SOLUTION

WONDER OF SCIENCE
8
Chapter 1 : Crop Production and Its Management

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Cultivating plants for human use—for Food, Clothing is called Agriculture.
2. Factory made plant nutrient—is called Fertilizers.
3. Providing water to plants—is called Irrigation.
4. Plants sown in monsoon—are Kharif Crops.
5. Decomposed organic matter—is Manure.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Use of fertilizers is full of risks. Fertilizers tend to reduce the soil fertility, in the long
run. Use of fertilizers can also lead to ground water pollution. Some harmful
chemicals of fertilizers also reach human body through the food. But manures are not
as harmful as fertilizers. It provides a lot of humus to the soil. It is also cost-effective.
So, manures are better than fertilizers.
2. The method of replenishing the soil with nutrients is by crop rotation. In this method,
different types of crops are grown instead of just one type of crop every year in the
same field, this helps in replenishment of soil with nitrogen.
3. Cultivating of crop involves a series of activities like preparation of soil, sowing of
seeds, applying adequate quantities of suitable manures and fertilizers, irrigation,
removal of weeds, harvesting and storing of crops. These are collectively known as
agricultural practices.
4. Fish is a major source of food in India. The rearing of fish on a large scale is called
pisiculture. Honey bees are small insects that give us honey. The rearing of honey
bees on a large scale is called Apiculture.
5. When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at some place on a large scale, it is
called a crop.

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 TYPES OF CROPS
Different types of crops have different types of requirements in a particular area. A crop
mainly grows well in one season, depending upon the climatic conditions such as
temperature, humidity and rainfall. Based on these factors, there are two types of crops—
(a) Kharif crops (b) Rabi crops.
(a) Kharif crops : These are summer season crops. these are planted around June
(during monsoon) and are harvested by October. Paddy (rice), maize, jowar, soybean,
groundnut, cotton and pulses are some examples of Kharif crop.
(b) Rabi crops—These are winter season crops. These are planted around November
and are harvested by March and April. Pea, gram, mustard, wheat, potato, linseed
and barley are some examples of Rabi crops.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Method of Irrigation can be either traditional or modern.
Traditional methods of Irrigation
Traditional methods utilize capital or human labour. These methods were cheaper
but they were less efficient.
✿ Kareen or dhekli—A bucket or a boat shaped container is attached to a lever.
The lever is pushed by feet so that the bucket lifts water from the water reservoir.
The water is thus channelized through narrow drains. This is a cost-effective
solution for small farmers.
✿ Water pumps—Motor driving water pumps are widely used for irrigation. The
water pump is ideal for drawing water from tube wells. The pump can be
operated by electricity or by diesel engines. In many villages, government also
installed pumps so that the whole village can get irrigation facility.
✿ Rahat or Water wheel—It is also known as Persian wheel. There is a wooden
wheel. Buckets are attached near the rim of wheel. When the water moves,
buckets lift water and then the water is released in drains. The water wheel is
operated by animal power.
Modern methods of Irrigation—The modern method of irrigation is better than
traditional method of irrigation because with acute water shortage prevailing in
many areas, we have to adopt more modern methods of irrigation. These methods
utilize electric motors and thus use water more economically and efficiently. Some of
these methods are:
✿ Sprinkle method—It consists of a main pipe, to which many pipes are arranged
in series. These pipes have rotating sprinkle nozzles to right angles. When water
is flowing through the top of the main pipe, it enters into the attached pipes and
comes out in the form of sprinkles through the nozzles. At times, fertilizers or
pesticides are also mixed with water and sprayed. This method is useful in areas
where water is available in small quantities like deserts.
✿ Drip System—The water is allowed to flow in drops near the roots of the plant.
This saves a lot of water which otherwise evaporates from the field. It is one of
the best methods of irrigation in places where water is scarce.

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2. Methods of sowing seeds
(a) Manually ( by using hands)
(b) Mechanically ( by using a seed drill)
(a) Manually—Seeds are scattered by hands and it is called broadcasting. In this
method, the seeds are scattered in the field by the farmer in standing position.
(b) Mechanically—A seed drill has a funnel shaped opening leading to long tubes
and these tubes are attached to a plough. Seeds are put into the funnel. As the
plough makes furrows in the soil, the seeds are deposited, at right distance and
right depth, in the soil by the drill. Sowing of seeds using a seed drill is better
than broadcasting as the seeds are sown at regular intervals and at a proper
depth. Moreover, this method of sowing is much faster and economical in
comparison to broadcasting.
3. Preparation of soil
This is the first step in raising a crop. We know that the top soil is the most fertile
layer of the soil. It has to be loosened and aerated so that the roots are able to
penetrate deeper. This process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing or
tilling. This is done by a wooden or an iron plough. Ploughing in bigger field is done by
using tractor driven cultivator, whereas for smaller fields, animals are used for this
purpose. First ploughing is done on dry land then afterwards large soil lumps are
further broken down into small pieces using a wooden or iron plank. This is called
levelling. After ploughing the soil is levelled and furrows are made. If the soil is very
dry, it may need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of
soil called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs with a plank. The field is
levelled for sowing as well as for irrigation purposes. The levelling of soil is done with
the help of a leveller. Sometimes, manure is added to the soil before tilling. This helps
in proper mixing of manure with soil. The soil is watered before sowing is carried out.
Advantages of ploughing and levelling of soil :
(i) Loose soil allows easy penetration of roots.
(ii) It lets air and water percolate very easily.
(iii) It helps in turning the soil inside out so that even distribution of nutrients will
take place.
(iv) Loosening of soil allows easy mixing of fertilizers.
(v) Levelling helps in preventing soil erosion.
(vi) Levelling also prevents water logging and helps in uniform irrigation of the land.
4. Manure—Manure is obtained from the decomposition of plant or animal waste. Plant
waste and animal waste are dumped in pits. They are allowed to decompose. Once
everything decomposes, manure is ready. The material formed after decomposition is
called compost. Microorganisms play an important role in decomposition.
Fertilizers—Plant nutrients which are made in factories are called fertilizers. A
fertilizer is a chemical substance which is rich in a particular nutrient. Urea,
Ammonium Sulphate, potash, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and
super-phosphate are some examples of fertilizers. Fertilizers are very useful because
they help in getting rich harvest.

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 5. (a) Harvesting : When the seeds ripen on the plants, they are cut with the help of
sickle and gathered from the field. This process of cutting (reaping) and
gathering of a mature (ripe) crop is called harvesting. Harvesting is done either
manually with sickle or using a machine called the combine harvester. Combine
harvester combines and complete all the process of harvesting such as reaping,
threshing and winnowing.
(b) Storage Of Grains : Not all the grains produced after one harvest can be used at
one go. Most part of it needs to be stored for future use. To prevent damage from
moisture, insects, rodents and microorganisms there should be proper storage of
grains.In traditional method, silos are used for grain storage. Silos are usually
made of split bamboo and coated with a layer of clay. Nowadays grains are also
stored in metallic containers. Farmers put dried neem leaves in stored grains to
prevent the growth of pests and micro–organism. Special chemical treatment is
applied when grains are stored in big warehouses.
(c) Animal Husbandry—The rearing of animals on a large scale for food is called
animal husbandry. Rearing involves caring, feeding and breeding of farm
animals and keep them free from diseases. Animals re-raised in farms.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. food 2. ploughing 3. crumbs
4. broadcasting 5. excess of water 6. roots
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Apiculture—honey bees 2. Harvesting—reaping of crops
3. Manure—plant nutrient 4. Weed—unwanted plants
5. Fish—pisiculture
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 2 : Microorganisms: Friends and Foes

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
(B) One word question answers :
1. One communicable disease—is Cholera.
2. Itching on feet is known as—Fungi.
3. Cholera is caused by—Vibrio Cholera.
4. Fungus used in bakeries—Yeast Moulds.
5. During treatment of sewage, bacteria produces—Sludge.

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(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. There are numerous organisms that live around us but are not visible to us. They are
so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eyes and can only be seen through a
microscope. Due to their extremely small size these are called microorganisms or
microbes.
2. Types of microorganisms
Some microorganisms are single celled and some are multicellular. Microorganisms
are classified into five major groups as follows : Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae and
Viruses.
3. Vaccination
Microbes cause diseases which are cured with the help of certain other microbes
which plays an important role in making antibiotics. Some bacteria and fungi are
used for preparing medicines called antibiotics such as streptomycin, erythromycin,
amoxycillin and penicillin. Antibiotics are the medicines that kill or prevent the
growth of harmful microorganisms.
4. Protozoa—Protozoa are unicellular animals. Cell wall is absent in Protozoa cell.
They are heterotrophs and most of them are parasites. Amoeba is a good example of
Protozoa. Amoeba lives in freshwater and is not a parasite. Amoeba has a unique
ability to change shape as per need. Entamoeba and plasmodium are examples of
parasitic protozoa.
Algae—The green slimy patches which are often found near ponds, ditches or hand
pumps, are formed by algae. Algae can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular
algae can live alone or can live in colonies. Most of the algae are filamentous in shape.
The green colour of algae shows that chloroplast is present in them and hence, they
are autotrophs and make their own food. On the basis of the pigments, algae are
classified as green algae, brown algae and red algae.
5. (a) Bacteria
(i) bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (ii) vibrio (comma-shaped),
(b) Fungi
(i) fungi are single-celled or multicellular organisms.
(ii) Yeast, moulds, Penicillium, aspergillus
(c) Protozoa
(i) Amoeba (ii) Entamoeba
(d) Algae
(i) Spirogyra, (ii) Chlamydomonas
(e) Viruses
(i) TMV (ii) HIV
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Microorganisms as our friends : Without any conscious effort, human beings are
very closely associated with the number of microbes in their surroundings, many of
them are great friends of men. Different microorganisms are used for various
purposes: flight for making dairy products and for medicines, cleaning the
environment and increasing soil fertility.

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 Microbes as our foes : Some microbes can cause illness in humans, plants and
animals. They also spoil food. The microorganisms causing diseases in humans are
called pathogens and are commonly known as germs. The microbial diseases, that can
spread from infected person to a healthy person through air, water, food or physical
contact, are called communicable diseases.
2. For medicinal purpose vaccination : Vaccines are prepared with dead or
weakened microbes which cause the same disease. These are then called antigens.
When they are introduced in our body, the body starts fighting and produce
antibodies. Anytime in future, if the microbe responsible for the disease earlier enters
the body, the body remembers how to fight that disease. The introduction of a small
amount of antigen is called inoculation. Vaccination has successfully eradicated many
deadly diseases like smallpox and attempts are being made towards eradication of
polio, measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox etc.
3. Conditions for the growth of microorganisms : Microorganisms grow very fast
under most humid conditions and then optimum temperature range of 25° C to 40° C.
Here are some ways in which harmful microbes spread :
(i) By direct contact with an infected person.
(ii) Through sneezing, coughing, etc.
(iii) Through carriers or vectors like housefly, mosquitoes and many more.
(iv) Contaminated food, water and air.
(v) Through bite of an animal.
4. Food Preservation : Some food items have to be consumed immediately as they are
perishable and susceptible to spoilage by microorganisms. But by using certain food
preservation techniques we can prevent the growth of microbes and can use them for
longer duration. Food can be preserved using many methods such as sun drying,
adding preservatives, refrigeration and freezing, pasteurization and heating and
using air tight packaging containers.
5. (a) Bacteria—Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Cell wall is present in bacteria.
Bacteria are usually heterotrophs, but some of them are autotrophs. Bacteria are
found everywhere. Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes. In prokaryotes,
chromosomes are not bound by membranes. Bacteria can be classified on the
basis of their shapes which are as follows bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci
(spherical-shaped), vibrio (comma-shaped), spirillium (spiral-shaped).
(b) Fungi—Fungi are single-celled or multicellular organisms. They are found
mostly in warm and humid places. Yeast, moulds, Penicillium, aspergillus and
mushrooms are examples of fungi. Except for mushroom, fungi are microscopic.
(c) Viruses—Viruses are microorganisms that can be seen only through an electron
microscope. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They live and grow only
inside living cells of plants and animals. Viruses have a variety of shapes. They
may be hexagonal, spherical or rod shaped, polygonal, cubical etc. They do not
have cytoplasm, nucleus or cell membrane. There is just a central core of RNA or
DNA surrounded by sheath of protein coat. This protein coat is made up of
regularly packed units called capsid. Bacteriophage, TMV and HIV are some
examples of viruses.

