MATHEMATICS

Target IIT JEE - 2022

FUNCTIONS
&
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONTENTS
FUNCTIONS

KEY CONCEPT

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

KEY CONCEPT
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KEY CONCEPTS (FUNCTIONS)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. GENERAL DEFINITION :
If to every value (Considered as real unless otherwise stated) of a variable x, which belongs to some
collection (Set) E, there corresponds one and only one finite value of the quantity y, then y is said to be
a function (Single valued) of x or a dependent variable defined on the set E ; x is the argument or
independent variable .
If to every value of x belonging to some set E there corresponds one or several values of the variable y,
then y is called a multiple valued function of x defined on E.Conventionally the word "FUNCTION” is
used only as the meaning of a single valued function, if not otherwise stated.
x f (x )  y
Pictorially : 
    , y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output

Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions .

(i) f  Ax B (ii)  a  A  (a, f(a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c
2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of f .
The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is given then the domain of
the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is defined. For a continuous function, the interval
from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.

3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION :
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative integer
and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial function of degree n .
NOTE : (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn , where n is a positive integer .
(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION :
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn1 + ....... + Pn1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer and
P0 (x), P1 (x) ........... are Polynomials in x.
e.g. y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y²  x² = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not algebraic is
called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION .
(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION :
g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h (x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x)  0.

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(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION :

A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. The inverse of the
exponential function is called the logarithmic function . i.e. g(x) = loga x .
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown .

 + + 
1
x ,
a>
a (0, 1)
) = f(x) = ax , 0 < a < 1
f(x  (0, 1)
)45º )45º
 
(1, 0) (1, 0)
 x

x
log a
x

=
=

)=

y
y

g(x g(x) = loga x

(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION :

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined as
 x if x  0
: y = x 
 x if x  0
(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION :
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows : y
y = 1 if x > 0
 1 for x  0
y = f (x) =  0 for x  0
 O
> x
  1 for x  0 y = Sgn x

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ; y = 1 if x < 0

x  0 ; f (0) = 0
(vii) GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION :
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .
Properties of greatest integer function : y
graph of y = [x] 3
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1 2  º
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer . 1  º
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1  º 
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer 3 2 1 1 2
º 1
 x
=  1 otherwise . 3
 º 2
3
(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION :
It is defined as :
y graph of y = {x}
g (x) = {x} = x  [x] .
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3. 1   º
º º º


The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function 



is as shown .      x
1 1 2

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4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION :

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n  N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(ii) , (n  N) R – {0} R – {0} , if n is odd
xn
R+ , if n is even

(iii) x1 / n , (n  N) R, if n is odd R, if n is odd

R+  {0} , if n is even R+  {0} , if n is even

1
(iv) 1/ n , (n  N) R – {0} , if n is odd R – {0} , if n is odd
x
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is even

B. Trigonometric Functions
(i) sin x R [–1, + 1]
(ii) cos x R [–1, + 1]

(iii) tan x R – (2k + 1) , k I R
2

(iv) sec x , k I
R – (2k + 1) (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
2
(v) cosec x R – k , k  I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
(vi) cot x R – k , k  I R
C. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )

  
(i) sin–1 x [–1, + 1]  2 , 2 
 
(ii) cos–1 x [–1, + 1] [ 0, ]
  
(iii) tan–1 x R  , 
 2 2
  
(iv) cosec –1x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )  2 , 2  – { 0 }
 
 
(v) sec–1 x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  ) [ 0, ] –  
2 
(vi) cot –1 x R ( 0, )

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Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

D. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R–{0} R+ – { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R –{0} R+ – { 1 }

E. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a  1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = log x R+ – { 1 } R–{0}
a

(a > 0 ) (a  1)

F. Integral Part Functions Functions

(i) [x] R I
1 1 
(ii) R – [0, 1 )  , n  I  {0} 
[x] n 

G. Fractional Part Functions

(i) {x} R [0, 1)
1
(ii) R–I (1, )
{x}

H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+  { 0 }
1
(ii) |x| R–{0} R+

I. Signum Function
|x|
sgn (x) = ,x 0 R {–1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

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5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :

Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
One  One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different elements of A
have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) ,
f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2) .
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is oneone .
(ii) If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone .
Many–one function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same
f image in B . Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, then f(x) is
manyone . In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atleast
at two points, then f is manyone .
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa .
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element
in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some
a  A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note that : if range = codomain, then f(x) is onto.

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Into function :
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into .
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR

Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even will
always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note : (i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined from
A  A is nn & out of it n ! are one one.
Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .
Constant function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image in B .
Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function. Note that the range of a constant
function is a singleton and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or into .
7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS :
If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g are defined in
A  B. Now we define f + g , f  g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)
(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)
f f (x )
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B s . t g(x)  0} .
 g g (x )

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8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS :

Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions . Then the function gof : A  C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x f (x)
Diagramatically     g (f(x)) .
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take its
g-image. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain
of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) &
(fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection.
9. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms
is of the same degree with respect to those variables .
For example 5 x2 + 3 y2  xy is homogeneous in x & y . Symbolically if ,
f (tx , ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n .
10. BOUNDED FUNCTION :
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity .
11. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
IMPLICIT FUNCTION . For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been
expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.
12. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be inverse of f . Thus
g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y   x , the changed form of x = y .

(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .

(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)1 = f1 o g1 .

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13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :

If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE : (a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is
symmetric about the origin .
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x )  f (  x ) f ( x)  f (  x )
e.g. f ( x)  
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time
is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd then f.g will be odd .
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of the
function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period .

(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx+ cosx.
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p .
f (x )
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0) .
15. GENERAL :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0 .
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx .
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant .

