Chap 8: Temporary Construction

[4 hrs, 12/80 from chap 7 & 8]

8.1 Scaffolding and its types

8.2 Formwork for excavations & trenches and Formworks for RCC construction
8.3 Shoring and its types
8.4 Underpinning and its procedures
Temporary Construction:
• Construction of Temporary Nature
• Assist and Support the Construction work
• Designed to be Easily Install, Quick to Dismantle and Safe to the Workers.

Several Types of Temporary Constructions/works in which followings are some

prominent:
*
• Scaffoldings (Arrangement for working platforms).
• Formwork for excavations and trenches and Formwork for RCC construction
(Supporting structure)
• Shoring (Supporting method for unsafe structures)
• Underpinning of foundations (Method of strengthening an existing structure’s
footing)
There are are many types of Temporary Works (Based on their specific work):

• Temporary work used for construction of Arches or Domes is called Centering. (This
term is also used loosely for supports of formwork for concreting, curved
formwork).

• The temporary works used as a mould in which fresh concrete is poured for it to
harden is called Formwork, False work or Shuttering.
(Temporary works used as a mould for the construction of Slabs, Beams, Columns
etc. is known as Formwork, False work or Shuttering)

• Temporary works erected for construction of masonry works, plastering, painting

etc is called Scaffolding.
(Arrangement for working platform)

• Temporary supports used to prop up unsafe buildings for repair are called shores
and such works are called Shoring.
(Method of Supporting Unsafe Structures)
8.1 Scaffolding and its types:
When the height of the wall or column or other structural member of a building
exceeds about 1.5m, temporary structures are needed to support the platform over
which the workman can sit and carry on the constructions (masonry works, plastering,
painting, etc). These temporary structures, constructed very near to the wall, is in the
form of timber or steel framework, which is called scaffolding.

• For ordinary use Bamboo scaffolds are popular but Steel tubular scaffolds and
Timber scaffolds are also common in construction business.
• Various components or members of the scaffolding are secured by means of Rope-
lashings, Nails, Bolts etc.
• It should be Stable and Strong enough to support workmen and other
construction material placed on the platform supported by the scaffolding.
What are the components of scaffolding? Differentiate between Single and Double
scaffolding? Explain with figure. (2069 8/80)
COMPONENTS OF SCAFFOLDING

1. Adjustable base
2. Base collar
3. Standards
4. Ledger
5. Diagonal brace
6. Boarding (Metal platform)
7. Guard rail
8. Corner guard rail
9. Toe board
10. Putlog
COMPONENTS OF SCAFFOLDING
a) Standards:
Vertical member of the framework, supported on ground or drums, or embedded into
the ground. These members/posts are spaced at 2.4-3.0 m
b) Ledgers:
Horizontal member running parallel to the wall
These are spaced at 1.2-1.5m vertically.
c) Braces:
Diagonal members fixed on standards
These members are tied diagonally to stiffen the scaffolding.
d) Putlogs:
Transverse members, placed at perpendicular to wall,
One end supported on wall (or ledger), other in ledger
This is normally 90cm in length and spaced at 1.2m.
e) Transoms:
These are those putlogs whose both ends are supported on ledger
f) Bridle:
These are the member used to bridge wall opening; supports one end of putlog at the
opening.
COMPONENTS OF SCAFFOLDING
g) Boarding
These are horizontal platform to support workmen and materials; these are supported
on putlogs.
h) Guard rail:
This is a rail, provided like a ledger, at the working level
i) Toe board:
These are boards, provided parallel to ledger, supported on putlogs, to give protection
at the level of working platform
j) Raker:
This is an inclined support
k) Rope-lashings, Nails, bolts:
Used to secure the various components
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
1) Single scaffolding (brick layers scaffolding):
• Consists single framework of standards. Ledgers, putlogs, etc constructed parallel
to wall at distance of about 1.2m
• Standards are placed at 2 to 2.5m interval
• Ledgers on 1.2 to 1.5m vertical interval
• Putlogs on one end and other in the hole left in the wall
• Used for brickwork because its easy to create hole in the brickwork
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
2) Double scaffolding (Mason’s scaffolding):
• In stone masonry, it is very difficult to provide holes in the wall to support putlogs
• In that case, a more strong scaffolding is used consisting of two rows of scaffolding
• Consists two layers of framework
• First row – 20 to 30 cm away the wall, second row – 1m away the first row
• Putlogs supported on both frames
• Also called as independent scaffolding
• Additional supports by rakers
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
2) Double scaffolding (Mason’s scaffolding):
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
3) Cantilever scaffolding (Needle scaffolding):
• Used when (i) ground is weak to support standards
(ii) Construction of upper walls is to be carried out
(iii) Required to keep the ground near wall, free for traffic
• Provision of needles, supported by struts
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
3) Cantilever scaffolding (Needle scaffolding):
• May be single type (putlog) or double type (independent)
•In the former type (Putlog Scaffolding), the standards are supported on series of
Needles taken out through opening or through holes in the wall.
•In the second type (Independent Scaffolding), the Needles or Projecting beams are
strutted inside the floors, through the openings.
• Inclined struts are provided to support the platform