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(E) Fill in the blanks with the words given below :
1. microorganisms 2. fungi 3. algae
4. inoculation 5. pathogens 6. poisoning
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Salmonella—food poisoning 2. Yeast—fermentation
3. Rhizobium—nitrogen fixation 4. Penicillin—antibiotic
5. Malaria—plasmodium
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 3 : Synthetic fibres and Plastics

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)
(B) One word question answers :
1. First synthetic fibre—is Rayon.
2. First truly synthetic fibre—is Nylon.
3. Resembles silk in appearance—is Rayon.
4. Silk, jute, cotton, wool—are natural Fibres.
5. Plastic for one time use and cannot be moulded again—The ermosetting plastic.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Rayon is discovered earlier than nylon, but nylon is considered truly synthetic fibre
because Nylon is made from coal, water and air. Nylon is stronger, lighter and
lustrous than rayon. The strength of nylon can be gauged from the fact that it is used
in making parachutes and ropes.
2. The thread from which cloth is made is called fiber and the material produced by
weaving and knitting textiles fibers is called fabric. Natural fibers like cotton, jute,
silk, wool etc. and synthetic fibers such as rayon, nylon, polyester, etc. Besides
clothes, fabrics are used for making many household articles like carpets, bags, ropes,
etc.
3. Plastic—Plastics are synthetic materials that can be melted and moulded into
different shapes. Like synthetic fibres, plastics are also polymers. In plastics, the
arrangement of the individual units may be linear or cross-linked. Plastic is a
material which can be moulded into various shapes and sizes. Plastic can be recycled,
recoloured, melted and reused. There are uncountable plastic materials we use in our
daily life like buckets, bottles, toys, boxes, bowls, switchboards, dinner sets, doors and
so on.

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 4. Thermoplastic—The plastic which can be melted by heating and again molded into
different shapes and sizes are known as thermoplastic. For example polythene, PVC
(polyvinyl chloride), polystyrene, Teflon, etc.
Thermosetting plastic—Thermosets are also plastics in which materials are
obtained by gently heating and then moulding. However, the moulded materials
cannot be remoulded again and again. Thus, they are plastic for one time use and the
molding is permanent. They are harder and stiffer than thermoplastic. Bakelite,
melamine, formica, sunmica and urea formaldehyde are examples of thermosetting
plastic.
5. Fibres are of two types :
(i) Natural Fibre—The fibres which are obtained from plants and animals are
called natural fibres. For example cotton, jute, silk, and wool.
(ii) Man-made fibre or synthetic fibre—Man-made fibres are also known as
synthetic fibres. For example rayon, nylon, polyester and plastic.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Natural fibre—The fibres which are obtained from plants and animals are called
natural fibres. Cotton and jute are obtained from plants and silk and wool are
obtained from animals.
Man-made fibre or synthetic fibre—Man-made fibres are also known as synthetic
fibres. They are made from chemicals obtained from petroleum (crude oil). .
2. Structure of fibre—All natural fibres are made from simple chemical molecules
called monomers. The monomers join in large number to form a long chain of
molecules called polymers. All polymers contain molecules of same substance join
together to form a long chain or bigger molecule. The polymers are plastic in nature.
They can be moulded into various shapes. The property when a substance can be
moulded into various forms is called plasticity, and the substance itself is called
plastic. The natural fibres are not produced in large quantities which could satisfy the
increasing demand of increasing human population. This drawback in natural fabrics
led scientists to use their knowledge of chemistry and technology to create fibres
artificially. Chemists have learnt to combine simpler molecule into a long chain of a
bigger molecule so as to form artificial fibres. These artificial fibres are called
synthetic polymers
3. Properties and uses of plastics
(i) Plastics do not corrode easily as they do not react with air and water. They are
used for making toys, decorative items and as packing materials. They are used
to store chemicals.
(ii) Plastics have light weight, good strength and are easy to handle.
(iii) They are lighter than metals, they are used in cars, aircrafts etc. in place of
metals.
(iv) Plastics are poor conductor of electricity and are used for making electrical
switches, for covering electrical wires and appliances.
(v) Plastics can be spun into fibres to make clothes and carpets.
(vi) They were used for making table cloths, fashionable accessories, footwears,
waterproof shoes, raincoats and bathroom curtains.

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 (vii) Teflon is used to make non-stick cooking vessels.
(viii)Plastics are strong, durable and corrosion free. Plastics are inflammable and
therefore are a fire hazard.
(ix) Plastics are chemically unreactive.
(x) Being insoluble in water they are used to make bottles, buckets and containers
for storing water and plastic cups and tumblers for drinking water.
4. Some of the harmful effects of plastic on our environment are :
(i) The poly bags carelessly thrown here and there are responsible for clogging the
drains and sewer lines.
(ii) Many animals like cows while eating food waste from garbage, swallow
polythene bags. This chokes their respiratory system or causes problem in their
stomach and can lead to their death.
(iii) Plastic waste thrown into water bodies, they cause water pollution and also harm
aquatic life.
(iv) When plastic wastes are burnt, they produce toxic gases and smoke that cause
air pollution.
(v) When plastics are buried in the soil, they prevent rainwater from seeping into
the ground. This deprives plants growing in that area.
3R’s towards plastic created problems : The most effective method to protect
from the hazards of plastic is by following the three R’s principles REDUCE, REUSE
and RECYCLE.
(i) Use of plastic bags should be banned and we should use other alternatives like
cotton or jute bags or recycled paper bags.
(ii) Reuse plastic bags as long as possible.
(iii) Do not burn them with dried leaves and twigs.
(iv) If required, we should use plastic articles that can be recycled. Recycling plastic
is also one of the ways to reduce plastic wastes.
(v) We should not throw plastic bags in water bodies, on roads sides and in parks.
(vi) We should clean and dry plastic bags, plastic containers, plastic bottles for reuse
as containers.
(vii) The people need to be educated and made aware of ill effects of using plastic
excessively.
5. (a) Uses of Rayon—
(i) It is used for making clothing items like jacket, ties, suits, dresses etc.
(ii) It is also used for making furnishing materials and car upholstery.
(iii) Its long filaments are used for making reinforced automobile tyres.
(iv) It is used for making gauze to cover wounds.
Properties of Rayon
(i) It is soft, comfortable and highly absorbent.
(ii) It is lustrous as silk.
(iii) It is cheap and affordable.
(iv) It is strong and easy to dye.

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 (b) Uses of Nylon
(i) It is used for making fabric for clothing and woolen garments.
(ii) It is used for making parachutes, mountaineering and fishing nets, tents
and ropes.
(iii) It is used for making strings for tennis rackets and tyre cords.
(iv) It is also used for making household articles such as tooth brushes, zip
fasteners, combs, hooks, socks, stockings and various small parts of machine
such as washers, pulleys etc.
Properties of nylon
(i) It is lightweight and wrinkle free material.
(ii) It is water resistant and quick to dry.
(iii) It is very strong and is one of the most elastic synthetic fibre.
(iv) It is long lasting and lustrous.
(v) Nylon is not acted upon by bacteria and fungi.
(c) Uses of polyester
(i) It is used for making many useful materials like CD, plastic films, tarpaulin,
umbrella and raincoat, file covers etc.
(ii) It is used for making clothes, towels, upholstery, curtains, mats, cusion
covers, bed sheets, bed covers, table covers etc.
(iii) It is also used for making bottles and utensils.
Properties of polyester
(i) It is easy to maintain.
(ii) It is stretching and shrinking resistant.
(iii) It is lightweight, tear resistant and wrinkle proof and can be washed easily.
(E) Fill in the blanks with suitable (given) words :
1. rayon 2. non-biodegradable 3. cellulose
4. poor 5. ester 6. water
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Rayon—artificial silk 2. Acrylic—snythetic wool
3. Teflon—non-stick cooking vessel 4. Plastic—non-biodegradable
5. Polyester—terrycot and PET
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 4 : Metals and Non-Metals

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Produce sound on hitting—Sonorous metals.

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 2. Metallic shine over the surface—Lustre.
3. Dissolve in liquid solvent—Alkali Metals
4. Drawn into wires—Ductility.
5. Vision is not possible through the object—Opaque.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Metals—A metal is a material that when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured,
shows a lustrous appearance and conducts electricity and heat relatively as well.
Metals are typically malleable or ductile. Some of the common metals used are iron,
copper, silver, aluminium, nickel, magnesium, gold and mercury.
2. Non–metals—Non-metals are soft and dull in appearance. They are poor conductors
of heat and electricity. They are not as strong as metals and are also not sonorous.The
commonly used non-metals are carbon, chlorine, sulphur, oxygen, phosphorus and
nitrogen.
3. Noble metals—The noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion and
oxidation in moist air. They tend to be precious, often due to their rarity in the Earth's
crust. The noble metals are most commonly considered to be rhodium, silver, iridium,
platinum and gold.
4. Displacement reaction of metals—A displacement reaction is one in which a more
reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal in a reaction. Different metals have
different chemical reactivities. Some metals are very reactive and some are less
reactive.
5. Rusting of iron—Rusting of iron usually a red oxide formed by the reaction of
iron, when iron is exposed to oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Zinc is
used to galvanize iron objects to prevent them from rusting.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Uses of some metals are—
(i) The lustrous metals are used to make Jewellery. Gold and silver are also used to
make very thin sheets to decorate sweets.
(ii) Aluminium and copper are used for making electric cables. Aluminium is used
for making aircraft parts, packaging foils and even in paints.
(iii) Metals like copper, aluminium and iron are used in making utensils, kitchen
ware, gas stove, electric iron, machinery and automobile parts.
(iv) Gates, railings, agriculture implements, automobiles, nails, pipes, medical tools,
bolts are made up of iron. Iron is also used in construction works.
(v) Lead is used to make car batteries. Its compounds are used in the manufacture of
paints.
(vi) Mercury is used in thermometers and barometers.
(vii)Zinc is used in making dry cells and also to galvanize iron objects to prevent them
from rusting.
Uses of some non-metals are—
(i) Graphite is used in pencils and in dry cells. Powdered graphite is used as a
lubricant.

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 (ii) Phosphorus is used in Fireworks industry.
(iii) Sulphur is used in manufacture of chemical compounds, matchsticks, dyes, car
powder, explosives, batteries, fertilizers etc.
(iv) Hydrogen and oxygen is used in cutting and welding of metals. Oxygen also
supports combustion reaction.
(v) Noble gases like Helium are used to fill balloons and argon is used to fill in the
bulbs.
(vi) Oxygen is widely used for artificial respiration.
2. Metals have the following physical properties—
(i) Hardness—Generally, all metals are hard and strong. Metals like sodium and
potassium are soft solids and can be cut with a knife.
(ii) Ductility—metals can be drawn into thin wires. The property, by which a
substance can be drawn into wires, is called ductility. Sodium, potassium, zinc,
arsenic, and calcium are exceptions.
(iii) Lustre—Metals usually have lustre. Most metals have a brilliant shine over the
surface. This metallic shine is called lustre.
(iv) Physical state—Metals are solids generally at room temperature. They have
very high melting and boiling points. Mercury (Hg) and gallium are exceptions as
they are liquids at room temperature.
(v) Malleability—the property due to which a substance can be beaten into thin
sheets is called malleability. Metals like gold, silver, copper, etc… are generally
malleable whereas zinc, arsenic and antimony are exceptions.
(vi) Sonorous—metals produce sound on hitting with a metal rod. This shows that
metals are sonorous.
(vii)Colour—all the metals have a silver grey colour, except gold which has yellow
colour and copper has reddish orange colour.
(viii) Solubility—metals usually don't dissolve in liquid solvents.
(ix) Opaque—metals are opaque substances. We cannot see through them.
(x) Conductivity—metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
Most metals allow heat and electricity to pass through them easily. Silver is the
best conductor of heat and electricity, whereas bismuth and tungsten are poor
conductors.
The physical properties of non-metals are—
(i) Hardness—Non-metals are generally not hard. Carbon, in the form of diamond,
is the hardest substance known.
(ii) Ductility— Non-metals are not ductile.
(iii) Lustre—Non-metals have no lustre. However, iodine and graphite have lustre.
(iv) Physical state—Non-metals are generally brittle solids, liquids or gases. They
change into vapour state at fairly low temperature. Carbon, silicon and boron are
exception and change into vapours at a very high temperature.
(v) Malleability—Non-metals are non-malleable. They are rather brittle, hence, on
applying force, break into pieces.

