UNIT-II
Web technology refers to the means by which computers communicate with each
other using markup languages and multimedia packages. It gives us a way to
interact with hosted information, like websites. Web technology involves the use
of hypertext markup language (HTML) and cascading style sheets (CSS).
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely
used language on Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-
Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard HTML specification
which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it
was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but
currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01,
and this version was published in 2012.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of
documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing
of scientific information between researchers. Now, HTML is being widely used
to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML language.
HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great
Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web Development
Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning HTML:
Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an existing web
template if you know HTML well.
Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a professional web
designer, HTML and CSS designing is a must skill.
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Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost its speed
and performance, it is good to know HTML to yield best results.
Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of HTML then
other related technologies like javascript, php, or angular are become easier
to understand.
HTML page structure: The basic structure of an HTML page is laid out
below. It contains the essential building-block elements (i.e. doctype
declaration, HTML, head, title, and body elements) upon which all web pages
are created.
Example: This example illustrates the basic structure of HTML code.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
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<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>
XML
Extensible Markup Language (XML) lets you define and store data in a shareable
manner. XML supports information exchange between computer systems such as
websites, databases, and third-party applications. Predefined rules make it easy
to transmit data as XML files over any network because the recipient can use
those rules to read the data accurately and efficiently.
Extensible
Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that provides rules to define any
data. Unlike other programming languages, XML cannot perform computing
operations by itself. Instead, any programming language or software can be
implemented for structured data management.
For example, consider a text document with comments on it. The comments
might give suggestions like these:
Make the title bold
This sentence is a header
This word is the author
Such comments improve the document’s usability without affecting its content.
Similarly, XML uses markup symbols to provide more information about any
data. Other software, like browsers and data processing applications, use this
information to process structured data more efficiently.
XML tags
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You use markup symbols, called tags in XML, to define data. For example, to
represent data for a bookstore, you can create tags such as <book>, <title>, and
<author>. Your XML document for a single book would have content like this:
<book>
<title> Learning Amazon Web Services </title>
<author> Mark Wilkins </author>
</book>
Tags bring sophisticated data coding to integrate information flows across
different systems.
CSS Introduction
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply designed
language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS allows you to apply styles to web pages. More importantly, CSS enables
you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up each web page. It
describes how a webpage should look: it prescribes colors, fonts, spacing, and
much more. In short, you can make your website look however you want. CSS
lets developers and designers define how it behaves, including how elements
are positioned in the browser.
While html uses tags, css uses rulesets. CSS is easy to learn and understand, but
it provides powerful control over the presentation of an HTML document.
CSS saves time: You can write CSS once and reuse the same sheet in
multiple HTML pages.
Easy Maintenance: To make a global change simply change the style, and
all elements in all the webpages will be updated automatically.
Search Engines: CSS is considered a clean coding technique, which means
search engines won’t have to struggle to “read” its content.
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Superior styles to HTML: CSS has a much wider array of attributes than
HTML, so you can give a far better look to your HTML page in comparison
to HTML attributes.
Offline Browsing: CSS can store web applications locally with the help of
an offline cache. Using this we can view offline websites.
CSS Syntax:
CSS comprises style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied
to the corresponding elements in your document.
A style rule set consists of a selector and declaration block.
Selector -- h1
Declaration -- {color:blue;font size:12px;}
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by
semicolons.
Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a
colon.
For Example:
color is property and blue is value. Font-size is property and 12px is value.
CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces.
Example : In the following example all p elements will be center-aligned, with
a blue text color:
CSS
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p{
color: blue;
text-align: center;
Programming Language
A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers
(developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written
in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task.
A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications,
websites, and mobile applications.
Types of programming language
1. Low-level programming language
Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language.
The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler
or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast.
Low-level language is further divided into two parts -
i. Machine Language
ii. Assembly Language
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2. High-level programming language
High-level programming language (HLL) is designed for developing user-
friendly software programs and websites. This programming language requires
a compiler or interpreter to translate the program into machine language (execute
the program).
The main advantage of a high-level language is that it is easy to read, write, and
maintain.
High-level programming language includes Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP,
C#, C++, Objective C, Cobol, Perl, Pascal, LISP, FORTRAN, and Swift
programming language.
A high-level language is further divided into three parts -
i. Procedural Oriented programming language
ii. Object-Oriented Programming language
iii. Natural language
3. Middle-level programming language
Middle-level programming language lies between the low-level programming
language and high-level programming language. It is also known as the
intermediate programming language and pseudo-language.
A middle-level programming language's advantages are that it supports the
features of high-level programming, it is a user-friendly language, and closely
related to machine language and human language.
Example: C, C++, language
Web server
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World
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Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to display website content through
storing, processing and delivering webpages to users.
