ONIT-I Compuber organization Hos The a \n which components we corp ter supple: ove orqaniged and Interconnected dbekvoeens them that ackricves the na chitectine specifications . Computer. Architecture Ls. considered ty Pe these attributes, of systenn thak ave . blue te Uo User Ulte addwremnine , natruction sekx and bits wed vit bechniquers > Por data, and have o diyeck Impack' OP 4! He logical enecution of o program * tee = super” \n ow abstract Syohat doe the sypiem MONLY « , dabinus the do. rk dtals with * Computer design | Ly @ precen of planning crea ng tre hardware and software and components of & computer systen a 7 ieee 7 tynabruchion codes | +An instruction code is a qroup eh bits that tet the cormputer to per form 2 specific operation . Tey con bee cotegoniged into two demonts rou operation codes (Opcodes) and ° Addren « & qreup bits thak dafines certain: operations such add, subtract shh and compliment, * Performs on distinc operations « Trotuchon : porimak Mode” [yaa lopefondlaaaven 3 ob erate 1 ‘ Speci pies Specifies the : contains the location how operand — operation to: of Au operand Ves, will be Lecabtel.:.be poorrmed weqpler ov memory location Mode {O- diveck sddbver 4- incline addremain. ~ Computer vequles Registers are type of computor rumen used + quickly accept , sboye and tramsber date and tnstuchon that are being ured immedakely by the CPU,veqaters used by He cpu ave aften fexmed ar Procenror registers . A och OY register may hold an jnstrction, a storage addyem |i Commo? registers ustd in in bavic complilens | + af ——__ Resist Symbol | No- oh bits | Funchor ee (ees Input 8 Carries (npuk character age <7 Slate | ESR SER ETE oat Courries ouput characker cr : i ‘ Temporery | ore Holds temporary date Holds memory operand aye 42 Holds addrem for Hu U8! memory Peeunyedater = reqnler : 46 7 ae inobuction code i Holds adder cof the AnotructonCommpukey instructions \ : / —__—. D Memory -reprrcinte inabruckioh 2) Register reference Inabruchon a) Tnpuk~ output jyrsbruction D Memory-refrrnee inutruction: 4h wit Eft fan | (opcode = 600 twwush 116) 2) Raguter refeence Wdyudhon ° wu sine? O11 1 TRequter operation >| en optoda=tl , =0) a I-0 iwabuchon | 5 BM ii Sia, Coptode = 111, =) my a Sena prin Orppteton, | The abiity to abe ond otter tashucklons » 7 Raquiber bawsba . The Internal haveludoure ov Stare ake Agila connputen: te beat | dafied by - Tha sek of requolors jb contains ond: | thu functions -ote Segue of micro operabions | performed on Ma binany \wjormakon sored in We ve quale entation ' [Po —— Rp im | [oioiro | (0) te 6 - €? o [rc | reco | recy! A 4 ee) Ci) Regater hawsjer operations: 2) Simple tomar! Re FI TE ts an unconditional type eb tanger 2) Conditional hanaber Th (P=1) then RRs Po contrsl Junction Pi kre RI Rejute * travohr operations . 