Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 191-197, 1989 0895-9811/89 $3.00 + 0.

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Neotectonic activity in the Serra do Mar rift system

(southeastern Brazil)
C. RICCOMINI, A . U . G. PELOGGIA, J . C. L. SALONI, M . W . K O H N K E ,
a n d R. M . FIGUEIRA

lnstituto de Geoci~ncias, Universidade de S/to Paulo, Caixa Postal 20.899, 01498 Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil
(Received for publication December 1988)

A b s t r a c t - - T h e Serra do Mar rift system is the most significant Cenozoic tectonic feature of the onshore
continental area of southeastern Brazil. This system exhibits a two-fold tectonic evolution, m a r k e d by a
distonsive synsedimentary stage in Paleocene-Oligocene times and a strike-slip stage of post-Oligocene
age. Recent investigations and re-examination of previously described outcrops in the Resende and Tau-
bath Basins, depressions of the rift system, have revealed late Pleistocene sedimentary deposits also
affected by strike-slip faulting of the second tectonic stage or even of a third one. In the Taubath Basin,
some colluvium and stone-lines are faulted, with development of positive and negative flower structures.
On the other hand, positive flower structures of the Resende Transpressional Zone have tilted alluvial
terraces of the Paraiba do Sul river valley. Both situations are related to major E-W transcurrence. No
absolute age dates are available for Taubath and Resende deposits. However, comparisons w i t h t h e
adjacent Paraiba do SUl River stratigraphy suggest t h a t colluvium and stone-lines, as well as alluvial
terraces, are of late Pleistocene age or younger. Fault plane solutions of two swarms of reservoir-induced
events, close to the area concerned, had strike-slip and overthrust focal mechanisms related to a n average
E-W compressive regional stress direction. The similarity of the stress fields is thus strongly indicative of a
neotectenic E-W compressive event t h a t appears to have been active, at least as residual toctonism, up to
the present day.
R e s u m o - - O sistema de "riRs" da Serra do Mar 6 a mais expressiva f e i ~ o cenoz6ica da por~/to continental
emersa do sudeste brasileiro. Este sistoma apresenta sua evolu~/to tect6nica marcada por u m estAgio
distensivo sin-sedimentar de idade paleog~nica e urn estAgio transcorrente de idade p6s-oligoc~nica. Inves-
tiga@/toes recentes bern como o re-exame de afloramentosj/t descritos na literatura nas bacias de Resonde e
Taubath, integrantes do sistema de ~rifts," revelaram a presenqa de depbsitos sedimentares do Pleistoceno
Superior t a m b d m afetados por falhas relacionadas A tecthnica transcorrente do ssgundo estAgio ou talvez
ath de um terceiro. Na Bacia de Taubath dep6sitos coluviais e linha-de-seixos ("stone line") foram afetados
por falhamentos corn o desenvolvimento de estruturas-em-flSr positivas e n e g a t i v a s . Por outro lado,
estruturas-em-fl6r positivas relacionadas A Zona Transpressional de Resende provocaram basoulamentos
em terra~os aluviais do vale do Rio Paraiba do Sul. Ambas as situa~Ses estAo relacionadas/t urea movi-
mentaq/to transcorrente principal sogundo E-W. Embora n/to existam data~6es absolutas para os dep6sitos
falhados das bacias de Taubath e Resonde, correla~6es estratigr/tficas com os dep6sitos do vale do Rio
Paraiba do Sul sugerem que os col0vios, linhas-de-soixos, bern como os terra~os fluviais, possuem idade
pleistoc6nica superior ou maisjovem. Solu~6es de pianos de falhas de dois enxames de sismos induzidos por
reservathrios da Area em an/tlise a p r e s e n t a r a m mecanismos focais transcorrentes e de empurr/to, relaciona-
dos a urea dire~;/to geral de compress/to segundo E-W. Esta similaridade nos campos de esfor~;os 6 portante
fortemente indicativa de atividade neotect~nica compressiva segundo E-W, a quai a p a r e n t e m e n t e 6 ativa,
ao menos como tectonismo residual, ath o pressnte.

