ASSIGNMENT
General Method of Teaching
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Hafiz Muhammad Mubashar Ma’am
am Hina
BSF2005787 EDUC1112
INTRODUCTION:
Teaching is a complex activity; it needs proper
preparation and planning. Lesson plan is a blue print off teaching activities
undertaken in the classroom. Every teacher tries to plan the content in his
own style so that he can teach systematically and effectively.
SIGNIFICANCE OF LESSON PLANNING
i. Helping teacher to do justice with topic
Proper lesson planning helps the teachers to do justice with different
aspect of the lesson.
ii. Help in identifying and achieving objectives
Lesson planning helps teacher in identifying the teaching objectives
and managing teaching-learning to achieve these objectives.
iii. Develops reasoning and imagination
Lesson planning helps the teacher to plan and use essential
component behaviors and teaching skills helpful in realization of
teaching objectives. It develops reasoning thinking and imagination
of the teacher.
iv. Develops confidence
Lesson plan helps in making teaching more purposeful properly
coordinated and gives the student-teacher more confidence and better
performance.
v. Saves time and energy
Lesson planning prevents wastage of time and energy because it
helps the teacher to be systematic and orderly. It save hime from
haphazard teaching.
vi. Helps in teaching, revision and evaluation
The pattern followed in a lesson plan helps the teacher to teach,
revise and evaluate his teaching. Thus, it helps the pupil in fixing up
the knowledge of the subject-matter in their minds.
vii. Maintains discipline
Proper lesson planning helps in maintaining discipline in the
classroom by keeping the students busy in teaching learning process.
viii. Maintains sequences of contents
It helps in maintaining the sequence of content and presentation. It
prevents the teacher from deviate from the topic. Thus, it prevents
duplicacy and confusion.
Lesson-planning give the teacher confidence and makes the teacher-
learning process slick: it provides adequate; lesson summaries, help
in assignment and in the selection of proper strategies, tactics and
audio-visual aids.
MEANING AND DIFFINITION OF LESSON PLAN
Different education have defined lesson plan in different ways.
According to Bruce Joyce. Well Marsha(1980)
“Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of the objectives to be
realized and the specific means by which these are attained as a result of
activities engaged during the period.”
According to smith. B.O.(1983)
“Daily lesson planning involves defining the objectives, selecting and
arranging the subject-matter and determining the method and
procedure.”
According to Copper Thomas E.(178)
“A teaching outline of the important points of a lesson arranged in order
they are to be presented, it may include objectives, points to be made,
questions to be asked, reference to materials assignments etc.”
APPROACHES TO LESSON PLAN:
Different approaches to lesson planning are given blow.
I. HERBARTIAN APPROACH TO LESSON PLANNING
It is based on a perceptive theory of learning i.e. mind of the child is
like a clean slate. If the new knowledge related to previous
knowledge is given. It will be more easy and retainable for a longer
period.
This approach is influenced by classical human organization theory
because it is a teacher centered approach.
This approach is used for memory level teaching and involves five
steps.
a) Preparation
b) Presentation
c) Comparison
d) Abstraction
e) Generalization
This approach is commonly used in teaching of various school subjects.
On the basis of five steps outline os a lesson plan is given in the following
form.
Date__________ Class___________
Period__________ Subject__________
Topic__________
General Objective
These objectives are formulated by the teacher in his
subject keeping in view of entering behavior of the learners.
For Example: To develop the knowledge of grammar among the students.
Specific Objectives:
These objectives are formulated on the basis of
general objectives and considering the nature of the topic and level of
students. These are specified in term of knowledge, skill or appreciation.
These objectives are written in behavioral term.
For Example: Student will be able to recall the definition of noun.
Student will be able to enumerate the example of noun…
Introduction:
Here, the teacher employs his insight and experience for
linking new knowledge with the previous knowledge of the students. The
topic is not introduced directly but it is usually emitted by the students’
responses by asking introductory questions.