5) Simultansou, transfor operations : PL RR, Rie—ReBasle computer Yaqistera ‘comnected to a ; common buy’! L496 xe Can—— Bus wypterm hor aes yeguters | . Sy Acting 4y Commo?) “4x MUX 2 32 16 | D2 C2 Br 82 B) BO a Al ho i 32 | o a2r10 Regiotor ¢ Requoter B Register AMlero operations” operations performed at rege, He Thae are 3 types ) Antnnahe mine operations = Add ikon, 2) Logical min operabionn--— ANd ~ Subbra Chien 3 Shift Mivvo optrakions f— OR Kerasliende logical t— X-OR a's corvplertun eee _ Egenor f& Addition toith Avthmutic [ 2's complernant Deeremnond . Avitayvedic rdw" op ions t R3 RI +RE Aik | adder- | Trevementoy A € J] LISS 2 | os 2 | fe ———} S| j a i a cee u < ee ee eee ® = \ 2s t,- & 4 ____ = ~ AOL Abit adder- subtya ctor circuit4A-bik ovithmebe Ofek Ge ee J | ; a ce AKBYI cane i ce Atl | cxf c=Atl es Acl CHA ONMACYD operations Paral] Fs Fa] Fs] Fe] Fa Fel Pale olfololejetiit of uf | Pr ]ofo } | | ef tf of OP HEY 4 add sje fol } t _ =n _sertian puncte —_ 20 A= Ret! Trawler A Br -Y ee Tram B fe=4 ‘ Excturriver OR Fee aBY ce Ave’ oR ee ae Feed | atau! ee FeaCa 4) et Frey | a | complement § ~ te Bl Fee y! i 1 Fus uty! Fe nue | cormplerrint A fae 4! pen § | 1 Figs vty rectus | NAVD | pecans) . t Fa eay)" peat a gek b abt a's Reet _L OO \Applicectonn : - can be wed manip indivielu} bun ow 6, povkions of, a food lo cs rrequlty- p. selechine ~ seb cas" = Selactire - Complement Aa A OB ~ Seleckive cheer NeAsB! —selechee> D oF — MovteCDelete > eKDB AB — cleot Ac A@B 2 Doe hve r-8)-¢ _— Compare Ae ADB celectre SHE _ yolO 8B = aieigo (Az AXE) Seleckve cormplermett see ——__1___ 1100 1018, =o (Acres) Selecting eet 41 00 . ek 0100 (Ae A-B') ue Mask ggonk™ fio 1o lo _- [006 (AE AB) Coon operakhn 1100 1olo —— f¢ ol te Cae A@B)vot operation (101 looo ror} 000} (tor 1000 10th * 110} tooo fot! 0004 Irty try TEU 0006 Vio} tooo Foty 20° od0H OboH 9900 Lolo lolo Wot fOoo loll (@Q) A- \100 O10) p- oot! tloo Perform (i) serdave ack ACorqinas) 1010 A( dented) A Covig nel) Mark A (tnhamodiak Added Wits A (derfred (W)Selechve comperrunk (imygeleche cleo QvyMarly oe (v) shevge Wigner evden lily of A sith fo Vo! . i) 1100 O10] oolt ttoo Tri thot. fh) v1 00 oto) ooltl trop tt Ul vo opt Qny 11 oe olot OO tLT1O0 Aqu vee olol , 0° oo 1) —7VT 00 00 6} Gy) 2 a . 1) 06-8 0 0© OloOo () , 10° olo} ei O 2 YUL TE CMask) ZS 00e oo) 1 o 10 oooo Of — Yolo O70 | safe nwo —operakbuy —————E » Logical 2» pate c o civelon D) logic! 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OY e | ya Bho e ofp 9 Ort fh — mubkplicabloy dare cv'sion xh wha bike or tuk, Mart vo Wo Change orgpuk - Ty hey ore dafhacat Mun alee tae complaint of Ha MS® bik -ile L wi . fA eet a Ano ‘ ° O- 4 Size +h ole dapendo | ao to 1 Lyon fur sige of if 4 +9 2 4. bik combs notional circuit Maite uel Setecl Lona (020 vege 3 ‘ wee tL Cup) LL I, Mux [Ho —aaf | p> - e ‘ Muy My Mo ' | Ao — 7 3 o Mux “Hesy ps te At a 4&2 1 oo |b o 4 4 ~ 0 40 ae gin ay Te Ms funehon Jabu | aubpus obte Sekrck | at Ws wroyopl ; ) Wo He fe fede, 5 ate bo PS Ar drowe Ue! yt Ae Ba