Web Servers are basically simple computer programs that dispense the web page
when they are requested using the web client. The machines on which this
program runs are usually called a server, with both the names web server and
server almost used interchangeably.
A page on the internet can be viewed, when the browser requests it from the
web server and the web server responds with that page. A simple diagrammatic
representation of this is given below in the figure:
The simple process consists of 4 steps, they are:
Obtaining the IP Address from the domain name: Our web browser first
obtains the IP address the domain name (for e.g., for this page the domain
name is www.geeksforgeeks.org) resolves to. It can obtain the IP address in
2 ways-
By searching in its cache.
By requesting one or more DNS (Domain Name System) Servers.
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Browser requests the full URL: After knowing the IP Address, the browser
now demands a full URL from the web server.
The web server responds to request: The web server responds to the
browser by sending the desired pages, and in case, the pages do not exist or
some other error occurs, it will send the appropriate error message.
For example: You may have seen Error 404, while trying to open a
webpage, which is the message sent by the server when the page does not
exist.
Another common one is Error 401 when access is denied to us due to
incorrect credentials, like username or password, provided by us.
The browser displays the web page: The Browser finally gets the
webpages and displays it, or displays the error message.
Server Product
Server Product means a Product that resides on a server and provides
functionality that Users access by connecting to the server using client
applications or mobile applications. The such server may reside: i) on a Server
Product deployed behind Subscriber’s firewall and/or within Subscriber’s
network, ii) on a Server Product licensed by an external organization, or iii) by
Bentley as a cloud-based service.
Introduction of DBMS (Database Management System)
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed
to manage and organize data in a structured manner. It allows users to create,
modify, and query a database, as well as manage the security and access controls
for that database.
Some key features of a DBMS include:
1. Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and modifying data
models, which define the structure and relationships of the data in a database.
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2. Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for storing and
retrieving data from the database, and can provide various methods for
searching and querying the data.
3. Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for controlling
concurrent access to the database, to ensure that multiple users can access
the data without conflicting with each other.
4. Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for enforcing data
integrity and security constraints, such as constraints on the values of data
and access controls that restrict who can access the data.
5. Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for backing up and
recovering the data in the event of a system failure.
6. DBMS can be classified into two types: Relational Database Management
System (RDBMS) and Non-Relational Database Management System
(NoSQL or Non-SQL)
7. RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and each table has a set of
rows and columns. The data is related to each other through primary and
foreign keys.
8. NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-value pairs, document, graph,
or column-based. These are designed to handle large-scale, high-
performance scenarios.
MySQL Database
MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big
businesses. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which
is a Swedish company. MySQL is becoming so popular because of many good
reasons −
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MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to
pay to use it.
MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large
subset of the functionality of the most expensive and powerful database
packages.
MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages
including PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.
MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.
MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web
development.
MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a table.
The default file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can increase this (if
your operating system can handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million
terabytes (TB).
MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows
programmers to modify the MySQL software to fit their own specific
environments.
Five Key Features and Benefits of MySQL
We've outlined many of the benefits for MySQL already. It's versatile, mature,
open source, and extensible. But if we had to list five key MySQL features and
benefits, they would be the following.
1. Easy to Use
MySQL is considered easy to use among RDBMS. It works with basic SQL and,
given its maturity and adoption, there is abundant documentation available.
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2. Secure
MySQL's maturity also lends itself to security. It's regularly updated, has a vibrant
developer community, and, because of it's wide adoption within the enterprise,
many CVE patches are released before the CVE is announced. These factors
combine to make MySQL a stable and secure choice among RDBMS.
3. Open Source
The community edition of MySQL is enterprise ready, and supported by a GNU
General Public License. For users who want access to equitable proprietary
functionality of MySQL without the added price tag, there are other options
within the ecosystem — like MariaDB — that can add similar levels of
functionality and beyond.
4. Scalable
MySQL is highly scalable for an RDBMS, with a wide range of options not
covered in this blog that allow for tuning, customizing and enhancing your
MySQL experience.
5. Reliable
MySQL is reliable — not just from a data perspective, but from a development
perspective. It's mature, it has regular releases, patches, and an entrenched
developer community that works with it. This makes it a safe choice compared to
newer, less mature RDBMS options.
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) that combines the
relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and
software-development tools.
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MS Access can be used to develop application software and is generally used by
data architects, software developers and power users. Following are the major
uses of MS Access:
Manage accounts and bills
Store data in the form of tables and edit or customise them later as per the
requirement of the user
It can be used to make our websites
Comparing data or finding a relationship between the existing data can be
done using Access
Components of MS Access
The main usage of MS Access is for accounting. Since it is Microsoft’s primary
accounting database, it can be used to manage invoice/bills, manage accounts,
keep an eye on credit and debit, etc.
