Aristotle

He distanced himself from all religious spheres that involved the realm of souls.

The soul is not just the superior nature of the human being, but the whole realm of life.
Everything that has a soul has life and vice versa.

Aristotle, looking at the contributions or theories proposed by other philosophers, concludes that
they all define the soul in 3 characteristics: movement, sensation, and incorporeity.

Apply physics and philosophy to your theory of the soul.

It shows the soul as an entity or substance. The entity is presented in 3 forms:

1. Nomomateria: that is to say something that is nothing by itself, something undetermined,

simply matter

2. As structure and form: by virtue of which we can say that this entity "is
something determined.

3. As a compound of the previous ones.

Soul for Aristotle in the 3 forms of entity: matter corresponds to the body of being.
Living beings and the soul correspond to the form of entity. A living being is therefore a being.
composed of matter and form, a compound of body and soul.

Given the different conceptions of identity, Aristotle reflects on entities.

first. For Aristotle, they correspond to natural bodies:

Within natural bodies, there are two types:

Those who are endowed with life

Those who have no life (interest)

The animated being is a combination of body and soul, in which the two parts of the being...
they need each other.

The body is the matter and the potential (it is the entity that has life in potential and not in actuality)

The soul in its essence is the specific form of the body.

Aristotle says 'the soul is entelechy and the form of that subject which has the possibility of
to become a being of such type.

The human being is differentiated from the inert being because it performs a series of functions or acts.
characteristics of living.

Aristotle said that human beings are not the only ones who have a soul, all do as well.
living beings.
 THE SOUL IS THE PRINCIPLE OF LIFE, the source of all activity of every living being.

The soul consists of 5 distinct accidental or operational powers or principles that are
difference in their functions and actions or their objectives:

Vegetative

The soul is the first act, as long as it is in an organic body and the vital operations of
Living beings are the second acts.

All living beings possess the same capacities. To explain that all functions
come from the soul. There are no different types of soul, but various parts in which each one
create a function.

Soul as the first principle, first force or energy, that gives rise to life, to the
sensation and understanding.

Descartes

Theory of the
two substances

Finished Infinite

Soul Body God

Substance: everything that exists by itself and does not need another reality to exist.

Finished

Thinking substance-soul (res cogitons): all the characteristics attributed to the soul.

After the doubt, the thought (soul) remains

Thought is an attribute. It is the only one that cannot be separated from man, therefore it
belongs. I exist as long as I am thinking. Man is nothing more than a thing that
think.

Descartes wanted to propose a critical method for analyzing knowledge different from
Aristotle's syllogistic method.

The senses and dreams deceive us, distorting our knowledge to reach the truth.

The truth is not known unless it is evident. One should doubt everything except for that.
I am in doubt.

Methodical doubt:

To be aware of the falsehoods to doubt them I cannot doubt

that I am doubting

Think a self that doubts needs a subject capacity for reasoning

Exists

Cogito ergo sum is the awareness that man has of himself, and he who does not think does not exist.
This is the first evidence and it is the basis for investigating the truths.
DESCARTES: ARISTOTLE
Explanatory model of Reality.
The mechanistic theory of the reality of the universe. Take as a model of nature: living organisms,
Take as a model: the Machine, the universe is composed hence their dynamic conception of beings. Nature and
by 'Extensive' gears that transmit the movement Beings naturally tend to develop their nature
one another from the first moment that God a form.
infinite substance sets the universe in motion. Dynamism and Theology occupy a central place in the
In the physical world, there is no purpose or intrinsic dynamism. conception of reality.
in things. The new explanation and science is The union of the soul and the body is natural and essential. The soul
quantitative, not theological. Matter and movement are sufficient to it was something present in the entire organism as a 'principle of
explain everything. life" of that organism, meaning something that could not be
The external reality (body) is essentially different from the imagine detached from the body.
reality of thought (soul). While the soul is The soul is the form of the body. Divide the soul into three parts.
find in the body this is related to this through a For Aristotle, the mind is like a blank slate, or
special brain organ called the pineal gland. one knows through the senses, therefore its result is
Thinking soul - consenting soul, does not take up space. for the experience.
That's why it cannot be divided into smaller parts. Rational: Obviously reason, think, meditate.
Extended matter - Matter lacks consciousness, it only has Sensitive: Animals feel, by instinct.
extension. The essence of the body is extension, bodies Vegetative: the plants (vital branches)
they are just matter and matter is extension. The body is matter.
Man is the union of 'res cogitans' that conceives the Aristotle defined the relationship of inherence as that which in
sensory and emotional properties to convey them to the the one that a being 'is inside something, not as part, and cannot
res cogitans 'accidental union' exist separate from what is inside." The soul is the
1. Res extensa (body) perceptions and feelings. update (act) of life in the body, which possesses it in
2. Res cogitans (soul) reasons, thinks, reflects, power. Example: Color is always found 'in' bodies,
imagine. the knowledge 'in' the soul. Not a certain tone of
The soul is autonomous from matter, body and soul are white, neither grammatical knowledge can exist.
distinct substances: The body is a very complex mechanism for themselves. Both require the existence of some
complex that is adapted to certain tasks and without the "res substance 'in' which they are respectively inherent.
Only capable of surviving, the soul is indivisible, Animals have soul.
one and only. About the body, Aristotle says that it is the primary source of
For example: if you cut off a man's arm, the spirit remains the same.
knowledge, towards the senses, the body and the senses are
the soul and the body are distinct substances united they connect and the body sends the information from outside to the
to create man but independent. same senses.
Animals belong to the extensive reality, their life and Aristotle reaches the existence of a unique God through the line
movements are performed mechanically. Animals do not of the absolute priority of act over potency. A
they possess a soul.
a purely Aristotelian principle of great significance is
The body is nothing more than the means that the soul uses to
priority of the act over the potential being. The act is
interact with the material world created by God. "before" being in potency, not only according to perfection,
The soul and the body come from GOD because God exists. but also according to time, and in all senses. For
independent of everything (innatism) God is the substance wherever it may find itself, it is necessary that
Only he is capable of uniting the body and the soul. there is a being in act, superior, that communicates current reality; and
The type of reasoning employed by Descartes to always like this, until reaching an Act such that, having no
to demonstrate that the only attribute of the soul is thought any potentiality, whether it is a 'pure' Act, the Act superior to
the argument of mental fiction: I can doubt everything any act; and consequently, cannot be preceded
even of the existence of my body and of my dependency by no other act, rather it precedes them all, not
of space. Father of rationalism "to doubt everything even of depends on nothing nor is caused, but rather all depend on
the senses themselves" (proposes methodological doubt) He.
Knowledge begins with the senses, as we
demonstrates the experience. The receptions of the senses are
apprehended by the intellect, thus generating the concept.
In this way we arrive at supersensible knowledge.
Comparison

Aristotle Descartes

Soul gives origin, that is, gives life. The soul exists by itself and not
needs another reality to
The soul belongs to every living being and
to exist.
vice versa.
You only possess those who
Aristotle referred to the soul as substance. they think (the man).
The soul shows three forms: If man thinks (soul) exists.
nomomateria, as structure and
shape and as a compound of the two I call the soul substance.
previous ones.
The soul is a category of
Soul and body are a compound substance.
of being
The soul controls the body.

The soul is unique and is part of the

fundamentals of being.
Bibliography:

Practical Library of Humanities LAROUSSE

Biographies of the men and women who have made decisive contributions to
history and the progress of humanity Consult characters
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