Fe Ont stage of arsthraeke loye: date wok Jere alongs of | ooaNavehe [Pt “| exes - [ _ ¢ Lows Sowe et | oh toque fF p | Oreusk | i | be what _ antGy fob _—— . oprah? gehock 5 SE S, % o 0 9 oO ea 9 o (° o | ea o | 5 0 5 8 0 5 OS \ o O° 1 | >t 0 ad © : o |! ) © o ! ; 1 , 0 7 " opetod bn FA FAX FeAtB Fo At et) FaAte' Fe Ate! FeAc Fear Fears fe AvB F=f KOR B Fa shrf Fest A funchs aravslrn Je rervout A Reactor Vv (amy pacl Sulstrotk uth Loree subbrachsn Dect vk A spree A PUD ok XOR cangternent a att rq A ins F plat bE A inheee 3 Dralruction eniceebon cycle , deh ) ( Ty ah chor, \ { raculs de ; \ tabu aration ode rah uchbn aye TDratuchon | Pere tee mar), PCH | py v Decope opcope) in (rr -t2) METRCO-U), TO TRCISD t we Are MAR] fs Maroy Refusne Grote Daquk| cudtule Qabucken Sem | r+ walruchen , Se 0 nln> Ow -2 —_—- Tparuction Format —_ gpatruck ion get Architecture CISA)’ > dn arekio sek We CPU ey controlled oy ya Avclikecture C28 A) dafinos row goeenere* ISA ack as on inkerfact foekueen ta oe owd Wore and dhe soltwore , speci yy] plat Ye procure’ wo capalols of both doing ar wu ar row it aes done qk car be Mewed 9% & poy bs manuel oe core ys te pow? of Ma yraclint trots visible ky ee anunbly Language programmes Mes cormpi le um KL, and Me appliadhoo program: Ce TA dafines Me cayported date Ape. Wow the hardioare dhe wegqule , Wonrages moan WENO > Key peabem, twolich patru Hors a micw pocmey oy eu ond tuputfoulput mode of tip asf ple nrrntebons44 pe of The 3 mook common ys p's are! + Slack © Accurublabor regalia (opr) © (ewtnral purr port oe ALB In att % areikechurey Clact Acuroulel GPR pls —— 4 push Loa A LoAn Rly App R! B pus B Abb B ow oD TORRES STORE Fir Pore - ass team D Tree = Adare Datruchions * ADD RY RD RB RL RAtRE 3) Tuso- Adal ares Trohruchovys «ADD BRD ReoRITR, Dd ove-pdd rem Drstructions + ADD M Ace Ace M(AR) 4) Zen0~ Adres Vasdruchony Tes Tos + (TOS i) + ADD 8) Ras¢ Dutvudhbvs slots of requlers , Memory vw restricted ty Load 4 Stove> s Three Adbrery Dahuchoi | Tony * Evaluate CAtB)* (oad) iu Tune fect vey ADD RL ALB a app ° | Re MINI EM CP) oD 250s ; Cop y Ro emfe] +d) g, MUL XPRiy > MIXT e RI+ R + Re + Tus0- Add ren Jaskructoys | RUA » ere Malad 4, MoV pRIE pit Mle) p apd RUB nee bie ype eMd 4. ADD ged ; pre eet oP) 5. MUL Ce PR f, Moy XORI pao , Lord ka, B sere MCB) 3, Lok RoC 1 ege Mc) g. LAD Raed , race MCD) ¢. ADP pirRrs FP s RE RITE? c, APP ga RBRE 7 REL RB TES 4, wel pr, RV, R3 y RIE RIERS x, RI Ove! sg TOREa “ 1 Addie! modey | Tingle Addrening Prod “Th defivibon of Ava twutruckhion ibell the operands inaplicitley speci called oo ‘Innpliat addremng - Th u also mocks . (used to vrench Conny tog 4) OD eq cL¢ Sto nop mank Accunnulator Cromedcat AAdrening Mode! oe operand ve specified tua induction emplicilly . ok addmen folds Hat contains the tye vole stored » Duatead an operand Held vb presen as pen 4o will incremunt in te aceumulater by jo. Mov R #20 rwittalizes