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KEY CONCEPTS (INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION)

GENERAL DEFINITION(S):
1. sin1 x , cos1 x , tan1 x etc. denote angles or real numbers whose sine is x , whose cosine is x
and whose tangent is x, provided that the answers given are numerically smallest available . These
are also written as arc sinx , arc cosx etc .
If there are two angles one positive & the other negative having same numerical value, then
positive angle should be taken .
2. PRINCIPAL VALUES AND DOMAINS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :
(i) y = sin1 x where 1  x  1 ;    y   and sin y = x .
2 2
(ii) y= cos1 x where 1  x  1 ; 0  y   and cos y = x .
(iii) y = tan1 x where x  R ;    x   and tan y = x .
2 2

(iv) y = cosec1 x where x   1 or x  1 ;    y   , y  0 and cosec y = x .

2 2

(v) y = sec1 x where x  1 or x  1 ; 0  y   ; y  and sec y = x .
2
(vi) y = cot1 x where x  R , 0 < y <  and cot y = x .
NOTE THAT : (a) 1st quadrant is common to all the inverse functions .
(b) 3rd quadrant is not used in inverse functions .
(c) 4th quadrant is used in the CLOCKWISE DIRECTION i.e.    y  0 .
2
3. PROPERTIES OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :
P1 (i) sin (sin1 x) = x , 1  x  1 (ii) cos (cos1 x) = x , 1  x  1
(iii) tan (tan1 x) = x , x  R (iv) sin1 (sin x) = x ,    x  
2 2

(v) cos1 (cos x) = x ; 0  x   (vi) tan1 (tan x) = x ;    x  

2 2
1
P2 (i) cosec1 x = sin1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(ii) sec1 x = cos1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(iii) cot1 x = tan1 ; x>0
x
1
=  + tan1 ; x<0
x

P3 (i) sin1 (x) =  sin1 x , 1  x  1

(ii) tan1 (x) =  tan1 x , x  R
(iii) cos1 (x) =   cos1 x , 1  x  1
(iv) cot1 (x) =   cot1 x , x  R
 
P4 (i) sin1 x + cos1 x = 1  x  1 (ii) tan1 x + cot1 x = xR
2 2

(iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = x  1
2
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xy
P5 tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy < 1
1  xy

xy
=  + tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy > 1
1  xy

xy
tan1 x  tan1y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0
1  xy

sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x  where x  0 , y  0 & (x2 + y2)  1

2 2
P6 (i)


Note that : x2 + y2  1  0  sin1 x + sin1 y 
2

sin1 x + sin1 y =   sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x  where x  0 , y  0 & x2 + y2 > 1

2 2
(ii)


Note that : x2 + y2 >1  < sin1 x + sin1 y < 
2
(iii) 
sin–1x – sin–1y = sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  where x > 0 , y > 0

(iv) 
cos1 x + cos1 y = cos1 x y  1 x 2 1 y 2  where x  0 , y  0

 x  y  z  xyz 
P7 If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = tan1 1  x y  y z  z x  if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1
 
Note : (i) 1 1 1
If tan x + tan y + tan z =  then x + y + z = xyz

(ii) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
2x 1  x2 2x
P8 2 tan1 x = sin1 = cos1 = tan1
1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
Note very carefully that :
 2 tan 1 x if x 1
2x  1  x2  2 tan 1 x
if x  0
sin1 =   2 tan 1 x if x1 cos1 =  1
1  x2 1  x2  2 tan x if x  0
 
    2 tan 1 x
 if x  1

 2tan 1 x if x 1
2x  1
tan1 2 =   2tan x if x  1
 
1 x
  2tan x
 1
if x 1

REMEMBER THAT :
3
(i) sin1 x + sin1 y + sin1 z =  x = y = z = 1
2
(ii) cos1 x + cos1 y + cos1 z = 3  x = y = z = 1
(iii) tan1 1+ tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  and tan1 1 + tan1 12 + tan1 13 = 2

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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

SOME USEFUL GRAPHS

  
1. y = sin 1 x , x  1 , y    2 , 2  2. y = cos 1 x , x  1 , y  [0 , ]
 

  
3. y = tan 1 x , x  R , y    2 , 2  4. y = cot 1 x , x  R , y  (0 , )

        
5. y = sec 1 x , x  1 , y  0 , 2    2 ,   6. y = cosec 1 x , x  1 , y   , 0   0 , 
   2   2

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  
7. (a) y = sin 1 (sin x) , x  R , y   ,  , 7.(b) y = sin (sin 1 x) ,
 2 2
Periodic with period 2  = x
x  [ 1 , 1] , y  [ 1 , 1] , y is aperiodic

8. (a) y = cos 1(cos x), x  R, y[0, ], periodic with period 2  8. (b) y = cos (cos 1 x) ,
= x = x
x  [ 1 , 1] , y  [ 1 , 1], y is aperiodic

9. (a) y = tan (tan 1 x) , x  R , y  R , y is aperiodic 9. (b) y = tan 1 (tan x) ,

=x = x
     
x  R  (2 n  1) 2 n  I  , y    2 , 2  ,
 
periodic with period 

10. (a) y = cot 1 (cot x) , 10. (b) y = cot (cot 1 x) ,

= x = x
x  R  {n } , y  (0 , ) , periodic with  x  R , y  R , y is aperiodic

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11. (a) y = cosec 1 (cosec x), 11. (b) y = cosec (cosec 1 x) ,

= x = x
    
x  R  { n , n  I }, y   2 , 0  0 , 
 2 x  1 , y  1, y is aperiodic

y is periodic with period 2 

12. (a) y = sec 1 (sec x) , 12. (b) y = sec (sec 1 x) ,

= x = x
y is periodic with period 2 ; x  1 ; y  1], y is aperiodic
      
x  R – (2 n  1) n  I  y  0 ,    ,

 2   2 2

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