single type double type

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
3) Cantilever scaffolding (Needle scaffolding):
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
4) Suspended scaffolding:
• Light weight scaffolding used for repair works such as pointing, painting, etc.
• Working platform is suspended from roofs by means of wire ropes or chains, etc
• Platform can be raised or lowered at any desirable level.
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
5) Trestle scaffolding:
• Used for painting and repair works inside the room, upto a height of 5m.
• Working platform is supported on the top of movable contrivances such as tripod,
ladders, etc mounted on wheels
• Can be easily dismantled and assembled
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
6) Steel scaffolding:
• Steel tubes are used instead of timber
• Rope lashings are replaced by steel fittings
• Can be erected and dismantled rapidly
• Has greater strength, greater durability, high fire resistance
• Initial cost more, salvage value also more
• Extensively used these days
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
7) Patented scaffolding:
• Many patented scaffolding , made of steel , are available in the market
• These scaffolding are equipped with special couplings, frames, etc
• Working platform can be adjusted to any suitable height
8.2 Formwork for excavations & trenches and Formworks for RCC
construction
Formwork:
Formwork is defined as a temporary construction to support the cast-in-situ
concrete, in the form of a mould or a box.
Temporary works used as a mould for the construction of Slabs, Beams, Columns etc
in order to support cast in situ concrete is known as formwork, falls work or
shuttering.
Use of Formworks:
• Formwork for excavations and trenches
• Formworks for reinforced concrete construction

Formwork for excavations & trenches: (Check out Chap 2 as well)

Timbering of Trenches:
When the depth of trench is large, or when the sub-soil is loose, the sides of the
trench may cave in. The problem can be solved by adopting a suitable method of
timbering. Timbering of trenches, sometimes also known as shoring consists of
providing timber planks or boards and struts to give temporary support to the sides of
the trench.
Timbering of deep trenches can be done with the help of the following methods:

1. Stay bracing: Use for supporting bench excavation in fairly firm soil conditions. Max.
depth is 2m
2. Box sheeting: This method is adopted in Loose soil (Dry or Wet) conditions. Max.
depth is 4 M
3. Vertical sheeting: Similar to box sheeting, this method is adopted in soft ground.
Max. depth is 10M.
4. Runner system: Use in extremely loose soil and soft ground. Similar to vertical
sheeting, except that it is replaced by runners with iron shoe.
5. Sheet piling: These are driven into the ground to a very large depth, to resist lateral
earth pressure.
Formworks for RCC construction:

Formwork: Temporary works used as a mould for the construction of Slabs, Beams,
Columns etc in order to support cast in situ concrete is known as formwork,
falsework or shuttering.

 It is provided during construction of RCC Column, Beam, Slab, Stair, Shear Wall
and arches.
 It should be strong enough to withstand the load of the green concrete until it
sets and achieves the desired shape and the predetermined strength.
 It is a supporting structure onto which the concrete mix is poured, compacted and
left till it sets.
 The operation of removing the formwork is known as Stripping. Stripped
formwork can be reused. Forms, whose components can be reused several times,
are known as Panel Forms and non-usable are called Stationary Forms.
 The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25%
of the cost of the casted structure or even more.
Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with
timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water
impermeable coating to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.
Characteristics of formwork or principle requirements of formwork:
• The material in the formwork should be cheap and it should be suitable for reuse
several times
• Should be practically water proof so that it doesn’t absorb water from the concrete
• Should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it, such as dead load of
concrete, live load during pouring, compaction and curing.
• Should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum
• Should be as light as possible
• Surface of formwork should be smooth, and it should afford easy stripping
• All joints of the formwork should be stiff so that lateral deformation under loads is
minimum
• Joints should be made leak proof
• Formwork should rest on non-yielding supports
Construction of formwork:
Construction of formwork normally involves the following operations:
1. Propping and centering
2. Shuttering
3. Provision of camber
4. Cleaning and surface treatment
5. Stripping time
6. Removal of formwork
Sequential Order and method of removing formwork:
The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:
1. Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides should be
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
2. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
3. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering
should be removed in the end.