INTRODUCTION During recent studies on tectonics and sedime-

ntation in the region of the Serra do Mar riftsystem,
EARTHQUAKES in southeastern Brazil and their rela- direct evidence of what is probably late Pleistocene-
tionship with geologic features have been discussed Holocene tectonicactivitywas found and is the object
by m a n y researchers since the beginning of the of analysis in thispaper.
present century (see review by Mioto and Hasui,
1982). Only during the last twenty years, however,
has interest increased in the systematic study of REGIONAL GEOLOGIC AND TECTONIC
recent crustal movements in Brazil u mainly be- SETTING
cause of the sitingof hydroelectricpower stationsand
nuclear power plants. The Serra do Mar continental riftsystem (Fig. 1)
M a n y studies have been carried out since then is an elongated narrow trough developed between the
(BjSrnberg et al., 1971; Bj6rnberg, 1972; Ffllfaroand cities of S~o Paulo (State of S~o Paulo) and Niter6i
Pongano, 1974; Haberlehner, 1978; Hasui and (State of Rio de Janeiro), within the domain of Pre-
Pongano, 1978; Hasui et al., 1978; Sadowski et al., cambrian terrainsof the Ribeira folded belt (Hasui et
1978; AssumIN~o et al., 1979, 1980; Melo et al., 1983, al., 1975). The final stage of the tectonic evolution of
1987, Klein et al., 1986), but references concerning this belt in the region, in Cambrian-Ordovician
faulting or other types of direct evidence of geologic times, is related to the Brasiliano or Pan-African
features of supposedly modern tectonic activitiesare Cycle and characterized by an anastomosed network
scarcer (Lehmann, 1957; Suguio and Vespucci, 1986; of right-lateralE N E to E - W shear zones (Hasui and
Riccomini et al., 1986). Sadowski, 1976; Sadowski and Motidome, 1987).

191
192 C. RICCOMINI,A. U. G. PELOGGIA,J. C. L. SALONI,M. W. KOHNKE,and R. M. FIGUEIRA

41~ w 48°w _ 4~°v

.._._. + _+

FARA.~ .."i

~.-~ _~'-~ .~,S~C, ~ TRANSCURRENT FAULTS

~ry 240| + ~"~ / "'~ + A,R,C STUDIED AREAS

0 48 gO km

Fig. I. The Serra do Mar riftsytem between the S~o Paulo and Volta Redonda Basins showing the study areas.

As a consequence of the processes related to the fence are described using Harding's (1985) termino-
break-up of Gondwana, the separation of Brazil from logy.
Africa, and the opening of the South Atlantic, these
Brasiliano or Pan-African shear zones were reacti- Area A (Taubatd Basin)
vated from the beginning of the Tertiary, probably up
to the late Eocene-Oligocene, with a predominantly Area A consists of a large roadcut close to the
normal character, leading to syntectonic continental town of Taubat~, at Km 124.5 of BR-116 (Presidente
sedimentation in the rift basins (Riccomini et al., Dutra Highway), which links the cities of Sdo Paulo
1983, 1987; Melo et al., 1985). Probably after the and Rio de Janeiro. Several NNW-NNE normal
Oligocene, a right-lateral strike-slip regime, in part faults were found here, some of which are negative
transpressional, was active in the region along old flower structures with decimetric offsets that have
faults (Riccomini, 1987). affected Tertiary sediments, stone-lines,* and the
Recent investigations and re-examination of pre- sandy-clayey colluvium at the top of the outcrop.
viously described outcrops in the Resende and Tau- Microtectonic analysis of the fault plane population
bat~ Basins (Fig. 1), depressions of the rift system, led to the determination of an E - W extensive stress
have revealed sedimentary deposits of late Pleisto- at this site (Fig. 2).
cene or even younger ages also affected by strike-slip N N E reverse and thrust faults, part of a positive
faulting of the second tectonic stage or even a third flower structure, are present in the western part of
one. Microstructural analysis of these faults and the outcrop. Some of these faults produced strong
their respective slickenside lineations using the gra- deformation (mainly drag folds) in the Tertiary
phical methods of Angelier and Mechler (1977) and sediments and in the stone-line (Fig. 3). The small
Angelier (1979) has permitted determination of the number of faults, however, does not allow more
mean principal stress directions of the study areas. detailed analysis.
The results have been compared with the available Two other families of well-spaced fractures with
fault plane solutions for earthquakes registered in N N E and W N W - W S W orientations are also present
the region (Assumpq~o et al., 1985, AssumIN~o and (Fig. 4). It seems that the N N E trend had some left-
Su~irez, 1987), and available radiocarbon determina- lateral strike-slip displacement with small offsets,
tions (Melo et al., 1987, Suguio et al., 1987) have been but the absence of slickenside lineations, because of
analyzed in order to establish the age of the recent the sandy nature of the material, does not permit a
tectonic activity. more definite conclusion.