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 (vi) Sonorous—Non-metals have no sonority that is they do not produce metallic
sound when struck with a substance.
(vii)Melting and boiling points—Non-metals generally have low melting and
boiling points. Carbon, silicon and boron have high melting and boiling points.
(viii)Density—Non-metals generally have low density. However, diamond is almost
as heavy as aluminium.
(ix) Conductivity—Non–metals are usually bad conductors of heat and electricity.
However, carbon in the form of graphite, is a good conductor of electricity.
3. Displacement reaction of metals
Different metals have different chemical reactivities. Some metals are very reactive
and some are less reactive. Based on all these reactivities, a reactivity or activity
series is prepared. In this reactivity series the most reactive metal is placed at the top
whereas the least reactive metal is placed at the bottom.
A displacement reaction is one in which a more reactive metal displaces the less
reactive metal in a reaction. For example, Iron, being more reactive than copper
replaces copper from the aqueous solution of copper sulphate. The blue solution of
copper sulphate turns green due to formation of ferrous sulphate.
Similarly, magnesium, which is more reactive than hydrogen, replaces it from the
dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid.
4. Chemical Properties of Metal.
Metals have the following chemical properties—
(i) Reaction with oxygen—Metals form oxides by combining with oxygen. Metals
donate electrons to oxygen molecules. Metallic oxides are basic in nature. The
reactivity of different metals with oxygen is different from each other.
Metals like Sodium and Potassium reacts immediately with oxygen.
The reaction of copper with oxygen is very slow.
Metals like magnesium have to be heated before reaction with oxygen.
(ii) Reaction with water—Metals form hydroxide and hydrogen gas is evolved,
when they react with water. The reactivity of metals with water is different.
Sodium reacts with water at normal temperature. Its reaction with water is
highly vigorous that is why it is kept under kerosene.
Potassium and Calcium too react with water forming potassium hydroxide and
calcium hydroxide respectively.
Magnesium reacts with water only at a high temperature. The reaction takes
place if the water boiled in the presence of catalyst like nickel or with steam.
Iron and Zinc are not affected even by hot water, but they react with steam.
Copper does not react with water even at high temperature and also not with steam.
(iii) Reaction with acids—Usually metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid
forming respective chloride and hydrogen gas.
With dilute sulphuric acid, they give sulphates and hydrogen gas.
Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(iv) Reaction with hydrogen—Certain active metals like Sodium, Potassium and
Calcium combined with hydrogen to form their respective hydrides.

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 (v) Reaction with chlorine—Metals react with chlorine to form their respective
chlorides.
5. Chemical properties of non–metals
Chemical properties of non-metals are–
1. Reaction with oxygen—Non-metals react with oxygen to form oxides. Some of
these oxides form acids when dissolved in water.
2. Reaction with water—Non-metals do not react with water.
3. Reaction with acid—Non-metals do not remove hydrogen from acids. They
accept electrons instead of supplying them. However, concentrated nitric acid
reacts with Sulphur on boiling to form Sulphur Dioxide gas, Nitrogen dioxide gas
and water.
4. Reaction with hydrogen—Non-metals, with hydrogen form their respective
hydrides. Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to give hydrogen chloride. Carbon
reacts with hydrogen to form methane.
5. Reaction with chlorine—Non-metals form chloride when they react with
chlorine.
6. Uses of Non-metals
(i) Graphite is used in pencils and in dry cells. Powdered graphite is used as a
lubricant.
(ii) Phosphorus is used in Fireworks industry.
(iii) Sulphur is used in manufacture of chemical compounds, matchsticks, dyes, car
powder, explosives, batteries, fertilizers etc.
(iv) Hydrogen and oxygen is used in cutting and welding of metals. Oxygen also
supports combustion reaction.
(v) Noble gases like Helium are used to fill balloons and argon is used to fill in the
bulbs.
(vi) Oxygen is widely used for artificial respiration.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. sound 2. good conductors, 3. electric
4. appearance 5. non-metals 6. cutting
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Copper—reddish orange 2. Bromine—liquid non-metal
3. Graphite—lustrous non-metal 4. Sodium and potassium—soft solids
5. Mercury and gallium—liquid metals
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.

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 Chapter 5 : Coal and Petroleum

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Formation of coal—Carbonisation.
2. CNG—Compressed natural gas.
3. Natural gas reserves—Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Krishna Godavari Delta.
4. Large plant of petroleum refining—Petroleum refineries.
5. Two fossil fuels—Coal petroleum.
6. Renewable resources—Air, Soil, Water, Forest, Sunlight.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Coal
Coal is black, solid fossil fuel which mainly consists of carbon. Coal occurs in many
varieties based on the carbon contents– anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. The
nature of coal formed depends on the depth to which the buried remains reached. The
lower the remains sank, the higher the carbon content.
2. Petroleum
Petroleum is a thick liquid trapped between rocks and under the ocean and is also
called crude oil. The word petroleum is derived from the Greek word Petra which
means rock and Oela which means oil. Crude oil is a dark brown or green coloured,
viscous, foul smelling and flammable liquid. It is a mixture of different organic
compounds most of which are hydrocarbons of various sizes. Smaller hydrocarbons
are lighter and have lower boiling points than the larger molecules.
3. The process of formation of coal is called carbonisation. Coal was formed from the
remains of plants which must have got buried due to some natural phenomena under
the earth's crust.
4. On the basis of availability of resources, there are two types of natural resources–
(i) Inexhaustible natural resource
(ii) Exhaustible natural resource
(i) Inexhaustible natural resource—Such natural resources do not deplete
over a period of time i.e, their supply is limitless. Inexhaustible natural
resources are also known as renewable resources because these resources
can be replaced by natural processes and forces. They will not be exhausted
by human activities. Air, soil, water, forest and sunlight are some examples
of inexhaustible natural resources.
(ii) Exhaustible natural resource—Such natural resources deplete over a
period of time and their supply is limited. Exhaustible natural resources are
also known as non-renewable sources of energy. These resources are
consumed faster than nature can create them. Coal, petroleum, nuclear
fuels and minerals are example of exhaustible resources.

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 5. Fuel : A fuel is a substance, which, when burnt releases a lot of energy in the form of
heat or/ and light. We obtain most of the energy from various types of fuels. Diesel,
petrol, kerosene, compressed natural gas, petroleum gas, liquefied hydrogen, coke,
coal, wood etc. are various examples of fuel.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Formation of Coal : The process of formation of coal is called carbonisation. Coal
was formed from the remains of plants which must have got buried due to some
natural phenomena under the earth’s crust. Over the time, many layers of soil got
deposited over it. These were compressed and got decomposed. These were subjected
to heat and pressure from the top layers of the Earth, and the action of aerobic
bacteria in the absence of air.
2. Formation of Petroleum : Petroleum is formed by the decomposition of marine
organisms. When these organisms died, their bodies settle down at the bottom of the
seas. These got covered under hundreds of feet of sand, clay and silt. After millions of
years, in the absence of air, high temperature and high pressure, these remains got
transformed into petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum is usually found about 3 to 4
kilometres below the ground level.
Use of fossil fuels is increasing with increase in population. So, these known fuels will
last only for a few thousand years. We need to conserve the fossil fuels, keeping the
limitation of fossil fuels in mind.
Burning of coal, oil and gas contributes to major environmental problems, releasing
CO2 gas. Accumulation of vast amount of CO2 is the cause of global warming due to
greenhouse effect and acid rain.
Global warming is creating many problems on earth. Normal weather pattern is
highly disturbed because of global warming and it has resulted in more incidences of
natural calamities. Acid rain is harmful for both flora and fauna. Apart from
endangering flora and fauna, acid rain also harms Historical monuments.
Accidental spilling of oil on land and sea is poisonous and fire hazard. Oil spills at sea
kill aquatic organisms destroying the aquatic organisms. Inhalation of oxides of
nitrogen, sulphur, carbon monoxide etc., has been a cause of respiratory diseases and
can be a trigger for major illnesses like cancer. Therefore, these fossil fuels should be
used only when absolutely necessary.
4. Uses of Coal
(i) Coal is used in the manufacture of synthetic petrol and synthetic natural gas.
(ii) Coal is used to produce electricity in thermal power plants and also as fuel in
various industries.
(iii) In earlier times, coal is used to run steam engines.
(iv) Coal is also used as domestic fuel.
(v) Destructive distillation of coal gives more useful products, such as coke, coal tar
and coal gas.

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 Uses of Petroleum
(i) Petroleum is used as a source of energy in the production of electricity.
(ii) Being rich in combustible carbon, Petroleum is used in running of heat engines.
Uses of Natural gas
(i) Natural gas is used in electrical power generation.
(ii) CNG is replacing diesel and petrol in public transport.
(iii) It is also used as an industrial and domestic fuel.
5. Refining and fractional distillation of Petroleum : Petroleum is a complex
mixture of various hydrocarbons with different boiling points such as Petroleum gas,
petrol, diesel, lubricating oil and paraffin wax. Therefore, it is necessary to separate
petroleum into smaller fractions of hydrocarbons. Separation of the molecules is done
by a process called refining. Hydrocarbons with boiling points within a certain range
are grouped together into fractions. The various fractions are separated from one
another in a fractional distillation column for fractioning tower. Petroleum refining is
done in large plants called petroleum refineries. The process of fractional distillation
starts with the heating of crude oil to a temperature of about 350°C. As it boils, the oil
vapours pass through the column, losing it as it rises. The different fractions cool and
condense at different places in the column according to their boiling points. Each
fraction is separated off and distilled again to make it purer.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. carbonisation 2. destructive 3. burning
4. coal tar 5. coke 6. synthetic petrol
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Petroleum—marine organisms 2. Coal—extracted by digging
3. Formation of coal—carbonisation 4. Sunlight—inexhaustible resource
5. Nuclear fuels—exhaustible resources
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 6 : Combustion and Flame

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Hottest part of flame—Outer most.
2. Luminous zone of flame—Middle zone.
3. A liquid fuel—That exists in liquid state in room Temperature.
4. A non-combustible substance—Do not catch fire.

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 5. Bursting of crackers and gunshot—Explosive combustion.
6. Wind energy to produce electricity—Wind Mill.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Combustion
Combustion is a chemical process in which heat and light are produced. In this
process, the material combines with oxygen in the air to give out energy in the form of
heat and light. This is known as combustion.
2. Flame
A flame is a region where combustion of fuels takes place. The colour of the flame
depends on the temperature, amount of air supply and the substance burning. LPG
burns with a blue flame, a candle burns with a yellow flame.
3. A flame can be of two types—
(i) Luminous flame : Luminous flame is a flame accompanied by heat and light.
Yellow flame is a luminous flame and is observed where there is insufficient
oxygen. Its temperature is lower than that of a blue flame and it leaves black soot
and other residues.
(ii) Non-luminous flame : A non-luminous flame is accompanied by heat but very
little light. The blue flame is known luminous and occurs because of complete
combustion of hydrocarbons in presence of excess of oxygen. This type of flame
does not leave any residue.
4. Substances, which give good amount of heat and burn with less effort, can prove to be
good fuels. Some fuels leave behind ash or residue like charcoal and smoke. A good
fuel is easily available, burns in air at a moderate rate, does not leave any residue and
generates maximum heat per unit mass. This is known as the calorific value of the fuel.
5. Limitations of fossil fuels
As we have studied that fossil fuels took thousands of years for formation. Use of fossil
fuels is increasing with increase in population. So, these known fuels will last only for
a few thousand years. We need to conserve the fossil fuels, keeping the limitation of
fossil fuels in mind.
Burning of coal, oil and gas contributes to major environmental problems, releasing
CO2 gas. Accumulation of vast amount of CO2 is the cause of global warming due to
greenhouse effect and acid rain. Global warming is creating many problems on earth.
Normal weather pattern is highly disturbed because of global warming and it has
resulted in more incidences of natural calamities. Acid rain is harmful for both flora
and fauna. Apart from endangering flora and fauna, acid rain also harms Historical
monuments.
Accidental spilling of oil on land and sea is poisonous and fire hazard. Oil spills at sea
kill aquatic organisms destroying the aquatic organisms. Inhalation of oxides of
nitrogen, sulphur, carbon monoxide etc. has been a cause of respiratory diseases and
can be a trigger for major illnesses like cancer. Therefore, these fossil fuels should be
used only when absolutely necessary
.