register R bv covstank value 20, Register Direct Addvering mods? © The operand bby contained in a vegiaten ak. stortd operand a wererment the vate {4° APPR will tla content of la the accummutater by yequles R. Ac elacxCed- 1 If } is operand | | | | ft EE Ruguley Divesk Addo ning mode Reaioken Dadire ck had rening Mode +The addres field of the inabructon Yeh, boa cpu yequtur Wak tonkeine tae Aechve addmen of te operand . | Ly oparan Reginten sek ai - Reginter Sndlirecl- Mdrerding wade wade 4° ADDR Ace aca([eT] fuko~ Toren Addresing moda 6 Th Wks mode, after attiming the ™ operand fon Ne requber » the content of tae veguler is automatically lacremanted by Shep sige a’, * Elfeckive addirens > conte of requler inchive oF addmerpinggodt ope [ | t ) ‘. | | Be [47a | Lx 8800 bs gg ) 1 oo gp Iga09 aaa | Mewoey L Auth ‘Theremout Mabresing Mode | Auto-Deeremenk Addreming heen | Reuter sek Memon) | Auto Beeremunt Addressing Mode » CYecbive adden =conkeutof _ step size Register Direck Addvening Mode" prods | A i Diveck Addaoviveg woods -apoperand | ea. ADD X Fig es (yerahel)Indirect Aadbreani ng mode * — [oeuepa } | 4) Appx At act [0X] Rulotine Addrersing mode! Effective _ content of Adare park Addren program + ok te instruction couwl [erode | A | orem d A te Mon m4 Indened Addrenivy moda! ethecee conden of, Addrem pot ob Maven — ‘Dadta Reguoker thet nstrichor >ne ae Renter sck gare Reqirter Addvemt Medle ' bor ren Ene _ content of Aadrerr pot oh pide — Base equates "the wwahrudhonNeral ne oben ln [ pricnics Nldvew Minor too | Lowd by Ac | Macle | Rd: an 2or Ad dirern= Sv 202 Newb Suelo | XR too | Ac oe 344 asp J 400 | op ad fo Glee eckve oddren ond fad the content of Ac for G}pacnk addreming Modo» » Pdremivg raode| cjfeclne elder Content of Ac Erplicit 204 ‘500. Dwwse.dioke Diveck 5v0 noo Dydined a 300 Avo Yan 'ustew Duvede a baguslen tndireck a me Rulakive fides 400 Dydoned on 00 Aube increment ae 450 Auth ~daenemnonteGeneral eles organization pie | cay) ee Jue \ ann aybey DLT AY mrs Te | and L : ee ows (SxGreoding of requler selechon Aeokds N Binary cods sera SELB SEED F SELRGy St a —— wo Trpub — Tnput - 001 a RI i. Olo iv) ie " ol R3 ee * \oo R4 4 “ loy Rs RS Rs \lo Re Re Re WW os Ra " Ercod _ ang of ALU Opevabous operalton selection optwalton sypebet Coda See a coon Trons\er A TSFA ena Drorernent A cae App 0010 a ool ae ~ Decrement A bec olob 0 \ol pane “ ei A ORB OR on MEER 6 . looo a f oe tool stat Wyk A onsConrret word 2 +k constr of four brtds sera, serB ddl | seLb oT SELREG tonkains tree bit each and SEL OFR fetal conbaiis for+ bits sei SELB [52 b ‘| seLo ne SELREC dol | oul lO} Bolo pata tvawsja and Manipulation _—— ) Data tromaber ‘wastruchons 2) pata mani pulabon iat ruch ow 5) Progra control instructions - ) Dale trons vpatruchones § Nome | Mnemonic Lead LD ST shove \ | Mov Move | er Cnchrange | on Pepa out oukpuk pusH Pus | por pep |0. IS convenhon Breck Addrey LD Apr Drdiyeck