MEDIEVAL PERIOD (500-1400)

• Music during the medieval period was primarily religious and centered around the
church. It was dominated by Gregorian Chant.

GREGORIAN CHANT

• Named after Pope Gregory I.

• A form of plainchant used in the Roman Catholic Church.
• Monophonic (single melody), free rhythm, and often sung in Latin.
• No accompaniment or harmony.

TROUBADOURS

• Poet-musicians in the courts of Southern France during the 12th and 13th centuries.
• They performed secular music, often about chivalry and courtly love.

TROUBADOUR MUSIC – WITH IMPROVISED ACCOMPANIMENT

• Performed by troubadours with simple instrumental accompaniment, often improvised.

• Instruments like the lute or small percussion were common.

MADRIGAL

• A secular vocal music form that flourished in the Renaissance period.

• Usually polyphonic and performed a cappella.
• Madrigals are often in the vernacular and based on themes of love and nature.

MASS

• A form of sacred musical composition used in Christian liturgy.

• Divided into five main sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.

LORD HAVE MERCY – KYRIE

• Part of the Mass, specifically the first section.

• A prayer asking for mercy and forgiveness.
• Usually set to music as a plea for God's compassion.

RENAITRE

• "Renaitre" means rebirth in French and refers to the Renaissance, a period of cultural
revival from the 14th to 17th centuries.

ANTONIO VIVALDI
 • A Baroque composer famous for his concertos, particularly The Four Seasons.
• Known for his virtuosic violin compositions and energetic rhythms.

LAMB OF GOD – AGNUS DEI

• Part of the Mass, specifically the last section.

• A plea for peace and mercy, symbolizing Jesus as the Lamb of God.
• Often sung during the liturgy.

GIOVANNI PALESTRINA

• An important Renaissance composer known for his sacred music, especially masses and
motets.
• His works are characterized by clarity of text and polyphonic style.

THOMAS MORLEY

• An English composer of the Renaissance known for his madrigals and secular vocal
music.
• One of the most famous madrigal composers of the late Renaissance.

RENAISSANCE PERIOD – POLYPHONIC (1400-1600)

• Music during this period was characterized by polyphony, where multiple independent
melodies were sung or played simultaneously.
• Sacred music remained important, but secular music flourished as well.

BAROQUE MUSIC – ELABORATE ORNAMENTATION (1600-1750)

• Baroque music is known for its complexity, grandeur, and use of elaborate
ornamentation.
• Composers like Vivaldi, Bach, and Handel were key figures.
• Use of contrast, dynamics, and more instrumental music became popular.

MASS – 5 SECTIONS

1. Kyrie – Lord have mercy

2. Gloria – Glory to God
3. Credo – Statement of faith
4. Sanctus – Holy, holy, holy
5. Agnus Dei – Lamb of God

BARROCO
 • The word "Barroco" comes from Portuguese, meaning "irregular pearl," which reflects
the elaborate and intricate style of the Baroque Period.

BALANCE

• A principle of design that involves arranging elements so that no one part of the artwork
overpowers or feels heavier than another.
• Can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial.

TEXTURE

• Refers to the surface quality of an artwork, how it feels or appears to feel (smooth, rough,
soft, etc.).
• Can be actual (physical texture) or implied (visual texture).

CLASSICAL GREEK ERA (5th-4th century BCE)

• Known for its idealized sculptures, emphasizing harmony, proportion, and balance.
• Architecture: the Parthenon in Athens is a prime example, built for worship of the
goddess Athena.

ANCIENT EGYPT (c. 3100-332 BCE)

• Art and architecture were primarily focused on religion and the afterlife.
• Famous structures include pyramids and temples, like the Pyramid of Giza.
• Sculptures were often stylized and symbolic.

PREHISTORIC ERA

• The period before written records.

• Art includes cave paintings, petroglyphs, and megalithic structures like Stonehenge.
• Art was often related to rituals, worship, or daily life.

ROMAN ERA (27 BCE – 476 CE)

• Borrowed heavily from Greek art but more focused on realism and practical architecture.
• Famous for large-scale structures like the Colosseum and aqueducts.
• Sculpture included detailed portraits of emperors and important figures.

PORTONACCIO SARCOPHAGUS – HONOR AND BRAVERY

• A Roman sarcophagus known for its detailed relief carvings.