STUDY AREAS *A stone-line is a very common, widespread, and laterally con-

tinuous feature of estern Brazil (Ab'S~ber, 1962) and many
tropical and equatorial regions. It is normally 10-20 cm thick,
Studies were carried out in three different loca- consists mainly of well-rounded quartz and quartzite pebbles,
tions in the Taubat6 and Resende Basins (Fig. 1, sites and roughly parallels present surface topography. Commonly,
the stone-line is buried under colluvium up to 5 meters thick.
A, B, and C). Portions of the outcrops of areas A and The origin of stone-lines has been associated with a detrital
B have been previously referred to by Suguio and paleopavement elaborated under conditions of mechanical
Vespucci (1986). Features associated with transcur- morphogenesis in a dry climate.
 Neotectonic activity in the Serra do Mar rift system (southeastern Brazil) 193

N lq

Fig. 2. Microstructural analysis of'a population of normal faults

in area A. Great circle represents fault plane and points indicate
slickenside lineations. Approximate location ofol {compression),
o2 (intermediate), and o3 (distension) axes (o1>o2>o3>0) are
represented, respectively, by the square, circle, and triangle. Fig. 4. Plot of the WNW-WSW and NNE families of joints, area A
Arrows indicate distension direction. Note that all diagrams in (see explanation in text).
this paper are Schmidt projections of the lower hemisphere.

Area B (Taubat~ Basin) colluvium. The mean principal direction of stress is

roughly E-W (Fig. 6).
Area B comprises an outcrop along the Taubat~-
Tabufio road about 2.3 km from Exit 109 of BR-116 Area C (Resende Basin)
(Fig. 5), as well as a roadcut at Km 107.5 of BR-116.
In this area there are well-developed, predominantly Area C is located w i t h i n the NNE R e s e n d e
NNE normal faults, terminating in negative flower Transpressional Zone, a post-sedimentary horst that
structures, related to strike-slip movement along the divided the Resende Basin into two portions. Three
Taubat~ Transtensional Zone. As in Area A, normal different levels of pebbly terraces are well developed
faults cut the Tertiary sediments, stone-line, and the in this area (Fig. 7). P r e d o m i n a n t l y NE reverse

Fig. 3. Reverse fault, part of a major positive flower structure (area A}. Note the effect of the fault on the Tertiary floodplain
sediments of the Taubate Basin (Tt) and on the late Pleistocene stone-line (s.l.).
194 C. RICCOMINI, A. U. G. PELOGGIA,J. C. L. SALONI, M. W. KOHNKE, and R. M. FIGUEIRA

":

ESE Tt WNW
0 5m

Fig. 5. Study outcrop of area B {Tertiary floodplainsediments of the Taubate Basin, section transverse to the faults}. Notethat the
normal faults terminate in negative flowerstructures (detailed in upper left}.

