental building block in the development of culture.
 lullaby: 자장가  cohesion: 화합, 결합  earbud: (귀 안에 넣는 구형(球形)) 이어폰

04 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

25005-0075 A general evolutionary advantage for taking pleasure in math would be in seeing
patterns in what would otherwise be an overwhelming amount of information. The ability
to reduce information to succinct quantitative relationships with broad generalizable
properties is a skill that would have enabled early humans to quickly gather important
information from their environment. ① The discovery of underlying structural relationships
in the world would have helped them master their surroundings. ② The simpler the final
formulation, the easier and more useful it would have been in the mental toolkit of our
ancestors. ③ Despite getting poor grades in mathematics, many historical figures often
made significant contributions to scientific, artistic, and philosophical fields. ④ Those
ancestors who found pleasure in playing with mathematical relationships, who enjoyed
seeing underlying patterns in complex environments, who could capture these relationships
succinctly, improved their chances of survival. ⑤ We find pleasure in these desiccated
mathematical objects because our ancestors that experienced such pleasures were the
ones who survived and gave birth to us.
 succinct: 간결한  desiccated: 건조한

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 16 문단 내 글의 순서 파악하기

Gateway 2025학년도 수능 36번 25005-0076

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The potential for market enforcement is greater when contracting parties have
developed reputational capital that can be devalued when contracts are violated.

(A) ‌Similarly, a landowner can undermaintain fences, ditches, and irrigation systems.
Accurate assessments of farmer and landowner behavior will be made over time, and
those farmers and landowners who attempt to gain at each other’s expense will find
that others may refuse to deal with them in the future.
(B) ‌Over time landowners indirectly monitor farmers by observing the reported output,
the general quality of the soil, and any unusual or extreme behavior. Farmer and
landowner reputations act as a bond. In any growing season a farmer can reduce
effort, overuse soil, or underreport the crop.
(C) ‌Farmers and landowners develop reputations for honesty, fairness, producing high
yields, and consistently demonstrating that they are good at what they do. In small,
close-knit farming communities, reputations are well known.
 ditch: 개천  irrigation: 물을 댐

① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)

④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

Words & Phrases in Use

≄≄enforcement 강제력, (규제) 집행 ≄≄contract 계약하다; 계약 ≄≄party (소송ㆍ계약 등의) 당사자

≄≄reputational capital 평판 자본 ≄≄violate 위반하다
≄≄undermaintain 제대로 보수 유지하지 않다 ≄≄assessment 평가
≄≄at one’s expense ~에게 피해를 주면서 ≄≄deal with ~과 거래하다[상대하다]
≄≄monitor 추적 관찰하다 ≄≄bond 보증, 유대 ≄≄crop 수확량, 작물
≄≄yield 수확량 ≄≄consistently 일관되게 ≄≄close-knit (관계가) 긴밀한

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 Solving Strategies 정답과 해설 41쪽

STEP 1 주어진 글의 핵심 어구를 통해 글의 소재를 파악하고 글의 전개를 예측한다.

 핵심 어구: the potential for market enforcement, contracting parties, reputational capital, contracts
■

PARTⅠ
■
 소재: 평판 자본과 시장 강제력(시장 강제력은 계약 당사자들이 계약 위반 시 가치가 떨어질 수 있는 평판 자본을 쌓은 경
우에 가능성이 더 큼)

유형편
STEP 2 주어진 글의 내용을 바탕으로 연결 어구와 지시어, 반복되는 어구 등을 활용하여 글이 전개되는 논리적 흐
름을 파악한다.

(C)  Farmers
‌ and landowners develop reputations ~.에서 develop reputations 이하에서는 주어진 글에 제
시된 평판 자본을 쌓아 나가는 과정을 농부와 토지 소유자의 예를 들어 설명함
- 소규모의 긴밀한 농업 공동체에서는 평판이 잘 알려져 있음

(B)  Over
‌ time landowners indirectly monitor farmers by observing the reported output, ~.에서 Over
time 이하에서는 농부와 토지 소유자가 평판을 쌓아 가는 과정의 의미를 나타냄
- 농부와 토지 소유자의 평판은 보증의 역할을 함
- 농부는 노력을 덜 하거나, 토양을 과도하게 사용하거나, 수확량을 축소 보고할 수 있음

STEP 3 마지막 부분을 연결하여, 글의 전체적인 흐름이 자연스럽고 완결성이 있는지 확인한다.

(A)  Similarly,
‌ a landowner can undermaintain fences, ditches, and irrigation systems.에서 Similarly
는 (B)에서 언급된 농부가 자기 평판에 해가 될 일을 하는 것처럼 토지 소유자도 자기 평판에 해가 될 일을 하는 내
용의 글을 유도함
- ‌농부와 토지 소유자의 행동에 대한 정확한 평가가 시간이 지남에 따라 이루어질 것이고, 농부와 토지 소유자는 자
신들의 평판이 나쁠 경우에 다른 사람들이 향후 그들과 거래하기를 거부할 수도 있다는 것을 알게 될 것임
 다른 순서도 가능한지 검토한 후, 최종적으로 정답을 결정한다.

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 Exercises

01 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0077
Athletic performance is not the only impact that our changing climate has on sports.
The impact on hockey has the National Hockey League concerned. Traditionally,
many young Canadians learned to play hockey while skating on frozen ponds during
the winter months.