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(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Rapid Combustion : It is a form of combustion in which a large amount of heat and
light is released in a very short span of time. This often occurs as a fire. Burning of
LPG, burning of petrol, burning of a matchstick and burning of magnesium ribbon are
all examples of rapid combustion.
Slow combustion : This type of combustion takes place very slowly and at low
temperature. A steady production of heat is evolved in this type of reaction. Rusting of
iron and bright shining surface of copper becoming dull are examples of slow
combustion. Respiration is also an example of slow combustion.
Incomplete combustion : Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels takes place
in inadequate amount of air or oxygen. This results in the formation of carbon
monoxide, soot, water, heat and light. The evolution of heat is less during incomplete
combustion.
2. Conditions necessary for combustion
Following conditions are necessary for burning something—
(i) A combustible substance
(ii) Ignition temperature and
(iii) Oxygen
Combustible substance : A combustible substance is a substance that burns in
the presence of air or oxygen to produce heat and light. The presence of
combustible substance is necessary for combustion to take place.
Ignition temperature : A combustible substance requires a definite quantity of
heat to start burning. It has to reach a particular temperature to gain that heat.
This minimum temperature at which a combustible substance starts burning is
known as ignition temperature. Certain substances have very low ignition
temperature and can catch fire easily with a spark or a flame; such substances
are known as inflammable substances. Paper, plastic, kerosene, LPG have low
ignition temperature and so they catch fire easily.
Oxygen : The presence of air or oxygen is necessary for combustion to take place.
It means that oxygen is a supporter of combustion. In the absence of air or supply
of oxygen, a combustible substance will not burn.
3. Zones of a flame
When a candle is lit, its flame is in spindle shape and not uniform. It varies in its
colour and heat. Accordingly, we divide the flame in 3 zones – Outer zone, Inner zone,
and Middle zone.
(i) The innermost zone : The innermost zone or dark zone of the candle appears
black as it lacks oxygen. Hence no combustion takes place. It contains unburnt
vapours and is the coolest zone of the candle flame. If we place one end of a glass
tube in the dark zone and hold a burning matchstick near the other end, the
flame of the unburnt fuel coming out at the other end will burn.
(ii) The middle zone : The middle zone or the luminous zone is where the wax
vapours start burning. They emit a yellowish flame due to glowing of carbon
particles, which are formed along with carbon-monoxide owing to their partial

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 combustion in insufficient oxygen. The flame is luminous but not very hot. This is
the largest and the brightest zone of the flame. This zone gives soot and smoke.
(iii) The outermost zone : The colour of the flame is blue and this is the hottest part
of the flame. This zone is also called non-luminous zone. In this zone, the wax
vapours have enough oxygen to burn completely and produce carbon dioxide and
water. The flame appears blue and the temperature is very high. The
temperature of this zone is around 1800°C.
4. Spontaneous combustion : When a combustible substance burns into flames
without applying any external heat, it is known as spontaneous combustion.
Substances, such as white phosphorus, catch fire on their own at room temperature.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. coal 2. petrol 3. wood
4. luminous 5. combustion 6. education
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Flame—3 zones
2. Combustible substance—wood
3. Burning of firecrackers—explosive combustion
4. LPG—liquid petroleum gas
5. Petrol—liquid fuel
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 7 : Conservation of Animals and Plants

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Cutting down of trees in large number—Deforestation
2. Book containing list of endangered species—The Red Book.
3. Species restricted to a particular geographic region—Endemic species.
4. Species at risk of extinction—Endangered species.
5. Programme aiming to attain the Lost green cover—Van Mahotsav Programme.
6. Project Tiger stands for—Preserving Tiger population.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. The term biodiversity includes all the forms of life that is plants, animals and
microorganisms present on earth and their habitat. The term biodiversity is also
referred to as biological diversity. Biodiversity varies with climatic conditions. It is

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 not uniformly distributed all over the Earth. Biodiverisity of a place is chatercterized
by its flora and fauna.
2. Species, that no longer exist anywhere on earth are called extinct species, for
example : Dodo, passenger pigeon and Dinosaurs. The population of an organism
which is at risk of extinction are known as endangered species. One horn Rhino and
tiger are example of endangered species.
3. Conservation of Biodiversity : To conserve means to protect. The threatened
animals and plants can be kept in captivity in a way to stop them from disappearing
forever. But, in the long-term, they need wild places to live and survive. Thus,
protecting the wild habitat of animals is vitally important. The conservation of
wildlife is directly related to healthy and better forest. Rising population give rise to
demand of place, cloth and food. As we need shelter, animals also need shelter.
Animals and plants are also a vital part of our life. By protecting the earth's wildlife,
we are protecting our own future. It is our duty and
responsibility to protect our planet and maintain its beauty. Conservation is not only
protection but also maintenance of sustainable yield and quality of plants and
animals.
4. Red Data Book : The Red Data Book contains list of endangered species. There are
separate red data books for animals, and plants. Red Data Book is issued by
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) now known as World
Conservation Union (WCN). International Union for conservation of nature is the
oldest and largest environmental network, comprising more than 1000 government
organizations and NGOs. It has 11000 volunteer scientists in 160 countries. The first
Red Data Book on animals was compiled in 1991.
5. The plant life of a particular area is called flora and the animal life of a particular area
is called fauna.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Loss of Biodiversity
Human population has been increasing at a rapid rate. For fulfilling the increasing
demand of increasing population we need more and more natural resources. Human
population is destroying plants and animal species to fulfill their need of housing,
clothing and food. Some of the causes that threaten the existence of plants and
animals on the earth are as follows—
1. Deforestation : Forests are large reserves of biodiversity providing resources
for the survival of a variety of flora and fauna. Large scale destruction of forest,
called deforestation, by man for his innumerable requirements leads to the loss
of the natural habitat of many plants and animals to a great extent.
Deforestation has an adverse effect on biodiversity. Some consequences of
deforestation are global warming, drought, soil erosion, desertification (decrease
in groundwater level), floods and loss of nutrients.
2. Climatic change and natural disasters : Natural and human induced
activities cause climatic changes leading to the destruction of plants and animal
species.

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 3. Overgrazing : Overgrazing by increasing population of animals also leads to the
loss of biodiversity.
4. Indiscriminate killing of animals : Large scale hunting of animals for food,
medicines, skin, ornaments, fur etc. is one of the biggest threat to biodiversity.
2. Conservation of Biodiversity
To conserve means to protect. The threatened animals and plants can be kept in
captivity in a way to stop them from disappearing forever. But, in the long-term, they
need wild places to live and survive. Thus, protecting the wild habitat of animals is
vitally important. The conservation of wildlife is directly related to health and better
forest. Rising population give rise to demand of place, cloth and food. As we need
shelter, animals also need shelter. Animals and plants are also a vital part of our life.
By protecting the earth's wildlife, we are protecting our own future. It is our duty and
responsibility to protect our planet and maintain its beauty. Conservation is not only
protection but also maintenance of sustainable yield and quality of plants and
animals. To protect natural habitat of flora and fauna, certain areas have been
designed as protected areas by our government. Interference of human population is
prohibited in these areas.
3. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks—Wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks are protected forests all across the world to preserve certain plant and animal
species. In India there are around 100 national parks and about 500 Wildlife
sanctuaries. Here cutting down of trees, grazing of animals, Forestry operations,
cultivation of crops and hunting animals is strictly prohibited. Visitors are allowed to
enter only for study, cultural and receptive purposes. Here plants and animals are
allowed to reproduce and increase in numbers.
4. Role of government in conservation
Government is doing great efforts towards conservation. Government has designed
some areas as protected areas which are called as wildlife sanctuaries, national parks
and Biosphere Reserves.
Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks—Wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks are protected forests all across the world to preserve certain plant and animal
species. In India there are around 100 national parks and about 500 Wildlife
sanctuaries. Here cutting down of trees, grazing of animals, Forestry operations,
cultivation of crops and hunting animals is strictly prohibited. Visitors are allowed to
enter only for study, cultural and receptive purposes. Here plants and animals are
allowed to reproduce and increase in numbers.
Boisphere Reserves—The Biosphere Reserves are multipurpose protected areas
developed to conserve biodiversity, to preserve ecological balance and to promote
conservation. Sanctuaries and national parks may also be present inside a biosphere
reserve.
Zoological parks and botanical gardens—Animals are kept in zoological parks
kosmos, where attempts are made to recreate their natural habitat. Botanical
gardens are the special gardens, where rare plants are kept. Special care such as soil,
temperature and humidity are provided similar to their natural habitat. Humans are
allowed to enter zoo and botanical gardens only to see the disappeared plants and

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 animals and not allowed to do any other activity. Besides these protected areas
designed by government, government has designed some projects and programs too to
promote wildlife awareness amongst people.
Project Tiger and project elephant—Project Tiger, a centrally sponsored scheme,
is a project in preserving tiger population. It was launched in April 1973 at Corbett
National Park. It involves 28 Tiger Reserves. Project elephant, a centrally launched
scheme, was started in February 1992. It involves 25 elephant reserves across the
country in 13 states and union territories.
5. Migration
Movement of animals in large numbers from one place to another to overcome
unfavourable conditions is called migration.
Generally, migrating species go to a distant and different place for a certain period of
time and then return back to their endemic land. Some birds fly to far away areas
every year during a particular time because of climatic changes. Migration may be
seasonal for reasons such as breeding and reproduction. They fly for laying eggs as the
weather in their Natural Habitat becomes very cold and inhospitable. Seasonal
migration occurs in many species of insects, Birds, Marine mammals and herbivorous
mammals. Siberian cranes, during winters, come in large numbers to Bharatpur,
Rajasthan and Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Great flamingos, white wagtail, Eurasian
golden oriole are some examples of migratory birds.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. flora 2. fauna 3. biological
4. species 5. exotic 6. 500
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Reforestation—planting new trees
2. Flora—plants found in a particular area
3. Fauna—animals found in a particular area
4. National parks—areas meant for conservation of biodiversity
5. Migration—moving to another place
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.

Chapter 8 : Cell—Structure and Function

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Cell was discovered by—Robert Hooke.

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 2. Single cell organisms—are unicellular organisms.
3. Multiple cell organism—are multicellular organisms.
4. Green colour plastids—chloroplasts.
5. Absence of cell wall—in animal cell.
6. First organisms to exist on earth—prokaryotes.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. All organisms are made up of tiny structures called cells. The cell is the basic
structural unit of our body. Most living organisms are made up of a large number of
cells and the cells perform all the life activities of an organism.
2. All cells have similar generalized structure. A cell is like a tiny bag which is filled with
very important tiny structures and fluids. These tiny structures are the little organs
within the cell known as organelles.
3. All cells have a basic structure, consistsing of three main parts—
(i) Cell membrane
(ii) Cytoplasm
(iii) Nucleus
4. Lysosomes—Also called as suicidal bags of a cell, this secretes chemicals that can
dissolve the cell and kill it at times. These organelles are not visible under a
compound microscope. They can be seen only with the help of powerful microscope
like the electron microscope.
5. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cells can be divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes on the basis of their cell
structure.
Prokaryotes—The organisms in which the cell nucleus is not well defined and there
is absence of genetic material. The prokaryotes were the first organisms to exist on
earth. Bacteria and blue-green Algae are examples of prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes—The organisms which have a well organized nucleus and other
membrane bound organelles are called eukaryotes, such as all organisms except
bacteria and blue-green algae.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Plant and Animal Cells
The major differences between Plant cell and Animal cell are as follows :
Plant cells have a cell wall whereas animal cells lack cell wall. Animal cells do not
have chloroplast whereas plant cells have chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll
pigment. Vacuoles are either absent or extremely small in animal cells, but in plant
cells vacuoles are very large filled with watery fluid. Centrosomes help in cell division
in animal cells but plant cells do not have centrosomes that help in cell division. The
stored food material in plant cell is starch and in animal cell is glycogen. In plant cells,
nucleus is present at the Periphery of the cell and in animal cells it is present at the
centre of the cell.

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2. Cell-Structure and Function
Though cells in different forms of life show variations in size, shape and form, all cells
have similar generalized structure. A cell is like a tiny bag which is filled with very
important tiny structures and fluids. These tiny structures are the little organs
within the cell known as organelles. All cells have a basic structure, consistsing of
three main parts—
(i) Cell membrane
(ii) Cytoplasm
(iii) Nucleus
(i) Cell membrane—Cell membrane, also called plasma membrane is a very
thin, delicate and Elastic covering. The outermost lining of an animal cell is
the plasma membrane. It protects and encloses the cell while separating it
from other cells. It is called a selectively permeable membrane, which
means, it regulates the flow of substances such as allows only certain
materials to pass into the cell while restricting the others. A plant cell
differs from an animal cell. In the plant, cell is surrounded by another outer
layer called cell wall around the cell membrane. Cell wall is that tough
and rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cell and provides
them support and protection. Cell wall is absent in animal cells.
(ii) Cytoplasm—The cytoplasm is the fluid which holds all the cell organelles.
A jelly like fluid, it also contains salts, proteins, sugar and other nutrients
required by the cell. Which cell organelle is responsible for a specific
function and the collective work of all the cell organelles is very important
for making the cell work as a single unit. Some of the cell organelles are
found within the cell are the following—
Plastids—They are different coloured organelles found only in plant cells.
Chloroplasts are the green coloured plastids containing chlorophyll which is
very essential for the process of photosynthesis. Leucoplasts that help in
storage of food, are colourless plastids. Chromoplasts are the plastids that
impart colour to flowers and skin of fruits.
Vacuoles—They are membrane–bound sacs meant for storage, digestion
and waste removal. Excess water, useful minerals, pigments, etc. are
dissolved in the fluid inside the vacuoles. Plant vacuoles are usually larger
in size than animal vacuoles.
Golgi apparatus—also called Golgi bodies, they are mainly responsible for
secretion of chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and protein.
Endoplasmic reticulum—a network of tubules and channels, involved in
synthesis, storage and transport of cellular products.
Ribosomes—They are small granular sites of protein synthesis, spread in
the cytoplasm.
Centrosome—Typical of an animal cell, a centrosome initiates and
regulates cell division.
Mitochondria—They are tiny, spherical or rod shaped sites of energy
production in a cell.