Addie, -D EADR Rulokve Addyern LD $ADR Medak Addreyy LD NBR Thdon Adclyers Lb Ape(x> Register LD Ra Reatater Drdivece ED RA) Rubr increment Lb Cea)+ Avthmube inatructions Mode Assembly 1 nce M[ADR) nce MM CADR] Ace MUPCH ADE) Ace NBR Ace MIADR + XR) Ace RA Ace MLAS) Ace M[Ri), Ree, Dala Log ca} ~ Hanipubabi on Wie _ Dastrucktons Prytnnetic instructions © Nowe Trcrerunt Devremnunt had Subotvock Mun ply Divide Add wily com Fulctrauk willy lewou Neqjats (a's complement) Mreveonic. INC ec ADD SUB MoL BIV Appc SUBB NEG> Legieel - Naw clow cormpurnn : AND ok Cras OF clear camry sek camry cormplraenk Came Croble Inkerupt puoblue Dnteragt sale: Name _— Local Wale Riga Lagicad sbi Lyt hatrarnalic Moye RF ftiawnelde stad Hebe Rotate Right Rotaty Lett Retake Rigt Mwroug come Rolab, Lefk trough carn Mntimonic ie coty AND Or KOR CLRe sete com c eT bi Mnemonic SAR sHL SHRA sHLA ROR ROL ROR RoleProepraunn control Instructions ! Nome Mnemonre Bronch BR TMP ump SkP Slip cL Cakt Rebun RET Compowe( by euldwactos) MP Test Cy ANDina) 8ST> There ore mater types 4 cortref organiza, —Hardewired conbrol - ~ Micropwagrawcned covdy) L i involves Nee Contras programm a Jogi Peas lar firrach Ay 4 goden dtoduns, Hord wired SS Couknt urst of Lane Lom ples r t cae verre (tue) ene ie OLR» (C0 Ke do[ Daobrue Fon codus| ON | Mpeg _ Logie i Tire 7 | Ss PRranch] Mey { Malki plones | "7_Log tc Schock | eee wreaks | | L Cavey | Zocbral adders resister # nar} CAR) [pee] | | conpuler Tyabuekon 1 [to a | Mapping bits 0 Micrimrruckin oddwren’|o 1° | \ooé ice program anepl : : - Commpuler Harduusre configuration+¢ Ov000011 0 +13 oo00!!o} 4195 60010014 Sued! loog 0 N04 \ Dstqueck megs ud. Ws yp ttllodlo os VEL Eoo Ud a) ats ) 2's 6 C00 00110 tee lttvoely er ee (LLU Coy 6 tttilolo 413 o ooolt ol eg be o0°%O)] II ~— at -L rriprole -B1 4 ttootl Qt it to js o3 xv -14 aw) — (+n) = men) . C ye emt Ow) Eyw (Ww¢ |, ped potuak reprercy ba Hon 0 yusigntd Fired point de) signi fined pout qpopresene O1TOLyD using abil ihqur’ awd j-bik Pravin. park ol Lotto A- bit 3-bik O11 Lo (ov alto), = 6-75 hp Sigua Hed pth 6, Reprereud= (-7-5)v0 wing g-bit biwary resentation voile 4-diots indegor and a fpachornal bits BS i (nb), | (out 1000), &- (ooo: 1000),Cos.4s), wag vob repeat, V as.as — itool ll (Co OOllool. (100002), Ww) CaWo 000000), A cog | pot Tepreren labor TE ures codeutific notation 4 Tepresenk Ho number. mxye? exponent © Represent — 6132-79 iw float pout: vreprenentatson ' Pracklon xpovrent 6132 48% +4 @, Reprerem + oli with Tk fraction ond bbb emponenl- Fraction euporent- lato OlLOVWIO aoolodF439, 62S tw Wleolng puinh veprenent iw 32-bit howmal ; 1 boy Kiqued wit aHov 5 - keen and | 6- . foctonal part. 15 (r9ret" LtOl0), Frachon nm ™ fon vt peHeoe 000000 000001! 6 ovo! oll yo\o00000 ‘ek geek myrtle poogoooooo0 tot ott. | otyo0000000000 (0-75* (-° 628) pre (900% {106 O4W ~ goo: 10l0 9. 616 eo! lo ces po 00-1100 <990, 0010 >) aaa