(A) ‌Thus, it will become much more difficult for talented players growing up in rural
areas and/or in poor families to learn to play the sport at a professional level. This
may turn hockey into a sport largely inaccessible by the economically disadvantaged.
(B) ‌However, as temperatures rise globally, ponds once suitable for hockey no longer
have enough ice to support skating. Some do not freeze at all, and those that do freeze
maintain ice thick enough for play for much shorter periods of time each winter.
(C) ‌This means that young people have less access and opportunity to learn and play
hockey outdoors. This may translate into fewer players and even fewer fans of the sport.
Moreover, young players learning the sport will be forced to do so in indoor venues,
which are much more expensive and harder to access than traditional outdoor play.
 venue: (스포츠) 경기장, 장소

① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)

④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

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02 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0078
Ageism reflects the inequality between the old and the young, with the society

PARTⅠ
placing a higher value on the young. This may explain why even older people
themselves seem bothered by growing old. An American food company once tried to

유형편
market dietetic food to older persons under the name “Senior Foods.”

(A) ‌This feeling may further be related to the biological and psychological processes of
aging. But social forces, such as society’s tendency to define older persons as a
national burden rather than a national treasure, play an important role, as well.
(B) ‌It turned out to be a complete failure. A perceptive observer explained, “People didn’t
want to be seen eating the stuff. It was labeling them old — and in our society, it is
still an embarrassment to be old.” The bottom line is that American culture is youth
oriented, which makes older people feel bad about their age.
(C) ‌These social forces can worsen — or diminish — the biological and psychological
aging. Moreover, the experience of aging varies within the United States and around
the world, involves being subjected to prejudice and discrimination, and is misused to
generate the myths of aging.
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

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 Exercises

03 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0079
One important way in which our culture enhances our ability to survive and thrive
in the world is by passing along the tools it has created to make our daily living more
effective and efficient. Some tools are actual physical objects; for example, hammers
help us build houses and scissors can cut paper and cloth.

(A) ‌For example, our system of numbers allows us to perform precise calculations related
to building construction, engine design, and cooking. The maps we create help us
find our way around new cities, subway systems, and shopping malls. Our writing
system allows us to record our thoughts on paper or in computer documents.
(B) ‌By the way, computers are cognitive tools as well as physical ones because they help
us think in increasingly sophisticated ways. All of these tools are cultural creations —
the results of many, many years of our collective ingenuity and meaning-making.
(C) ‌But many others are cognitive tools that enable us to think in more productive ways.
Cognitive tools take a variety of forms, including concepts, symbols, strategies,
procedures, and any other culturally constructed mechanisms that help us tackle life’s
mental challenges more efficiently and effectively.
 ingenuity: 독창성

① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)

④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

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04 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0080
Under the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic standards, animal

PARTⅠ
products such as meat, milk, and eggs must meet certain minimum requirements to
win an organic label.

유형편
(A) ‌To solve this problem, some animal producers are adding other labels to their foods,
such as “open pasture” or “pasture-raised,” to indicate that animals are raised in a
pasture rather than fattened in a confined facility. Consumers, however, must be
cautious of some labels that seem to suggest humane conditions; designations such as
“free range,” “cage-free,” or “grass-fed” do not necessarily guarantee that animals are
not confined or raised in the outdoors.
(B) ‌However, critics say the government’s standards are not strict enough to ensure that
farm animals are raised, transported, and slaughtered in a humane way. The USDA
regulations, for example, provide that animals must have access to the outdoors,
including access to pasture for cud-chewing animals such as cattle and sheep.
(C) ‌Critics say opening a barn door just minutes per day, however, might meet this
definition and organic animals may never get to walk freely around an outdoor range
or pasture. Instead, like most conventionally raised farm animals, organically-raised
animals may live in very confined, close quarters throughout their lives.
 pasture: 목초지  slaughter: 도축하다  cud-chewing: 되새김질을 하는

① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)

④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

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 Exercises

05 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0081
If you had been walking around Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 and had come
across Independence Hall, you would have encountered something strange.

(A) ‌Given the social mores of the day, there might have been occasional moments of
emotional release through yelling or throwing things at one another. Still, there was
an underlying recognition of the need for a quiet container in which to do difficult
thinking as a group. The big dirt mound was an effort to make this possible.
(B) ‌The street in front of the meeting hall — where many of the nation’s founders were
assembled to draft the U.S. Constitution — was filled with a gigantic mound of dirt.
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention had ordered the construction of this
earthen noise barrier.
(C) ‌They believed the sounds of carriages, street sellers, and conversations outside would
disturb their intense deliberation and writing. They weren’t going for a monastic silence.
As the historical records show, there were plenty of bitter vocal disagreements.
 mores: 관습  monastic: 수도원의

① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)

④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

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06 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

25005-0082
Encoding is the term that is most often used to describe the way in which information

PARTⅠ
is put into memory.

유형편
(A) ‌For example, suppose you are shopping at a farmers’ market for winter squash. Each
squash you see is given some low level of processing so that what is encoded into
memory is the experience of seeing many squashes. This relatively shallow encoding
will result in relatively weak memory traces.
(B) ‌Once an object, item, or event has been attended to (or, in some cases, even if it is not
being attended to), it is a valid candidate for encoding into memory. The encoding
process creates a mental representation based on the amount of effort and detail that
was processed via attention.
(C) ‌However, if you happened to see a squash that was unusually shaped, or very large,
or that really caught your attention in some way, you might encode with more effort
and detail, and this would likely result in a stronger memory trace for that specific
squash.
 squash: 호박

① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)

④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

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