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 Lysosomes—Also called as suicidal bags of a cell, this secretes chemicals
that can dissolve the cell and kill it at times. These organelles are not visible
under a compound microscope. They can be seen only with the help of
powerful microscope like the electron microscope.
(iii) Nucleus—The nucleus is present inside the cell, surrounded by the
cytoplasm. The nucleus is the boss of the cell. It controls every activity that
happens in the cell.
Most cells have one nucleus. Muscle cells have more than one nucleus. The
outermost layer of the nucleus is called the nuclear membrane. It separates
the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It has tiny holes in it which allow exchange
of substances between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. The jelly like
fluid inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm. Chromosomes and
nucleoli are present in the nucleoplasm. Chromosomes are thread like
structures will play an important role in the inheritance of characters from
one generation to another.The nucleus is the control centre of the cell. It
helps in transmission of characters from one generation to another.
3.

4. Cell-Structure : Though cells in different forms of life show variations in size, shape
and form, all cells have similar generalized structure. A cell is like a tiny bag which is
filled with very important tiny structures and fluids. These tiny structures are the
little organs within the cell known as organelles. All cells have a basic structure,
consistsing of three main parts—
(i) Cell membrane
(ii) Cytoplasm
(iii) Nucleus
5. The cytoplasm is the fluid which holds all the cell organelles. A jelly like fluid, it also
contains salts, proteins, sugar and other nutrients required by the cell. Which cell
organelle is responsible for a specific function and the collective work of all the cell
organelles is very important for making the cell work as a single unit. Some of the cell
organelles are found within the cell are the following—
Plastids—They are different coloured organelles found only in plant cells.
Chloroplasts are the green coloured plastids containing chlorophyll which is very

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 essential for the process of photosynthesis. Leucoplasts that help in storage of food,
are colourless plastids. Chromoplasts are the plastids that impart colour to flowers
and skin of fruits.
Vacuoles—They are membrane–bound sacs meant for storage, digestion and waste
removal. Excess water, useful minerals, pigments, etc. are dissolved in the fluid
inside the vacuoles. Plant vacuoles are usually larger in size than animal vacuoles.
Golgi apparatus—also called Golgi bodies, they are mainly responsible for secretion
of chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and protein.
Endoplasmic reticulum—a network of tubules and channels, involved in synthesis,
storage and transport of cellular products.
Ribosomes—They are small granular sites of protein synthesis, spread in the
cytoplasm.
Centrosome—Typical of an animal cell, a centrosome initiates and regulates cell
division.
Mitochondria—They are tiny, spherical or rod shaped sites of energy production in
a cell.
Lysosomes—Also called as suicidal bags of a cell, this secretes chemicals that can
dissolve the cell and kill it at times. These organelles are not visible under a
compound microscope. They can be seen only with the help of powerful microscope
like the electron microscope.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. suicidal 2. glycogen 3. Amoeba
4. cell 5. centrosomes 6. blue-green algae
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. RBC—spherical
2. Amoeba—irregular shape
3. Muscle cell—spindle
4. Nerve cell—branched
5. Smallest cell—bacterium
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 9 : Reproduction in Animals

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Reproduction without fusion of gametes—asexual reproduction.

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 2. Reproduction with fusion of two gametes—sexual reproduction.
3. Male gamete—are sperms.
4. Female gamete—are ova
5. Plants reproduce through—flowers
6. Binary fission takes place in—unicellular organisms
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. The process by which living beings produce offspring of their own kind is called
reproduction. Reproduction is essential for the continuation of species, to ensure the
similar kinds of individuals, generation after generation.
2. The process of joining or fusion of a male and female gamete to form zygote is called
fertilization. When fertilization takes place inside the female’s body, it is known as
internal fertilization. The male discharges the male gametes inside the body of the
female and fertilization occurs inside the female body.
3. A pair of testes is the main part of the male reproductive system. Testes hang in a
pouch like structure, outside the body. The pouch is known as scrotum.
4. Metamorphosis in insects shows four such life stages starting from egg to the larva,
pupa and, finally, the adult. The liver is known as maggot in flies, a caterpillar in
butterflies and a tadpole in frogs.
5. The sperms are put inside the female body, when they fertilize egg. This is known as
internal fertilization. The fusion of the gametes take place outside the female's body it
is called external fertilization.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Reproductive System
The reproductive system of males and females are different from each other,
performing different functions.
Male reproductive system—A pair of testes is the main part of the male
reproductive system. Testes hang in a pouch like structure, outside the body. The
pouch is known as scrotum. The fact, that testes hang outside the body, provides a
lower temperature to testes. This is necessary for optimum production of sperms.
Testes produce the male gametes which are known as sperms. Sperms are transferred
to seminal vesicle where they are stored. A tube connects the seminal vesicle with the
opening in the penis. The sperm is made of single cell. It has a head and a tail. The tail
helps the sperm in swimming, which helps it to reach female gamete.
Female reproductive system—A pair of ovaries lies at the back of the abdomen
just below the kidney, from which female gametes, called ova and hormones are
produced. An ovum is round in shape. Usually one ovum is released from one of the
ovaries every month. Ovum released from the ovary travels down to uterus through
oviducts or fallopian tubes to meet sperm for fertilization.
Oviduct or fallopian tubes are funnel shaped openings. The oviduct is attached to a
tubular canal known as uterus or womb. Uterus is pear shaped, where development of
fertilized egg or zygote occurs into a baby. Uterus leads to vagina. Vagina is a wide
muscular tube, which opens to the outside of the body.

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2. Fertilization and development of the zygote
In humans, obedient is the place where an ovum meets the sperm. Sperm swims to the
oviduct, and if an ovum is met with, fertilization can take place. When a sperm head
penetrates the ovum, fusion takes place. The zygote divides and forms a ball of cells,
which travels to the uterus and gets implanted in the uterine wall and begins to grow.
At this stage it is called an embryo. The uterus is well prepared to receive the embryo
by building up a thick cushion like lining rich in blood vessels. As the embryo
continues to grow, its cells differentiate into muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells, etc.
Various tissues and organs are formed from these cells. The growing embryo now is
called the foetus. The foetus receives food and oxygen from the mother's blood and
releases the waste into it through a tube shaped organ called the placenta.
Once the development is complete, which normally occurs in about 38 weeks, the baby
is ready to be born. This is the journey of zygote into a full fledged human being.
3. (i) Sexual reproduction in animals—The process whereby new individuals are
formed by union of specialised female gametes (ova) and male gametes (sperms)
is known as sexual reproduction. Majority of animals reproduce through sexual
reproduction.
Sexually reproducing animals either lay eggs or give birth to young ones.
Animals giving birth to young ones are called viviparous animals whereas
animals laying eggs are called oviparous animals.
(ii) Asexual reproduction in animals—In asexual reproduction, formation of
gametes or reproductive cells do not take place. It involves only one parent and
the offspring is identical to the parent. Since no fusion of gametes is involved, no
zygotes are formed in asexual reproduction. Animals like Amoeba, Paramecium
and Hydra reproduce through asexual mode of reproduction. There are several
methods of asexual reproduction in animals like binary fission, budding,
fragmentation and regeneration.
4. Metamorphosis
Some animals show different stages of development between hatching of the eggs and
the formation of the newborn. This is observed in case of life cycle of frog, which is
capable of jumping and swimming.
The process of transformation of the individual, which are born or hatched from an
egg into another through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis in
insects shows four such life stages starting from egg to the larva, pupa and, finally,
the adult. The liver is known as maggot in flies, a caterpillar in butterflies and a
tadpole in frogs.
5. (i) Reproduction in reptiles and birds : Reptiles and birds lay eggs. The male
and female mate on the land. The sperms are put inside the female body, when
they fertilized egg. This is known as internal fertilization. The fertilized eggs are
coated with a protective shell. The embryo is provided with a store of food inside
the shell. After the hard shell is formed around the developing embryo, the hen
Lays the egg. After laying egg, the bird incubates it. In about 3 weeks, embryo
develops into a chick. At the end of the incubation period, when the development
of the embryo is completed, the chick hatches by bursting open the eggshell.

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 (ii) Reproduction in fish : When fertilization, the fusion of the gametes take place
outside the female's body it is called external fertilization. In many water
animals, such as fish, crab and frogs, fertilization occurs outside the body of the
organism. In this type of fertilization female lays her eggs in the water and the
male releases sperms closely. The sperms flow to the eggs and fertilizers them.
The eggs and sperms fuse in the water.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. zygote 2. birth 3. internal
4. round 5. vagina 6. embryo
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Giving birth—reproduction
2. Metamorphosis—frog
3. Asexual reproduction—no fusion
4. Testes—scrotum
5. External fertilization—fish
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 10 : Adolescence Age

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Female sex hormone—estrogen.
2. Male sex hormone—testosterone.
3. Chowmein, pizza, bergers etc.—junk foods.
4. Full form of AIDS—Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
5. XX pair of chromosomes—in female
6. Disease caused due to lack of Iodine—a bulge developed around the neck.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. The phase of life during which we develop to become an adult is probably the phase of
many interesting and important developments in human life. The period of life,
leading to reproductive maturity, is called adolescence. This is also known as puberty
or teenage and it fills the gap between childhood and adulthood.
2. Hormones : At puberty, the physical, mental, intellectual and emotional changes are
regulated by hormones. Hormones are the chemical substances that are secreted from
endocrine glands or ductless glands. There are various endocrine glands in our body.
Estrogen is the female sex hormone. Testosterone is the male sex hormone.

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 3. In every human female, at birth, the ovaries contain many immature eggs. After the
onset of puberty, one egg matures every 28 days and is released into the oviduct. This
process is called ovulation.
4. A gland is an organ that produces chemicals necessary for the normal functioning of
the body. There are various endocrine glands in our body.
5. Drug Abuse : Drug abuse is increasingly becoming common during adolescence.
Drugs are chemical substances that produce physical, mental, behavioural or
emotional changes in the user. Use of drugs for purposes other than medicinal use is
called drug abuse. This is very harmful for the body. It causes a complete dependence
on them. Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and marijuana are examples of drugs.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Sex determination
The nucleus of cells contains chromosomes. Normal cells are called somatic cells and
cells which fuse to make fertilized egg are called gametic cells. There are 23 pairs of
chromosome in somatic cells in humans. Chromosomes are similar in 22 pairs. The
23rd pair has similar type of chromosome in females and dissimilar type of
chromosomes in males. Due to this, the female sex is called homogametic sex, while
the male sex is called heterogametic sex. The pair of chromosomes is written as XX in
females and as XY in males. The 23rd pair of chromosomes is also called sex
chromosome. The number of chromosomes in gametes is half of number of
chromosomes in somatic cells. Hence there are 23 chromosomes in human gametes.
An unfertilized egg has one X chromosome, as the 23rd chromosome. A sperm can
have either X or Y chromosome, as the 23rd chromosome. When a sperm, with X
chromosome fertilizes the egg, the zygote gets two X chromosomes in the last pair.
Such a zygote develops into a female child. If a sperm, with Y chromosome fertilizes
the egg, the zygote gets 1 X and Y chromosome in the last pair. Such a zygote develops
into a male child.
2. The boys and girls both exhibit certain secondary sexual characters. The
characteristics, that help to distinguish voice from girls during adolescence former
are known as secondary sexual characters. The secondary sexual characters in
humans are as follows—
Boys develop facial hairs and hairs on chest. Breasts get enlarged in girls. Hair
develops under armpit and in pubic region, in both boys and girls. Shoulders and
chest of boys broaden and on the other hand broadening of hips and widening of pelvic
region is noticed in girls. Due to the growth of voice box or larynex in boys, their voice
becomes deep and heavy. In girls, their voice becomes high pitched. In girls menstrual
cycle or monthly period starts.
3. Ductless glands or Endocrine glands
Apart from some of the endocrine glands like pituitary, the testes and the ovaries,
there are other endocrine glands in our body such as thyroid, pancreas and adrenals.
(i) Thyroid gland—Thyroid gland is situated in the neck. The hormone, thyroxine
is produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is mainly composed of Iodine.
Thyroxine is responsible for maintaining proper rate of metabolism in the body.