Teaching aids:
Audio-visual aids are selected according to the proposed
topic.
Previous knowledge:
Students’ previous knowledge is mentioned.
For Example: students are familiar with figure of speech. They know that
nouns are naming words.
Presentation:
The teacher prepares the developing questions after
introducing the topic. These questions are arranged in logical sequence,
i.e. from simple to complex, considering the structure of the topic.
Explanation:
The teacher is supposed to explain the answers of the given
answer form.
Blackboard summary:
The teacher has top prepare the blackboard summery
of his teaching points and explanations.
Review questions:
The purpose of these questions is to practice the
students’ learning and evaluate their performance whether they have
comprehended the teaching unit or not. These review questions are asked
only after running the blackboard summary.
For example: Q.1 what is the definition of Noun?
Q.2 Give some example of noun…
Home assignment:
At the end of the lesson plan, home assignment is given
to the students in the same teaching unit. The purpose of home work is to
practice, to organize and to study the topic for better understanding and
retention.
II. MORRISON’S APPOACH
It is not a very popular approach to lesson plan, used only in USA. This
Approach is known as “Unit Method”. According to Morrison, “Unit is a
comprehensive and significant aspect of environment of an organized
section and art.”
According to Wisely, “The unit is an organized body o information and
experience designed to effect significant out for the learners.”
Morrison has formulated “Cycle plan of teaching” major emphasis is on
learning objectives and students’ needs in planning teaching tasks. His
cycle plan of teaching includes
a) Exploration
b) Presentation
c) Assimilation
d) Organization
e) Recitation
Main stress is on assimilation. Mastery teaching can be done by dividing
whole content into units and each unit should be planned and taught. Each
unit is Psychological in nature. It creates problematic situation which
helps in raising level of motivation. Students’ involvement increase and
thus, learning occurs.
This approach is used at ‘Understanding level of teaching’ especially for
higher classes or secondary classes. It is more useful for subjects of
science or mathematics.
III. BLOOM’S EVALUATION APPROACH
It is an American approach in which Robert Maren and Gangne have
also contributed. It is latest approach.
According to Bloom (1956), Education is a tri-polar process
involving mainly three activities.
a) Formulation of objectives.
b) Creating learning experiences.
c) Evaluating the change in behavior.
In view of education objectives, learning experiences are provided to bring
desirable change in the learners’ behavior.
TYPES OF LESSON PLANNING
There are various types of lesson planning
CLASSIFICATION I
a) Macro-lesson plans:
These are used in teacher training programmers; especially in micro-
teaching duration is five to ten minutes.
b) Unwritten lesson plan:
In normal days teaching, unwritten lesson plans are used by the
teachers to make teaching systematic and effective.
CLASSIFICATION II
On the basis of objectives lesson plan may be of
a) Cognitive or knowledge based lesson plan. More emphasis is given
on knowledge. These are used in the subject like science,
mathematics, social sciences.
b) Affective lesson plan: These lesson plans are to develop aesthetic
abilities of the learners. These are used in the subjects like music art
language etc.
c) Psychomotor lesson plan: These lesson plans helps in developing
skills and creative art. These are used in subjects like science, home
science drawing etc.
CLASSIFICATION III
The paradigm of lesson plans differs from country to country. Therefore
two approaches to lesson planning are described below.
a) American approach:
It is a new approach. Its main emphasis is given to learning objectives.
Teacher activities should generate appropriate learning situations for
bringing desirable change in the learner’s behavior. The teaching and
learning is evaluation in term of realization of objective through a criterion
represent test. Instructional procedures can be revised and improved on the
basis of students’ performance.
b) British Approach:
It is an old and traditional approach. Here main emphasis is on
teacher and content presentation. Teacher is the authority. He has to
manage teaching by planning, organizing leading and controlling.
Students’ performance is evaluated by using standardized
achievement test. Sometimes, oral or objective type tests are also
used for measuring students’ achievement.