thrust and strike-slip faults have deformed the upper STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXT
(older) terrace. F a u l t deformations in the inter-
mediate terrace are not clear, but in the northeastern No absolute age dates are available for these
part of the Resende Transpressional Zone, stone-lines faulted Pleistocene deposits as they are not favorable
and colluvium are affected by NW reverse and NE for the preservation of organic matter. Nevertheless,
thrust faults related to horizontal movements. From some 14C determinations (Melo et al., 1987; Suguio et
measured faults, the mean principal direction of al., 1987) and field observations are available for the
stress obtained is an E-W compression (Fig. 8). lateral equivalents of these deposits along the Parai-
ba do Sul river valley, permitting us to establish a
late Pleistocene sedimentary evolution for the south-
western part of the Taubat~ Basin (Fig, 9).
Stone-lines in areas A and B grade laterally to
pebbly layers covering a fossil erosional surface at
the base of low fluvial terraces of the Paraiba do Sul
N and Tiet~ Rivers. Toward the top, these pebbly
layers grade to sandy sediments, with small cross-
stratifications, that fine upward to peat deposits
(Almeida et al., 1984), associated with a meandering
fluvial system. These sandy and peaty deposits are
laterally correlatable with the colluvium.
Carbonized wood fragments present in the cross-
stratified sands have been dated, by 14C determina-
tions, as within the 5500-2700 BP range, while other
wood fragments at the base of the peat have fur-
nished ages of 2000 BP and y o u n g e r (Melo et at.,
1987; Fig. 9).
The data presented in Fig. 9 point to stone-line
development with the interval of 20,000-5500 BP
most probably between 13,000 and 18,000 BP, which
would correspond to the last glacial event and conse-
quently the driest period. This is in accord with pre-
vious interpretations by Ab' S~ber (1969) and Brown
and Ab' Stiber (1979). Bigarella and Andrade (1965)
Fig. 6. Microstructural analysis of fault pattern of area B; and Bigarella et al. (1975) agreed that the stone-line
symbols as in Fig. 2. could be correlated with the above time interval, but
also suggested a possible correlation with an immedi-
 Neotectonie activity in the Serra do Mar rift system (southeastern Brazil) 195

Fig. 7. Schematic section along the axis of

the Resende Transpressional Zone (RTZ).
Qtu, Qti, and Qtl correspond, respectively,
to upper, intermediate and lower terrace
levels. Detail in the upper lel~ (transverse
to RTZ) of the Qtu level: Tertiary flood-
plain sediments (Tr) of the Resende Basin
and Precambrian (PC) rocks affected by
positive flower structure. Fault effects on
Qti {upper right, transverse to RTZ) a r e
incipient and not clearly defined.
(m)

380-- NNE _ S.S.W

0 "250m

ately older dry period, which, in the present case, Field relationships indicate that the stone-line in
would be around 52,000 BP according to available area C is younger than the intermediate terrace (Qti,
r a d i o c a r b o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s (lower p a r t of the Fig. 7), but the examined outcrops are not favorable
column of Fig. 9}. The observed field relationships in for establishing its correlation with the basal part of
areas A and B, as well as the nature of the deposits, the lower terrace (Qtl}, although this seems very pro-
support a correlation of the stone-line with the bable. Another possibility is the correlation between
20,000-5500 BP period and for c o l l u v i u m ages the Qti and Qtl terraces. This is not very probable
younger than 5500 BP. because the characteristics of Qti are t y p i c a l of
The situation is more complex in area C due to fluvial terraces and not of a detrital paleopavement.
the presence of three levels of terraces. The upper Thus, it is more likely that Qti is older than Qtl.
terrace (Qtu, Fig. 7), tectonically tilted, may even The absence of radiocarbon dating for the lower
correspond to an older sedimentary event within the terrace (Qtl) of the Paraiba do Sul river valley in this
Pleistocene. area, as well as its sedimentary characteristics, does
not permit definitive correlation with either of the
two cycles of late Pleistocene sedimentation in the
region (Fig. 9). The stone-line of area C m a y be
related to the 20,000-5500 BP time interval or may
N
even be older than 52,000 BP, in the latter case, the
eolluvium would range between 52,000 and 20,000
BP in age.