Materials for Formwork:

Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fiber glass
used separately or in combination

Timber Formwork:
Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:
•It should be Well seasoned & Light in weight.
•It should be Easily workable with nails without splitting.
•It should be Free from loose knots.
Shuttering for Columns:
Consists of:
1. Sheeting all round the column periphery (Nailed to the yokes)
2. Side yokes (2nos., heavier) and end yokes (2 nos., lighter)
3. Wedges (4 nos.)
4. Bolts with washers (2 nos. 16mm dia, connects side yokes)
Shuttering for Columns:
Shuttering for Beam and Slab Floor:
• Slab is supported on 2.5 cm thick sheathing laid parallel to the main beams
• Sheating is supported on wooden battens which are laid between the beams, at
some suitable spacing
• In order to control the deflection, battens may be propped at the middle of the
span
• Side form of the beam consist of 3 cm thick sheathing
• Bottom sheathing of the beam form may be 5 to 7 cm thick
• The end of the battens are supported on the ledger, which is fixed to the cleat
throughout the length
• Beam form is supported on the head tree
• The shore or post is connected to head tree through cleats
• At the bottom of the shore, two wedges of hard wood are provided over a sole
piece.
Shuttering for Beam and Slab Floor:
Shuttering for Beam and Slab Floor:
Shuttering for Beam and Slab Floor:
Shuttering for Beam and Slab Floor:
Shuttering for Stairs:
• Sheathing for deck slab is carried on cross-joist (suitably spaced) which are in turn
supported on raking ledgers (7.5cmx10cm)
• Riser plank are 4 to 5 cm thick and equal to the height of the riser
• Riser planks are placed only after the reinforcement has been fixed in position
• Cut string is strutted to the cross joist
• Wall end of the riser planks are carried by 5cmx10cm hangers secured to a 5 cm
thick board fixed to or strutted against the wall
• Treads are left open to permit concreting and thorough vibration
• Stiffener joist of size 5cmx10cm is placed along the middle of the riser plank
Shuttering for Stairs:
Shuttering for Walls:
• Boarding may be 4 to 5 cm thick for walls upto 3 to 4m high
• Boards are fixed to 5cmx10cm post called as studs or soldiers (spacing 0.8 m)
• Horizontal walling 7.5cmx10cm are fixed to the post at suitable interval
• Whole assembly is strutted using struts
• Two shutters are kept apart equal to the thickness of the wall by providing concrete
kicker at the bottom and spacers nailed to the post
8.3 Shoring and its types:
Shoring:
Construction of temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure.
It may be used in all cases of strengthening any parts of the building and to give
support to the building at risk.

Necessity of Shoring:
• When the wall shows signs of bulging out due to bad workmanship
• When the wall cracks due to unequal settlement of foundation, and the cracked
walls need repair
• Dismantling adjacent structures
• When the openings are to be made or enlarged in the walls

Materials for Shoring:

Timber, steel or both
Objectives of shoring:
 To give support to walls, which are at risk (When Show signs of bulging or leaning
outwards etc.)
 To avoid failure of boundary wall caused by removal of adjacent support.
 To give support to adjacent building during demolition works.
 To support upper part of wall during formation of larger opening OR When
openings are to be made or enlarged in the wall.
 To give support to a floor or roof to enable a support wall to be removed and
replaced by a beam.
 Addition and alteration of different parts of the building.
Types of shoring:
Shoring may be Angled, Horizontal or Vertical

I. Raking shoring (Slant or Sloped shore): These consists of inclined members

called Rakers placed with one end resting against defective wall, the other upon
the ground.

II. Flying shoring (Horizontal Shore): Two types: Single (upto 9m span) and Double
Flying shore (if span is more than 9 m).