• Depicts scenes of Roman military victories, symbolizing valor and heroism.

MEGALITHS – FOR WORSHIP AND SHELTER

 • Large stone structures built during the prehistoric period.
• Used for religious ceremonies or as shelter, such as Stonehenge and dolmens.

GOTHIC ARTS – HIGHLY INNOVATIVE (12th-16th century)

• Known for its verticality, light-filled spaces, and use of stained glass windows.
• Gothic cathedrals like Notre-Dame featured pointed arches, flying buttresses, and
intricate sculptures.

MOSAIC

• An art form using small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials to create images
or patterns.
• Popular in Ancient Rome and Byzantine churches, often used for decorative floors and
walls.

PARTHENON – WORSHIP

• A temple on the Acropolis in Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena.

• An iconic example of Classical Greek architecture, known for its columns and
proportion.

STAINED GLASS

• Colored glass used to create decorative windows, often found in Gothic cathedrals.
• Depicts religious scenes, saints, or abstract patterns.

PYRAMID OF GIZA

• One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, built as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu.
• Represents the architectural ingenuity and religious beliefs of Ancient Egypt.

HEAD OF ALEXANDER

• A famous sculpture of Alexander the Great, often depicted in an idealized form.

• Highlights the influence of Greek art on portraiture, focusing on power and nobility.

Health-Related Components

1. Cardiovascular Endurance
o Definition: The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to
your body tissues.
o Examples: Running, swimming, cycling, and brisk walking.
2. Classifications of BMI (Body Mass Index)
o Underweight: BMI less than 18.5
 o Normal weight: BMI 18.5–24.9
o Overweight: BMI 25–29.9
o Obese: BMI 30 or higher

Sports-Related Components

1. Sports Officiating
o Refers to managing and enforcing the rules of the game to ensure fairness and
safety.
2. Dynamic Stretching
o Active movements that help muscles and joints prepare for physical activity. It
allows movement from one place to another.
3. Warm-Up
o An essential activity for referees and athletes to do before their tasks to prevent
injuries and improve performance.
4. Heat Exhaustion
o First aid: Stay calm, stop the game, and carefully move the player to a cooler area.
5. Sprain
o Immediate action: The referee should stop the game and apply first aid to the
injured player.

Qualities of a Sports Official

1. Fairness
o The most important quality of a sports official, ensuring equal treatment for all
participants.
2. Integrity, Honesty, Trustworthiness, and Respect
o Officials must uphold these qualities to maintain credibility and respect in their
role.
3. First Aid Knowledge
o A sports official should be knowledgeable in first aid to assist players in case of
injury during the game.

Impact of Sports Officiating on the Community

• Sports officiating helps reduce cases of delinquent youth by promoting discipline,

fairness, and healthy competition within the community.

1. Community Health
 • Definition: The art and science of maintaining, protecting, and improving the health of
the entire community through organized efforts and informed choices.
• Key Aspect: A healthy community includes an innovative economy and safe
surroundings.

2. Environmental Health

• Definition: A branch of public health focused on the relationships between people and
their environment, promoting health and well-being, and preventing illnesses caused by
environmental factors.
• Examples:
o Oil Spill: Occurs in the ocean, harming sea creatures and making seafood unsafe
to eat.
o Storms and Flash Floods: Caused by heavy rainfall, often leading to damage in
communities and environments.
o Pasig River: Referred to as a "toilet bowl" due to severe pollution.

3. Primary Health Care

• Definition: Essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families
in the community through their full participation.

4. Active Community Involvement

• Active participation and engagement of community members contribute to a healthy

community by addressing health concerns collectively.

Environmental Issues and Effects

1. Diarrhea, Vomiting, and Stomach Pain:

o Cause: Drinking polluted water, which may contain harmful bacteria and
chemicals.
2. Not an Effect of Climate Change:
o Economic Gains: While climate change has various negative impacts, economic
gains are not directly caused by it.
3. To Live in a Clean, Safe, and Comfortable Home:
o Ensuring clean and safe living conditions promotes physical and mental well-
being for individuals and families.

Environmental Solutions
1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle:
o Key strategies in waste management aimed at reducing environmental impact by
minimizing waste, reusing materials, and recycling products.