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 (ii) Pancreas—located near the liver, it secretes insulin. Insulin helps to maintain
the blood sugar level. If the pancreas are not producing insulin in sufficient
quantities, there is decreased utilization of glucose.
(ii) Adrenal glands—The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a
variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and
cortisol. Adrenaline helps the body to adjust the stress when one is angry,
embarrassed or worried.
4. This adolescence phase starts after crossing infancy and childhood. The adolescence
phase begins around 11 years of age and finishes around 18 or 19 years of age. The
human body undergoes several changes during adolescence and these changes
coincide with onset of the process of reproductive maturity. With the completion of
reproductive maturity, the puberty phase ends.
Boys and girls of this age are known as adolescent boys and girls. They go through
rapid physical, mental and emotional changes. All these are brought about by the
hormones produced by their reproductive organs—Ovaries in girls produce the female
hormone estrogen which promotes the production of egg cells. The testes in boys
produce the male hormone testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperms.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. chromosomes 2. Iodine 3. estrogen
4. deep 5. menstrual 6. adolescence
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Drug—nicotine
2. Insulin—maintains blood sugar
3. Adrenal gland—adrenaline
4. Adam's Apple—present in boys only
5. Oil glands—sebum
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 11 : Force and Pressure

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c)
(B) One word question answers :
1. What helps camel to walk easily on sand— it has wide feet
2. Name any one contact force—Muscular Force
3. Formula to calculate force on a body is—F = m × a
4. Name of Instrument used to measure pressure—pressure gauges or vacuum gauges

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 5. Gravity is a type of—Force of Attraction
6. Example of Muscular force—Force thata comes from action of muscles
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Acceleration—Acceleration is a measure of how fast velocity changes. Acceleration
is the change of velocity divided by the change of time. Acceleration is a vector, and
therefore, includes both a size and a direction.
2. Magnitude of force
We have learnt in the previous example of tug of war that the team which applies
much force in comparison to other team wins therefore we can say that, the strength
of the force is usually expressed by its magnitude and magnitude is the thing which
tells us how much force is being applied in a time duration.
3. Frictional force : Frictional force is a force, acting along the two surfaces in contact
and tend to oppose the motion. Frictional force is more between two rough surfaces
and less between two smooth surfaces. For example, sole of shoes often gets worn-out
due to frictional force that acts between them and the ground as we walk.
4. The human body generally does not experience this high atmospheric pressure, as it is
counter balanced by the pressure of the blood running in the blood vessels. The height
of place above the sea level is known as its altitude. The atmospheric pressure reduces
on high altitudes. This is the reason when someone has high blood pressure and go to
high altitudes it, starts bleeding from nose due to rupture of blood vessels.
5. Contact Forces
Those forces which represent the result of physical contact between two objects,
where one of the objects exerts force on the other are known as Contact forces.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Force is a vector quantity which means it has both magnitude and direction.
If we need a simple definition we can say that when a push or pull is applied to an
object it is called force, a force can change the state of an object from rest to motion.
Force makes an impact or brings a change when makes an interaction with another
body. We can see many things happening around us like a man tries to push a car by
his hands and the car comes in motion or a man is trying to pull an ox by pulling the
rope tied around its neck by his hands. We can now understand that at least two
objects must interact for a force to come into play. Thus, an interaction of one object
with another object results in a force between the two objects.
Forces applied on an object in the same direction add to one another. If the two forces
act in the opposite directions on an object, the net force will be the difference between
the two forces.
F=m×a
where F = Force
m = mass of object
a = acceleration
The SI unit of force is newton (N). Dyne is also used as a unit to calculate force.

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2. The types of contact forces are :
(a) Muscular force : The force that comes into play because of the action of muscles
is called muscular force. For example : human beings use muscular force in order
to walk, jump, pull something, even to speak anything. Lungs work because of
contraction and relaxation of diaphragm which is done with the force, muscles
applied onto. Not only humans but animals also use their muscular force to move
and do the necessary things for their survival.
(b) Frictional force : Frictional force is the force which comes from the interactions
with a surface as an object moves or tries to move relative to the surface. To
define frictional force we can say that a frictional force is a force, acting along the
two surfaces in contact and tend to oppose the motion. Frictional force is more
between two rough surfaces and less between two smooth surfaces. Air also
creates frictional force which is also called air resistance.
(c) Mechanical Force : We use number of machines to make the human efforts less
and still obtain the same result as before using such machines. So to define it we
can say that the force which is generated with machines is called Mechanical
force. Machines do not produce the energy themselves, machines use different
fuels (petrol, coal, electricity etc.) to operate.
3. Atmospheric Pressure
Earth is surrounded by a layer of air known as the atmosphere which extends up to
500 km above the earth surface. Air has weight as it comprises various gases and
water vapour and other things which exert pressure on various objects on the earth.
The air present in the atmosphere exerts a pressure on the earth which is called
atmospheric pressure. The value of atmospheric pressure at the sea level is 101325
pascals (which can also be written as 100 kPa) which is called normal pressure or
standard pressure. The atmospheric pressure keeps on increasing as we move
towards the Earth’s surface.
4. Non-contact Forces
(a) Magnetic Force : We know that a magnet can attract a piece of iron. Hence, we
can say that the magnet pulls the iron piece towards itself due to its magnetic
force. A magnet can exert its force on an object even from a distance and does not
need to touch that object. Even opposite poles of magnet attract other pole of the
magnet and same poles of both the magnet repel each other. If two forces are
acting upon each other having equal magnitudes (strength) and in opposite
directions then the net force acting on the object will be zero. Therefore we can
conclude that magnets also exert a push or pull force.
(b) Electrostatic Force : Electrostatic force is meant by a force that is applied by a
charged body on another charged or non-charged body. The force exerted by a
charged particle is called electrostatic force. It is also known that like charges
always repel or push each other away. You may have observed when you go near
to a TV screen when the TV is switched on, your hairs straighten up. This
happens because of electrostatic force.
(c) Gravitational Force : Objects or things fall towards the earth because it pulls
them. This force is called the force of gravity, or just gravity. The force of gravity
acts on all objects. The force of gravity acts on all of us all the time without our

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 being aware of it. Gravity is not a property of the earth alone. In fact, every object
in the universe, whether small or large, exerts a force on every other object. It is
an attractive force that is applied by the earth on all the objects. Gravity is a
property exhibited by every object present in the universe and not only the earth.
Hence, all the planets, the moons and even the sun have a gravitational force of
their own.
5. A force can change the state of motion
When an object is at rest, its speed is zero. Only moving things are not the example of
state of motion, the thing which is in rest state is also called as a state of motion, both
standing and moving states are called the states of motion. Any object cannot move by
itself or change its state of motion on its own without the application of a force. When
a car engine applies force on the rim shaft the wheels start to rotate and when brake
shoes apply force on the metallic disc of brakes, the rotating wheels, joined with discs,
first slow down and then stop. Therefore we can say that a change in either the speed
of an object, or its direction of motion, or both, is described as a change in its state of
motion. Thus, a force may bring a change in the state of motion of an object.
Effect of Force on Shape
The shape of an object can be altered if some force is applied on it. Depending upon the
magnitude of the force that is being applied and the rigidity of the object, the effect on
its shape and size can be observed. We all must have played with clay soil in our life, it
was fun because with clay we are able to shape it into anything because it is soft and
can be easily moulded in any form. Any solid can be reshaped if it is not crystalline in
nature by applying force to it. Force is not of only one type, it is of many types like :
Applied force, Normal force, Frictional force, Tension force, Air resistance force,
Spring force, Gravitational force, Electromagnetic force, Nuclear force etc.
(E) Fill in the blanks with suitable (given) words :
1. moving 2. frictional 3. gases
4. toothpaste 5. squeezing 6. altitude
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Pull—Force that brings an object closer
2. Dyne, newton—Units to measure force
3. Barometer—Measures atmospheric pressure
4. Gravity—Force that causes things to fall towards the earth
5. Pascal—Unit to measure pressure
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.

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 Chapter 12 : Friction

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Which is known as air resistance—Air creates frictional force.
2. Rubber grips are put on which handles—Bicycle.
3. Graphite powder is used in lowering—friction.
4. Which friction is used in wheels—rolling friction.
5. Write one example of sliding friction—pushing a moving box.
6. Example of static friction—pushing a box
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Frictional force is the force which comes from the interactions with a surface as an
object moves or tries to move relative to the surface. Frictional force is more between
two rough surfaces and less between two smooth surfaces.
2. Sliding friction : The minimum force that is required to keep a moving object in
motion at a constant speed is called sliding friction. Sliding friction is always less than
static friction.
3. A substance that is introduced between two surfaces in contact, to reduce friction, is
called a lubricant.
4. Disadvantages of Friction
(a) It results in wear and tear of shoes and tyres, machine parts, clothes, etc. due to
which we have to buy things over and over and it causes a money loss.
(b) It also results in the production of heat. In the case of machines, the production of
heat leads to wastage of energy.
5. Methods of Reducing Friction
Sometimes in order to have a smooth movement of an object we need to reduce friction
such as :
Grease is used in vehicle’s moving parts to reduce friction and to increase their
efficiency. Oil is applied on the hinges of the door so that they can move easily as they
block the irregularities of a surface.
Graphite powder is used in some machines to reduce friction. Friction can be
minimized by using lubricants in machines to reduce friction between moving parts,
Fluid friction can be minimized by giving suitable shapes to the objects moving in the
fluids.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. It is difficult and even risky to drive on wet road. The rainwater makes a thin layer on
the road and reduces the friction, because of the reduced friction, the wheels of the
vehicle can slip and accident can happen. To avoid all these discomforts and

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 mishappenings friction acts as a necessary evil. Friction is advantageous to us, it is
considered as a friend but due to its disadvantages it is a foe.
2. Types of friction
1. Static friction : The minimum amount of force that is required to overcome the
force of friction is called static friction.
2. Sliding friction : The minimum force that is required to keep a moving object in
motion at a constant speed is called sliding friction. Sliding friction is always less
than static friction.
3. Rolling friction : When an object rolls over a surface, the friction created is
called rolling friction. Rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
4. Fluid friction/ Viscous friction : Air, water and other liquids collectively are
called fluids. They also exert a frictional force on the object that travels through
them. Such a friction is called fluid friction or drag.
5. Air friction : When an object moves in the air exerts air friction upon the object
it creates the resistance for the object moving into it.
3. Methods of Increasing Friction
In real life, there are circumstances when we have to increase the friction. Friction
can be increased by increasing the roughness of the surfaces in contact. For example :
Rubber grips are put on bicycle handles, electrical tools and on many other tools.
Increased friction helps in giving better grip on these objects. Sanding of paper with
the help of sand paper increases the friction too, or can sometimes by just bringing
small changes to the way of doing things can increase friction as when our hands are
slippery or the bottle cap is wet we can help ourselves by holding a bottle cap with a
thick towel helps in increasing friction.
4. Non-contact Force—A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object without
coming physically in contact with it. The most familiar example of a non-contact force
is gravity, which confers weight. In contrast a contact force is a force applied to a body
by another body that is in contact with it.
5. Friction– A necessary evil
It is often said that friction is a necessary evil in life we cannot do many of our routine
tasks in the absence of friction. What happens when you try to open a bottle cap with
oily hands, you are unable to open the bottle cap? For this you may need the help of
someone else who may use a thick towel to make a better grip on the bottle cap. Do you
know that it is difficult and even risky to drive on wet road? The rainwater makes a
thin layer on the road and reduces the friction, because of the reduced friction, the
wheels of the vehicle can slip and accident can happen. To avoid all these discomforts
and mishappenings friction acts as a necessary evil. Friction is advantageous to us, it
is considered as a friend but due to its disadvantages it is a foe. Thus it is a necessary
evil.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. static 2. moving 3. friction
4. graphite 5. fluids 6. ball

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(F) Say whether the following statements are True or False :
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Graphite Powder—Reduce friction
2. Rubber grips—Bicycle handles
3. Drag—Used in Fluid Friction
4. Rolling friction—Wheels
5. Ball bearings—Fans
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 13 : Sound

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c)
(B) One word question answers :
1. The types of sound elephants and whales can listen—infrasonic waves.
2. The sound cannot travel in—vacuum.
3. Write five senses of human body—skin, eyes, nose, ears, tongue.
4. Unpleasant sound to ears is called—noise
5. The vocal cords in males are of length—20 mm
6. Waves used to treat myopia in kids—Infrasound
(C) Answer the following short Questions :
1. Audible and Inaudible sounds : Audible sounds are sounds of frequency which are
audible to human ear. On the other hand, inaudible sounds are those sounds which
are over or under the range of human hearing capacity, these are the sounds which
humans are unable to hear without using any special equipment. Sounds below 20 Hz
and above 20,000 Hz or 20 kilo-hertz are beyond the hearing capacity of humans.
2. Humans make vibration from throat and these are produced when air is blown over
vocal cord. We have voice box in our throat which is also named as Larynx, it is a hard
bump that seems to move when you swallow food, it is specially designed to produce
the voice.
3. Sounds which are pleasant to ears are called Music, regular vibrations produce
pleasant and musical sounds. The frequency of notes used to produce music is:
Indian : (Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Nee)
Western : (Do, Re, Mee, Pha, So, La, Ti)
Sounds which are unpleasant to ears are called Noise. There are so many noises we
can point out in our surrounding like noises on traffic signal like honking of vehicles,
sounds of operating of huge machineries in factories etc.