When we create a document of Access, data can be stored and accessed easily
through multiple components. There are seven major components of MS Access
database. Discuss below are the same in brief:
Tables: A table in Access is similar to any other tabulated data in the form
of rows and columns. However, when adding data to a program to create a
table, all the information entered must be correct as if any incorrect data is
entered the processing may become slow or may not give the correct
answer. The appearance of the table may look similar to the one formed in
Excel with column heading and titles
Queries: Once a table is created and the user or programmer is looking for
a calculated output, then it is called queries. This may include filtering,
calculating, sorting, updating, etc.
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Relationships: As the name suggests, when more than one table is added,
the relation or connection between them can be achieved. There three ways
in which the connection between the tables can be determined:
1. One to one
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many
Macros: The tool using which predefined actions which can automate
tasks on an Access report is called macros. Multiple tasks can be assigned
and they will function whenever the macros option is selected on a report
Forms: A user interface for a database application can be created using
forms. Forms can further be divided into two: bound and unbound forms
Report: Once all the information is entered into the database, it can be
reviewed or analysed using a report. A report can then be customised or
modified as per the user’s requirement
Module: This allows a set of pre-defined instructions to be created by a
programmer in the database. They can be used throughout the database
Drug Database
Contains prescription drug claims from the Drug Programs Information Network,
an electronic, on-line, point-of-sale prescription drug database. Initiated in 1994,
it connects Manitoba Health and Healthy Living (MHHL) and all pharmacies in
Manitoba to a central database maintained by MHHL. Information about
pharmaceutical dispensations is captured in real time for all Manitoba residents
(including Registered First Nations), regardless of insurance coverage or final
payer. DPIN facilitates payment administration for eligible drug costs,
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incorporating functions such as real-time adjudication, and collects high-quality
data on all prescriptions issued to Manitobans, such as drug, dosage, and
prescription date. Note that the prescription's indication (the physician's
prescribing intent) is not collected and must be inferred from other data.
1. Personal Pharmacare Program (C1) [Manitoba Pharmacare website] -
implemented in 1994, the objective of this universal program is "to protect
residents of Manitoba from financial hardships resulting from expenses for
prescription drugs as provided for in The Prescription Drugs Cost Assistance Act
and Regulations" (Office of the Auditor General, 2006). The deductible for the
Pharmacare program is based on annual family income (as of April 1, 1996), and
benefits apply only after an application giving permission to the Provincial Drug
Programs (PDP) Unit to access taxable family income data from Canada's
Revenue Agency (CRA). To become eligible for coverage, drugs under
consideration must be reviewed and compiled by the Manitoba Drug Standards
and Therapeutics Committee, followed by final approval from the Minister of
Health. Approved drugs are subsequently entered in the Manitoba Drug Benefits
and Interchangeability Formulary (MCHP Glossary Term). The PDP maintains
the Pharmacare Formulary (containing over 5,000 drugs (DINs) for 2006), and
the list of drugs is divided into three parts:
• Part I - eligible for Pharmacare benefits under all prescribed circumstances
• Part II - eligible for Pharmacare benefits under specified conditions
• Part III - considered for Pharmacare benefits under EDS (Exception Drug
Status) on a case by case basis Personal Pharmacare (C1)
2. Personal Care Home (PCH) Drug Program (C2) - implemented as a carrier
in September, 1995 (formerly known as the Nursing Home Drug Program). While
PCHs are administered by the Regional Health Authorities, the drug program is
provincially based and administered by Pharmacare. Funding for this program is
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not included in PDP appropriations (budgeted funds). There is no deductible
required to be paid out-of-pocket by those resident in PCHs.
3. Employment and Income Assistance Drug Program (C3) - implemented as a
carrier in September, 1995 (formerly known as the Family Services Drug Benefits
Program). Funding for this program is not included in PDP appropriations
(budgeted funds). There is no deductible required to be paid out-of-pocket by
recipients of this program.
4. Palliative Care Drug Access Program (C4) - implemented as a carrier
December 9, 2002.
5. Non-adjudicated transactions - represent a 5th category of transactions not
covered in the C1-C4 programs (approximately 15% of all prescriptions). Non-
adjudicated claims are submitted for screening of possible inappropriate use (e.g.,
drug-drug interactions) before dispensation but do not undergo regular review for
possible payment by the Government of Manitoba. This serves as an incentive
for the dispensing pharmacy to send all prescription claim information into
MHHL for screening, regardless of the prescription's final payer(s).
6. Ancillary programs/non-drug products - ancillary programs cover, for
example, prosthetic/orthotic devices. Some non-drug products possess a Product
Information Number (PIN) (e.g., crutches) and are likely to show up in the C3
program and the non-adjudicated claims data.
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