Q1.
Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Solids:
o Definite shape and volume: Solids have a fixed shape and
volume.
o Rigid structure: Particles in solids are tightly packed in a
regular pattern.
o Incompressible: Solids are difficult to compress because the
particles are very close to each other.
o Slow diffusion: Diffusion in solids is extremely slow.
o Low kinetic energy: The particles have low energy and only
vibrate in their fixed positions.
Liquids:
o Definite volume, but no fixed shape: Liquids take the shape of
the container they are in, but their volume remains constant.
o Less rigid than solids: Particles are loosely packed and can
move around each other.
o Slightly compressible: Liquids are slightly more compressible
than solids, but still not very compressible.
o Moderate diffusion: Diffusion happens faster in liquids than in
solids.
o Moderate kinetic energy: The particles have more energy than
in solids and can move freely around each other.
Gases:
o No fixed shape or volume: Gases take both the shape and
volume of their container.
o Highly compressible: Gases can be compressed easily as the
particles are far apart.
o High diffusion: Diffusion happens quickly in gases due to the
free movement of particles.
o High kinetic energy: Particles have high energy and move
rapidly in all directions.
Q2. How Particles Move
In solids, particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place because
they have low kinetic energy.
In liquids, particles have more energy than solids, allowing them to
move past each other, though they are still close together.
In gases, particles have the highest energy and move freely in all
directions with very little interaction between them, occupying all
available space.
Q3. How Diffusion Takes Place in Gases
Diffusion in gases happens when gas particles move from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to their random
and continuous motion. This mixing occurs until the gas is evenly
distributed.
Example: If you open a bottle of perfume in a room, the perfume particles
spread throughout the room even though you can't see them. This is
diffusion.
Q4. Brownian Motion
Brownian motion refers to the random, erratic movement of particles in a
fluid (liquid or gas). This movement occurs because the small particles are
constantly being hit by the surrounding fluid molecules, causing them to
move in a zigzag pattern.
Example: The movement of pollen grains in water when observed under a
microscope is an example of Brownian motion.
Q5. De-sublimation (or Deposition)
De-sublimation is the process in which a gas changes directly into a solid
without passing through the liquid state. This occurs when the temperature
is lowered or pressure is increased.
Example: Frost formation, where water vapor in the air turns directly into
ice without becoming liquid.