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 4. Everything creates a wave upon moving; and such waves caught and communicated
with brain by ear are called sound.
Sound is actually a form of energy that connects us with the world around us. Sound
enables individuals to interact with each other.
5. Noise Pollution
The presence of excessive or unwanted sound in the atmosphere is called noise
pollution. Major causes of noise pollution are sounds of vehicles, explosions including
the bursting of crackers, machines, loudspeakers etc.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Ear consists of three major parts which are : Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear.
The outer ear : Outer ear is also known as Pinna. The function of pinna is, it catches
the sound waves and forwards them to the next part of the ear, that is, the middle ear.
The middle ear : The middle ear consists of eardrum which converts the sound
waves into vibrations that then travel to the inner ear. The eardrum is a thin
rubber-like sheet present in the Middle ear. Eardrum sends the vibrations to inner
ear as soon as the sound waves collected by pinna reaches it.
The inner ear : Inner ear is sometimes also known as cochlea. It receives the
vibrations sent by the eardrum. It contains a liquid substance and the vibrations that
enter the inner ear moves through this liquid. There are tiny hairs present inside the
inner ear that turn these vibrations into signals for the brain and pass them to the
brain through the hearing nerve. As the brain receives the signal it interprets the
sound.
2. Propagation of sound
The vibration produced by a body disturbs a medium in which it is produced and the
disturbance travels through the medium in the form of wave. Sound always requires a
medium to travel from the source of its production to the receiver end.
Sound cannot travel through a vacuum as it lacks any medium of transmission. Sound
can travel through solid, liquid. Propagation of sound happens in all directions in a
medium. It is interesting to know that the sound travels at different speeds in
different kinds of mediums. The speed of sound is influenced by many factors viz.
temperature, nature of materials and physical state of matter. Sound needs some
vibration of molecules to travel.
Solids have tightly packed particles in them and hence they allow fast propagation of
sound through them. Liquids have slightly loosely packed particles and hence it takes
a little time for sound to travel in water or through a liquid. Gases have completely
loosely packed particles and hence sound takes the most time in travelling through
the air. It is interesting to know that the propagation of sound takes place in following
sequence :
Air < Liquid < Solid
Propagation of sound is around 13 times faster in solids than in air and propagation in
water is around 4 times faster than in air.
Speed of sound in various substances : (Approximately)

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 Substance Speeds in metre/second
Air 346
Water 1,498
Glass 4,540
Iron 5,960
Aluminium 6,320
Diamond 12,000
3. Characteristics of sound
Sound is produced by vibrations. How frequent or how strong the vibrations are, is
determined by quantities such as frequency and amplitude.The vibration is a back
and forth motion of a thing or object.
This motion is also called as oscillatory motion or oscillations. Frequency, time period,
and amplitude are the main characteristics of the sound that are associated with
sound.
Frequency
The number of oscillations or vibrations per second is called the frequency of
oscillation. Frequency is denoted by ‘ f ’. For human ears, the range of audible
frequencies is roughly from 20 to 20,000 hertz. When we have to measure or calculate
the frequency of the sound we have to measure it in terms of hertz. Therefore the
standard unit or the SI unit of frequency is hertz (can be shown from Hz).
1 hertz = 1 oscillation per second, 20 hertz = 20 oscillations per second.
Amplitude : The maximum distance to which vibrating body moves on either side of
its mean position is called the amplitude of vibration.
The amplitude of a sound wave can be defined as the maximum displacement of the
particles from their mean position due to the vibrations.
Time period : The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one oscillation or
vibration is called its time period. It is denoted by ‘T’. The S.I unit of time period is
seconds (s).
4. Types of sound
Sounds are sometimes differentiated on the bases of the loudness of sound; on the
bases of the loudness sound can be differentiated as Audible sound and Inaudible sound.
Audible and Inaudible sounds : Audible sounds are sounds of frequency which are
audible to human ear. On the other hand, inaudible sounds are those sounds which
are over or under the range of human hearing capacity, these are the sounds which
humans are unable to hear without using any special equipment. Sounds below 20 Hz
and above 20,000 Hz or 20 kilo-hertz are beyond the hearing capacity of humans.
Ultrasonic waves : The sound of a frequency of above 20000 hertz which human
cannot hear are called ultrasonic vibrations or ultrasonic sounds. Ultrasounds can be
used for various purposes such as identifying abnormalities in the human body or
calculating distances under the water through SONAR. Ultrasonic sounds are
generally produced by dolphins, bats and tortoise.

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 Infrasonic waves : The sound of a frequency of vibrations of below 20 hertz which
human cannot hear are called infrasonic vibrations or infrasonic sounds these are
generally produced by whales, elephants, rhinoceros and giraffe. Infrasound waves
also sometimes are used to treat myopia in kids.
5. Controlling noise pollution
There are many ways by which noise pollution can be controlled, some are easy and
some are very tricky to follow. These are :
1. Factories should be relocated far from residential areas. A big example is that
many factories had been shifted to outskirts from Delhi.
2. Trees should be planted along the roads because trees absorb noise.
3. Use of traffic controls to reduce braking and acceleration and improvements in
tyre design so that tyres produce less noise while driving.
4. Do not play TVs and music systems at high volumes.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. looseness 2. vacuum 3. motion
4. middle 5. noise 6. volume
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Space craft launch—140 to 170
2. Jet airplane—140 or above
3. Heavy motor vehicle—90 to 120
4. Light vehicle—60 to 80
5. Traffic signal—60 to 95
6. Normal talking—50 to 60
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 14 : Chemical Effects of Electrical Energy

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b)
(B) On e word question answers :
1. A liquid that has ions in it—water ionized.
2. The solutions, while passing current through them break into its ions—Electrolytes
3. These do not allow current to pass through them—Insulators
4. Application of a protective zinc coating to iron to prevent rusting—is galvanization.
5. The negative terminal of the electric cell is marked—Minus (–)
6. Electrolysis is used in the refining of—copper.

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(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. The impurities in water (impurities are substances like salts, dissolved in water)
make it a conductor.
2. Uses of Electroplating
(a) Electroplating is widely used in the Industries such as-automobiles, aeroplanes,
electronics etc.
(b) To protect metals from corrosion or rusting (using zinc to prevent corrosion on
iron: This is known as Galvanization.
3. The 2 names of good conductor are – 1. Copper 2. Gold
The 2 names of bad conductor are – 1. Wood 2. Rubber
4. The using of zinc to prevent corrosion on iron. This is known as Galvanization.
5. Electroplating
Electroplating is a process in which layer of metal is deposited on another material
with the help of electricity. Different metals used for electroplating are Nickel,
Copper, Gold, Silver, Tin, Brass, Zinc, Chromium and Platinum.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Electrolysis and Electrolytic cells : The effect in which components of a compound
get split due to passing of an electric current through it is called electrolysis.This
process is due to the chemical effect of the current.
Electrolysis in purification of metals : The method of electrolysis is also used to
purify a metal by separating it from the impurities. The impure metal is used as an
anode which first dissolves in the electrolyte solution and then deposits on the
cathode in the pure form. The impurities of the metal remain in the electrolyte
solution only. Metals like copper extracted from its ore by heating the ore with carbon
(known as smelting) are purified by this method. Let us take copper as an example
and try to understand the process involved in the purification of copper.
We placed anode (Impure copper) and cathode (Pure Copper) into an electrolyte
named copper sulphate (CuSO4), then current is passed through the electrolyte.
Copper atoms are oxidised to copper ions then copper ions are transported from anode
to cathode. Impurities get settled to the bottom of tank. Metals like aluminium, zinc
and copper are purified in this way.
Use of Electrolysis
(a) Electrolysis is used to separate out the impurities of the metal.
(b) Electrolysis is used in manufacturing of hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide
and bleaching solution commercially
(c) Electrolysis is used in the refining of copper.
(d) Electrolysis is used for electroplating.
(e) Electrolysis is used for Aluminium anodisation.
(f) Electrolysis is used to extract reactive materials.
2. There are two types of cells : (i) Dry cell (ii) Wet cell : Dry Cell
The electric cell which we use in our day to day electronics is known as dry cell
because it does not contain any liquid chemical.

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 Features of dry cell :
(a) The electric cell is a cylindrical device having a small metal cap on one side and a
metal disc on the other side.
(b) The electric cell has two terminals :
(i) A positive terminal
l The metal cap is positive terminal of the electric cell
l The positive terminal of electric cell is marked plus (+)
(ii) Negative terminal.
l Metal disc is the negative terminal of the electric cell.
l The negative terminal of the electric cell is marked minus (–)
(c) The electric cell produces electricity from the chemicals stored inside it.
(d) These cells are used as a source of electricity in torch, wristwatches, alarm
clocks, transistor, radios, TV remotes, toys and many other devices.
Wet cell
A wet cell is called as wet because of the liquid electrolyte present in it. There are
two containers in the wet cell and one container is connected to the second
container with the help of a salt bridge. Early wet batteries consisted of
solution-filled glass jars and with electrodes dropped into each one. Wet cells are
used to start most cars but these are also replaced by the dry cells these are also
used to provide electricity backup to households.
3. Conductors and Insulators
Materials through which electric current can pass through easily are called
conductors of electricity or we can say any substance can be called as a conductor
of electricity if it allows movement of charges through it. The electrons of the
conductors can flow freely and hence can take electric current through them.
Pure water or distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity. But the presence of
even small amount of impurities makes water a good conductor. All the metals
are conductors of electricity.
Those materials which do not allow electric current to pass through them are
called insulators or known as Non-Conductors of electricity. Examples of insulators
are glass, wood, rubber, pure water, and dry air. However, the impurities in water
(impurities are substances like salts, dissolved in water) make it a conductor.
Insulators do not allow the flow of charges through them because their electrons
are tightly packed with their particles.
4. Extraction of aluminium—Aluminium ore is called bauxite. The bauxite is purified
to produce aluminium oxide, a white powder from which aluminium can be extracted.
The extraction is done by electrolysis. The ions in the aluminium oxide must be free to
move so that electricity can pass through it.
5. Chemical effect of Current
When current passes through water, water gets ionised and the gases arising are
hydrogen and oxygen. Splitting of hydrogen and oxygen in water is a chemical effect.
Now we know that when an electric current passes through solution it ionizes and

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 breaks down into ions. Depending on the nature of the solution and the electrodes
used, these three effects can be seen:
(a) Metallic deposits on the electrodes can be seen.
(b) Change in the colour of the solution can be observed.
(c) A release of gas or production of bubbles in the solution can also be seen
sometimes.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. electricity 2. electrolysis 3. insulators
4. rusting 5. reused 6. electrolyte
(F) Write true or false :
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Anode—Negatively charged electode
2. Potassium—Extracted using Electrolysis method
3. Titanium—Extracted using Reduction method
4. Cathode—Positively charged electrode
5. Wet cell batteries—Have the ability to recharge
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 15 : Some Natural Phenomena

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. What is the unit of charge ? Coulombs and ampere second
2. The number of electrons in the atom is equal to the number of protons in the atom.
3. Which device is being used to measure the intensity of the earthquake—Richter scale.
4. Which branch of science deals with the study of earthquakes—Seismology.
5. Who invented the lightning– Benjamin Franklin
6. Protons have Positive charge.
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. When a plastic comb is rubbed with dry hair, it becomes negatively charged. The
negatively charged comb induces a positive charge on the pieces of paper which are
neutral in nature. As we know that the unlike charges attract each other, plastic comb
attracts tiny pieces of paper.
2. Lightning Conductor
The idea of using lightning conductor was first given by Benjamin Franklin about 250
years ago. A lightning conductor is an instrument used to protect buildings from the
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 harmful effects of lightning. Lightning is more likely to strike projecting objects such
as trees, poles, buildings etc. because the material in them provides an easier path to
the ground than air.A lighting conductor is a metallic conductor that is attached to the
highest point on the building and connected to the earth with copper plate buried deep
under the ground.
3. A lightning conductor is a metallic conductor that is attached to the highest point on
the building. A lightning conductor is an instrument used to protect buildings from
the harmful effects of lightning.
4. The Earthquake prone areas of India are—the region of Kashmir, the Western
and Central Himalayas, some parts of Bihar, the Rann Kutch and the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands fall in this zone
5. Precautions to be taken during lightning
(i) Do not use electrical appliance and switch them off immediately.
(ii) If your TV uses in antenna then disconnect it from the TV.
(iii) Avoid bathing under running water during thunderstorms and lightning.
(iv) As soon as you hear thunder, rush to a safer place.
(v) Avoid taking shelter under trees and metallic roof or umbrella with metallic rod.
(vi) Stay away from all types of water bodies because water is good conductor of
electricity.
(vii) If you are travelling then take shelter inside a car or bus.
(viii)If outside, do not lie on the ground. Instead squat, bow on the ground, i.e, place
your hand on your knees with your head between the hands.
(ix) Stay away from plumbing metallic lines.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. When two objects touch each other, or rubbed against each other, the movement of
electrons may take place from one object to another. The object which loses electrons
becomes positively charged. The object which gains electrons become negatively
charged. In this case, the number of electrons lost is equal to the number of electrons
gained and as a result, both objects will get equal positive and negative charge. Like
charges repel each other and unlike attract. Objects that have property to attract or
repel are called charged objects or electrified. The process of charging of an object is
referred to as electrification.
When a body gains electric charge, the process is called charging.
When a body loses electric charge, the process is called discharging.
2. Charges are always transferred through good conductors. In electroscope, the charge
from glass rod is transferred to silver leaves through the metallic rod. After some
time, it is observed that silver leaves move back to the original position. The electric
charge from silver leaves is transferred to the earth through the body of electroscope.
Thus, the silver leaves lose electric charge.
When charge is transferred to earth, the process is called Earthing.

