AC CIRCUITS ⁡ 𝑋 = 𝐼𝑚(𝒁)

.AC Wave Form. `Phasor.

1
𝑇=
𝑓
⁡⁡ 1 |𝒁|
𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝜃
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒(𝒁)
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑅

𝑍 = 𝑅 ± 𝑗𝑋 +𝑗𝑋 → 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑍 = |𝑍|∠𝜃 −𝑗𝑋 → 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

|𝑍| = √𝑅2 + 𝑋 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑅 = |𝑍|cos(𝜃)

𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + ϕ)
𝐼 = |𝐼|∠ϕ 𝑋 = |𝑍|sin(𝜃)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡

−ϕ → 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒⁡(𝐸𝐿𝐼) → 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

Average Value = DC Value of a sinusoid: +ϕ → 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒⁡(𝐼𝐶𝐸) → 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑬𝑳𝑰⁡𝒕𝒉𝒆⁡𝑰𝑪𝑬⁡𝒎𝒂𝒏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒. = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑍 = |𝑍|𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
2𝜋
∫ |𝑉𝑚 sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)| 2 Euler’s Identity
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒. = 0 = 𝑉𝑚
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃 = cos(𝜃) ± 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)

Root Means Square value = AC Value of a Time Domain (v) Phasor Domain (V)
sinusoid:
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃) 𝑽 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜃
NOTE!
In AC circuits, the default value if not given is 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃) 𝑽 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠(𝜃 − 90)
RMS/effective value.
𝑑𝑉 𝑗𝑤𝑽
𝑑𝑡

(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 )2 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝐴𝐶 = √ ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 𝑽
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑗𝑤

2𝜋 2
∫ |𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)| 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =√ 0 = 𝑉𝑚
2𝜋 √2

Peak Factor:
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑝
𝑃𝐹 = = = √2𝑉𝑚
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠

Form Factor:
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐹𝐹 = =
𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒.
 AC CIRCUITS
.AC Power Triangle. .Resonance (𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿𝑪 ). Shared w/ EST- trasline
➢ Occurs at a specific resonant frequency when the impedances
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑺) or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other.
➢ Allows for maximum power output in an RLC circuit.

𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉⁡(𝑩𝑾)
➢ Is between -3dB points @ RMS value.

1
20𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 ) = 20 log ( ) ≅ −3𝑑𝐵
√2
|𝑺|
𝑄
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
𝜃
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑺)
𝑃 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑄𝐵𝑊

𝑺 = 𝑃 ± 𝑗𝑄 +𝑗𝑄 → 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝒇𝒓𝑜𝑚 ⁡⁡⁡𝑸𝑩𝑎𝑾

𝑺 = |𝑺|∠𝜃 −𝑗𝑄 → 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑄⁡ = ⁡𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

1
𝑺 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜃 = 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖 𝑄 ∝ 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∝
𝐵𝑊
|𝑺| = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 SERIES PARALLEL
𝑃 𝑿 𝑅
Power⁡Factor⁡(𝑃𝐹) = cos(𝜃) = 𝑸= 𝑄=
|𝑺| 𝑹 𝑋

𝑄 𝟏 𝑳 𝐶
Reactive⁡Factor⁡(𝑅𝐹) = sin(𝜃) = 𝑸= √ 𝑄 = 𝑅√
|𝑺| 𝑹 𝑪 𝐿

𝑽𝑿 𝐼𝑋
𝑸= 𝑄=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑽𝑻 𝐼𝑇

→ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠⁡𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙, 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑜𝑟⁡𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒⁡𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟⁡(𝑃)

Series Resonance
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍⁡(𝑷) 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆⁡(𝑸) 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕⁡(|𝑺|) ➢ Short Ended transline.
➢ Current (𝐼) is maximum, Impedance (𝑍) is minimum.
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝑽𝑨𝑹 𝑽𝑨
➢ Acceptor Circuit.
➢𝑍
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 𝑸 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑿 |𝑺| = 𝑰𝟐𝒁

𝒁⁡𝒊𝒔⁡𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒁⁡𝒊𝒔⁡𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝑷 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝜽) 𝑸 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝜽) |𝑺| = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑓
.Maximum Ave. Power Transfer. 𝑓𝑟
𝟏
𝑿𝑪 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝑇ℎ ∗
Parallel Resonance
𝑍𝑇ℎ = 𝑅𝑇ℎ ± 𝑗𝑋𝑇ℎ ➢ Open Ended transline.
➢ Current (𝐼) is minimum, Impedance (𝑍) is maximum.
𝑍𝑇ℎ ∗= 𝑅𝑇ℎ ∓ 𝑗𝑋𝑇ℎ ➢ Rejector Circuit.
➢
𝑍
|𝑉𝑇ℎ |2
𝑃=
8𝑅𝑇ℎ 𝒁⁡𝒊𝒔⁡𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒁⁡𝒊𝒔⁡𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

Purely Resistive Load

𝑅𝐿 = |𝑍𝑇ℎ | = √𝑅𝑇ℎ 2 + 𝑋𝑇ℎ 2
𝑓
𝑓𝑟