III. Dead shoring (Vertical Shore):

1. Raking shores:
• Inclined members, called rakers are used to give lateral support to the walls
• Consists of:
(a) Rakers or inclined members:
• Give lateral support and transfer loads to the ground
(b) Wall plate
• Placed vertically along the face of the wall
(c) Needles
• To embed the wall plate into the wall (penetrate by about 10cm)
(d) Cleats
• Provided so that needles do not get sheared off due to the thrust of the rakers.
• Needles further strengthened by cleats which are nailed to the wall plate
(e) Bracing
• To support the rakers from buckling
(f) Sole plate
• Feet of rakers are supported connected to inclined sole plate, embedded into the
ground
1. Raking shores:
• Inclination of the Rakers must be
between 40° to 70° to the horizontal.
The top Raker should not be inclined
steeper than 75°.
• For buildings four or more storied,
additional supporting members called
Riders are provided.
• If longer length of the wall needs
support, Shoring may be spaced at
3 to 4.5 m spacing, depending upon
requirements.
2. Flying or horizontal shores:
• It is similar to raking shore, however more advantageous as clear working space on
the ground is achieved
• Used to give horizontal support to two adjacent, parallel walls which has become
unsafe due to removal or collapse of the intermediate building
• For wall distance< = 9m span , Single Horizontal Shore is used, known as Single
Flying Shore.
• For larger span > 9m, two horizontal shores are provided known as Double Flying
Shore.
• Flying shoring consists of wall plate, needles, cleats, struts, horizontal shore,
straining pieces
• Flying shores should be spaced 3 to 4.5m centres, along the two walls
• Struts should be inclined within 45 to 60 degrees
Single flying shoring
Double flying shoring
3. Dead or vertical shores:
• Such type of shoring consists of vertical members known as dead shores
supporting horizontal members known as needles.
• Needle transmits the load of the wall over the dead shore
• Holes are created in the wall at the interval of 1 to 2m inside which needles are
placed; Neddles (wooden or steel) are supported over dead shore, which transmits
the load
• Each needle is supported at two ends by dead shores
• Needles should be suitably braced
• Dead shores are supported over sole plate
• Provided when:
(a) To rebuild the defective lower part of the wall
(b) To rebuild or deepen the existing foundation
(c) To make large opening in the existing wall at lower level
 Wall
Wall Plate
Cleat
Needle Flying shore

Brace
Straining Sill
Raking Shore Needle Beam

Dead Shore

Hoop iron wedge

GL Sole piece

Needle

Iron hoop Top of the Raker

Cleat
8.4 Underpinning and its procedures:

Underpinning means giving support from below. In civil engineering, this term refers
to the repair, strengthening or renewal of the foundation of an existing building.

Definition:
The process of placing a new foundation under an existing one and strengthening it
without making any harm is called underpinning of foundation. OR,

Requirements, Purposes or objectives of Underpinning:

• Strengthen the shallow foundation of existing building when a building with deep
foundation is to be constructed adjoining it.
• To strengthen existing foundation which has settled and caused cracks in the walls
• To deepen the existing foundation (resting on poor strata) so as to rest it on
deeper soil strata of higher bearing power
• To construct a basement in the existing building
Methods of Underpinning:
1. Pit method
2. Pile method
A) Pit method:
1. Alternate sections of 1.2 to 1.5m are taken up in first round. The remaining
intermediate sections are then taken up. Only one section should be taken at a
time.
2. If the wall is long, the work is started from the middle, and is extended in both the
directions.
3. A hole is made in the wall, just above the plinth level.
4. A needle is inserted in hole. Needles maybe either of stout timber or steel section.
5. Bearing Plates are placed above the needle to support the masonry above it.
Needle is supported on either side of the wall on wooden supports and screw
jacks. Sometimes, cantilever supports are provided. If foundation to be extended
on one side only, cantilever needle beams can be used
6. The foundation pit is then excavated upto the desired new level. If required,
Timbering is provided for the trench.
7. A new foundation is provided, preferably with concrete.
8. When the work of one section is over, work on next to next section is taken up, ie.
Alternate sections are underpinned in the first round, and then the remaining
sections are taken up.
9. After new foundation gains enough strength, the needle is withdrawn and the
hole in the masonry is closed using rich cement mortar.
Pit method of underpinning
B) Pile method:
• In this method, piles are driven at regular interval along both the sides of the wall.
• Generally, bore hole piles or under-reamed piles may be used.
• The piles are connected by concrete or steel needles, penetrating through the wall.
• This method is very much useful in clayey soils, and also in water- logged areas.
• By transferring load to piles, the old foundation is very much relieved of the load.
C) Miscellaneous methods:
1. Cement grouting
• This method is used to restore slab or pavement which has settled.
• The holes are drilled in the slab and the cement grout is forced under pressure
through these holes.
• The pressure is maintained until the cement grout has set.

2. Chemical consolidation:
• Inclined perforated pipes are driven below the foundation.
• Solution of sodium silicate is continuously injected through the pipes when they
are being driven and solution of calcium and magnesium chloride is injected when
pipes are being withdrawn.
• The chemical reaction between chemicals injected during driving and withdrawal of
pipes cause consolidation of the soil.
• This method is suitable only for sandy or granular soils.
C) Miscellaneous methods:
3. Freezing method:
• Freezing pipes are driven below the existing footing and the soil is frozen and thus
its bearing capacity is increased.
• This method is rarely adopted, mainly because of two reasons: it is expensive and
more time is required for the installation of freezing pipes.

4. Vibrofloatation:
• The underpinning is carried out by vibrating the sand and thereby increasing its
density which ultimately results in the increase of bearing capacity of soil.
• This method is useful for granular or sandy soil.
End of Chapter Eight!!