DISCUSSION OF LATE P L E I S T O C E N E
TECTONICS

The normal faults in areas A and B seem to cor-

respond to extensional structures, particularly the
Taubat6 Transtensional Zone - - a narrow (less than
4 km wide} graben-like feature with well-developed
Pleistocene alluvial plain deposits. In areas A and B,
however, they are clearly associated with r e v e r s e
faults and thrusts that induce drag folds in the stone-
line (area A) and shearing along the Taubat6 F a u l t
(area B). This close association b e t w e e n normal
faults, reverse faults, and thrusting suggests that the
Fig. 8. Microstructural analysis of reverse, thrust and strike-slip observed normal faulting is not related to a simple
faults of a r e a C (RTZ); symbols as in Fig. 2. Arrows indicate extensional tectonic event, as Fig. 2 and 6 suggest,
compression direction. but to an E-W compression initiated when the maxi-
SAES 2/2--F
196 C. RICCOMINI, A. U. G. PELOGGIA, J. C. L. SALONI, M. W. KOHNKE, a n d R. M. FIGUEIRA

yr BP,IO00

peat deposits/colluvium in areas A end B

2o __
5.5'5
T
Holocene alluvial plains (meandering)
stone- line formation in areasAand B
maximum glacial -18,000yrBP
peat deposits
25i
Fig. 9. Schematic representationof late Pleisto- --fluvial braided deposits
cene sedimentary evolutionof the southwestern
part of Taubate Basin, based on availableradio-
carbon data from the Paralba do Sul and Tiet~
river valleys{Melo etal.,1987;Suguioetal.,1987)
and on fieldinvestigation. 35"
• o
I
colluvium deposits
40" , °1

,_ 5 0 ~
0o:
5 i °° fossil surface

Tertiary (Paleocene- Oligocene)

fluvial and lacustrine deposits

m u m prinicipal stress (ol) was horizontal ( W N W - tions s u g g e s t t h a t tectonic m o v e m e n t s c o n t i n u e d up

E S E ) and the m i n i m u m principal stress (03) vertical to the Holocene or at l e a s t up to the 52,000-20,000 B P
with displacements occurring w h e n the horizontal (late Pleistocene) t i m e i n t e r v a l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e
stresses near the surface have relaxed as observed in c o m p a t i b i l i t y of the s t r e s s field d e t e r m i n e d for t h e
similar situations (e.g., Bahat, 1985). t h r e e s t u d y a r e a s with the focal m e c h a n i s m of in-
In area C, reverse faults and thrusts observed in duced s e i s m s indicates i n t r a p l a t e neotectonic m o v e -
the upper terrace, as well as normal faults affecting m e n t t h a t a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n a c t i v e - - a t l e a s t as
the stone-line and the colluvium in the northeastern residual t e c t o n i s m - - up to the p r e s e n t day.
part of the basin, are clearly associated with an E - W
compression. If the correlation of the upper terrace of
the Resende Basin (Qtu) with the second cycle of
deposition is accepted (Fig. 9), then this well-defined Acknowledgements--The authors thank Dr. Thomas R. Fairchild
(IGUSP) for discussionsand improvement of the English of the
E - W compression confirms the interpretation m a d e originalversion,and the anonymous reviewersof the Journal for
in areas A and B. their constructivecriticisms. The senior author is a research
Stress directions at sites A, B, and C are very fellowof the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientlficoe
Tecnol6gico(CNPq).
similar, with some permutations ofol and o3. W h e n
analyzed in relation to the major E N E to E - W faults
of the region, these directions are compatible with
right-lateral transcurrence, at least locally conver-
gent, with an average E - W orientation.
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