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 3. Lightning and Thunderstorm
Lightning heats the air in the path so quickly that a loud sound is produced that we
hear as Thunder. The upward movement of hot air and downward movement of cold
air lead to stormy winds along with rainfall, lightning and thunder. These events
together are called as thunderstorm. Thunderstorm is always accompanied by
lightning. Lightning is a giant electric spark. It causes maximum damage.
Earthquake
Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth’s crust which last for a very short time. It
is caused by disturbance deep inside the earth’s crust. Earthquake is another kind of
natural phenomena, which causes large scale destruction of life and property.
4. Earthquake
Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth's crust which last for a very short time. It
is caused by disturbance deep inside the earth's crust. When the plates brush past
one other or when at times they get interlocked a disturbance is caused and it
develops into an earthquake.
Safety measures to be followed during earthquake
(i) Do not use lift in buildings.
(ii) Stay away from electric poles, power line and sign boards.
(iii) In case you are indoor, take shelter under a table and don't come out until the
quake is over.
(iv) Quake proof designs should be implemented, while building a house.
(v) There should be proper fire fighting system in the house. Fire becomes a major
hazard during and after an earthquake.
(vi) People living in coastal areas should move to a safer place on higher grounds at
the first warning for hint of an earthquake.
(vii) If driving, avoid bridges or tunnels.
5. The measures that should be taken after a natural calamity and disaster—
1. Make sure you, your family members, and pets are safe.
2. Make sure everyone takes their go bag and your lock box of essential and
financial documents.
3. Attend to physical injuries and emotional distress
4. If you have a home standing, but there is damage, secure your property
5. Take photos of the damage.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. calamity 2. thunder 3. charges
4. earthing 5. sudden 6. Benjamin
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Natural disaster—Natural calamity
2. Benjamin Franklin—American scientist

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 3. Charles F. Richter—Richter scale
4. Loosening of soil—Landslides
5. Seismology—A branch of science
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 16 : Light

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Where does the image form in a human eye ?—in lens.
2. Angle between normal and incident ray is called—angle of incidence.
3. Name one device which works on the principle of multiple reflections—kaleidoscope.
4. According to the principles of reflection, angle of incidence is always equal to
what—Angle of Reflection.
5. Who invented the Braille system ?—Louis Braille.
6. Name the part of the eye which gives distinctive colour—IRIS
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Some carnivorous animals such as red foxes, tiger, lion, hyenas and owls use good
night vision for hunting at night.
2. Reflected ray : The ray of the light that gets reflected back from the surface is called
reflected ray.
Myopia (Short-sightedness) : When the focal length of the eye is shortened then a
person is called as Myopic. In this disease the person is able to see the things near to
them but will not be able to see the things clearly which are placed far from them due
to the shift in focus.
3. Kaleidoscope
A kaleidoscope is a device that works on the phenomena of multiple reflections with
the help of multiple mirrors. A kaleidoscope has a cylindrical structure with three
plane mirrors inside it.
4. Spectrum of Light or Light Spectrum—Light spectrum means the visible
spectrum, the range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation which our eyes are
sensitive to is called spectrum of light.
5. Reflection of Light
If light travelling in one medium is sent back to the same medium after striking a
second medium is said to be reflected. In simple words “When light rays fall on a
highly polished smooth surface and return to the same medium, it is called reflection
of light.”

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(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Retina : Retina is placed behind the lens. Retina has different nerve cells that detects
the light and transform that into electrical impulses.
Retina has two parts which senses darkness and brightness, these are Rods or
chopsticks and Cones.
Blind spot : There is one point on the retina where the nerve fibers enter the optic
nerve. The image falling on this part of the retina cannot be seen and hence it is
known as the blind spot.
2. Laws of Reflection of light
(a) First Law of Reflection : The first law of D
A B
reflection states that the incident ray, the
reflected ray and normal at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
(b) The Second Law of Reflection : The angle by
which a ray of light is incident on a surface will
always be equal to the angle by which it is
reflected back from the surface.
Therefore in above image we can say that O
∠ DOA = ∠ DOB.
i.e. (θi ) = (θr )
Both the above laws are applicable to all polished and smooth surfaces, whether plane
or curved.
3. A polished and smooth surface is called as mirror. Reflection of light helps us to see
most of the things around us. Reflection of light by a surface depends on the nature of
the surface. Depending on the nature of the surface, there are usually two types of
reflection : Regular reflection and diffused or irregular reflection. Regular reflection :
A highly polished surface reflects a parallel beam of light in one direction; this is
called as regular reflection or image. In regular reflection of light the parallel beams
remain parallel after reflection. Irregular or Diffused reflection : An irregular surface
reflects a parallel beam of light in different directions, this kind of reflection is called
diffused reflection. In irregular reflection of light the parallel beams do not remain
parallel after reflection.
4. A Periscope is an instrument that is used to look at objects that are not in the line of
sight of the observer. With the help of periscope a person can see around corners and
other obstructions. The Periscope works on the phenomena of multiple reflections of
light. A periscope consists of a long–tube with a plane mirror at each end. The
reflecting surfaces are parallel and are arranged at an angle of 45 degree inside the
tube. The image formed by one mirror acts as the object for the other mirror. The main
use of periscope is in submarines that remain under water and tanks and bunkers by
the soldiers.
5. A rainbow which usually appears after the rain, you must have seen it as an arc of
seven colours in the sky, it is known as the rainbow. The seven colours of a rainbow
are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet these colours are sometimes
abbreviated as VIBGYOR. The pattern which is formed by all these seven colours is

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 known as Spectrum of colours. When all these seven colours are mixed together the
white light forms, so we can say that the white light is made by the combination of
these colours. Therefore, now we can comprehend that the sunlight is also formed by
the combination of these seven colours. This can also be proved by some other
methods and activities.
(E) Fill in the blanks with the given words below :
1. source 2. reflection 3. inverted
4. spectrum 5. Iris 6. codes
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
(G) Match the following :
1. Pupil—Controls light
2. Cells in Braille character—6 dots
3. Convex mirror—Converging mirror
4. Healthy vision—Vitamin A in diet
5. Multiple reflection—Periscope
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.
Chapter 17 : Stars and Solar System

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) :

Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a)
(B) One word question answers :
1. Who landed on the moon for second time—Edwin Aldrin
2. Which star indicates the north direction—the North Star
3. Name the natural satellite of Earth—Moon
4. Write any two artificial satellites name—IRS, Insat
5. Which is the largest planet in the solar system ?—Jupiter
6. Ursa Major is known as—Constellation
(C) Answer the following short questions :
1. Asteroids : These are rocky planetary bits orbiting around sun. Asteroid belt lies
between Mars and Jupiter.
2. On July 21, 1969 (Indian time), Neil Armstrong landed on the moon for the first time.
3. The Sun's rays fall directly on the part of the moon facing earth. In this position we see
the moon as a full disc of light. This position of moon is known as full moon.
4. This position of moon, when it appears dark on earth is known as new moon. In some
positions we see the moon not as a full disc but as a crescent.

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 5. A fortnight later, you’ll not be able to see any moon at all. It is a new moon night also
known as new moon night or ‘Amavasya’.
(D) Answer the following long questions :
1. Celestial Bodies
The moon, the sun, and all the objects, shining in the night sky are known as the
Celestial Bodies. This includes every natural object that is located outside the Earth’s
atmosphere, such as the Moon, the Sun, an asteroid, planet, or star. The Kuiper belt
contains many celestial bodies. Even an asteroid in space is a celestial body.
Features of Celestrial Bodies.
Some of the celestial bodies are very hot and big. They are composed of gas and have
their own light and heat. These emit heat in large amounts. Such celestial bodies are
known as stars. The sun is also a star.
2. Phases of the Moon
The various shapes of the bright part of the moon as seen during a month are called
phases of moon. The moon revolves round the earth. It also revolves round the sun
along with the earth. The various stages of the moon during a month are shown in
figure (See figure in text book).
The part of the moon facing earth does not receive light from the sun. Hence it appears
dark. The other part of the moon that is facing away from earth is lit by the sun light.
This position of moon, when it appears dark on earth is known as new moon. In
positions 2, 3 and 4, we see the moon not as a full disc but as a crescent. Position 2 of
the moon is known as crescent moon, Position 3 as first quarter and position 4 as
Gibbous (bright part is greater than a semicircle) moon. In position 5, the Sun's rays
fall directly on the part of the moon facing earth. In this position we see the moon as a
full disc of light. This position of moon is known as full moon.
Between the positions 1 and 5, the bright portion of moon increases. It is called
waxing phase of the moon. We have "Amavasya" at position 1, and "Purnima" at
position 5. During positions 6, 7, 8 and 1, the moon vanes, that is the bright portion of
moon becomes smaller and smaller. The time period between one full moon to the next
full moon is slightly longer than 29 days.
3. Other members in our solar system are:
(i) Asteroids : These are rocky planetary bits orbiting around sun. Asteroid belt
lies between Mars and Jupiter.
(ii) Comets : These are celestial bodies that revolve around the sun. It appears
generally as a bright head with a long tail. The tail of a comet is always directed
away from the Sun. A comet is made up of rock, dust, water, ice, and frozen gases.
(iii) Meteors and Meteorites : Meteoroids are chunks of rock or particle of debris in
our solar system. They are smaller than comets. When meteoroids enter the
Earth’s atmosphere they are called meteors. Most meteors burn up in the
atmosphere, but if they sustain the frictional heating and strike the surface of
the Earth they are called meteorites. As a meteor glows brightly when it falls to
the ground it is called a shooting star.

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 (iv) Satellites : A body revolving around another body is called a satellite.
Moon is the natural satellite of the Earth. Some planets also have natural
satellites.
4. Planets : Planets reflect sunlight that is incident on them. They have no light of their
own, so they don’t twinkle like the stars. Planets have definite paths called orbits in
which they revolve around the sun. There are eight planets in our solar system :
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Venus is the
brightest planet in the night sky. Jupiter is the largest planet of the solar system.
5. The groups of stars forming some kind of recognizable figures or patterns are known
as constellations. Ursa Major is one such constellation. In archaic times, people used
stars to determine directions during the night. The North Star known as the Pole Star
indicates the north direction. A pole star is a visible star. It is approximately aligned
with the Earth’s axis of rotation. This means that the apparent position of Pole Star is
close to one of the celestial poles, and it lies approximately directly overhead when
viewed from the. Earth’s North Pole or South Pole. The Pole Star always remains in
the same position in the sky. You can locate it with the help of the Saptarishi.
Constellations appear to move from east to west as Earth rotates from west to east.
Orion–the Hunter, Ursa Major—the Great Bear or Saptarishi, Cassiopeia are some
constellations.
(E) Fill in the blanks with suitable (given) words :
1. Kuiper 2. North star 3. orbit
4. luminous 5. earth 6. sunlight
(F) Write true or false :
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False
(G) Match the following :
1. Largest Planet—Jupiter
2. Ursa Major—Constellation
3. Artificial Satellite—INSAT
4. Asteroid belt lies between—Mars and Jupiter
5. Shooting stars—Meteors
(H) Activity :
Do yourself.

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