Text Chapter 5 Alloy Theory
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsText Chapter 5 Alloy Theory
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsTHEORY OF ALLOYS
Metals are characterized by a low yield strength, which is why in
construction of machines and structural elements are used the
alloys, which are complex substances obtained by melting or sintering
two or more metals, or metals with non-metals.
First, we will study the combinations, alloys, that are produced.
at the medium position of the union of two elements, which are called binary alloys,
of which in general there can be five basic types.
TYPE I
TOTALLY SOLUBLE ALLOYS
This type of alloys forms between metals that have the ability to
total combination, that is to say both in liquid and solid state,
regardless of the amounts of each of the metals that
they intervene in the alloy.
Since the components are completely dissolved, only two phases can exist.
the liquid solution, and the solid solution that is generally designated by (,
presenting a simple phase diagram that only highlights
the mentioned phases and the corresponding transition state, between the
start and end lines of crystallization.
TEMPERATURE
LIQUID OF (A+B)
TfB
Fusion line
Solid line
TfA
PHASE α
METAL A ABOUT A DE B METAL B
In the liquid state, there is a phase of homogeneous distribution, whose
concentration only depends on the relative amounts of each one of
the components, in the intermediate or transitional state, have the formation
of solid solution crystals (and liquid solution of A+B. In the state of
phase (there are completely solid solution crystals and composition
only depending on the concentrations, just like in the state
liquid.
TYPE II ALLOYS
TOTALLY INSOLUBLE ALLOYS
Alloys of this type are not properly alloys, but rather
in the solid state, they are only a mechanical mixture of the metals
participants, that is to say that they are part of the composition of these, crystals
of one metal and another that coexist together without properly forming a
alloy or chemical combination between them.
The phase diagrams of this type of mixtures have a typical shape:
TEMPERATURE
LIQUID OF (A+B)
TfB
Fusion line
TfA
Liquid + B
Liquid + A
E Solid line
Eutectic reaction
PHASEα
METAL A % OF B ABOUT A METAL B
As seen, in the solid state the alloy presents independent crystals.
of one metal and another, where each of them contributes in this way their
mechanical properties to the mixture, which should not give the impression that it
it deals with undesirable materials, but on the contrary, there are applications
industries that require this type of feature for their good
performance, such as bearings and sliding guides, the
that are made of this type of mixture in order to facilitate lubrication
between the parts subjected to friction.
TYPE III ALLOYS
PARTIALLY SOLUBLE
It is perhaps the most common type of alloys among alloyed materials for
industrial uses, it is the combination of two metals that have the
characteristic of being able to dissolve the other only partially, that is, in
limited quantities. This phenomenon is also common to most of the
natural substances, for example, water can only dissolve amounts
limited of sugar or salt, its ability to dissolve ends in the flatland
saturation.
Similarly, metals exhibit this behavior, they also have
a saturation point to dissolve another metal, and this saturation point
it usually varies with changes in temperature in a proportional manner, with greater
temperatures the saturation points are also higher, which means
that when heating the alloys, the amounts or proportions of are greater
dissolved metals, evidently in the cooling the points decrease
saturation, and the amounts of excess metals must be removed from the solution.
The described phenomenon forms the so-called partial solubility lines in the
phase diagrams of this type of alloys, which are appreciated in the following
graph, typical of these cases:
TEMPERATURE
LIQUID OF (A+B)
TfB
Fusion line
TfA
Liquid + α Liquid + β
α E Solid line β
EUTECTIC REACTION
Line of
solubility
FASEα+β
METAL A % OF B ABOUT A METAL B
TYPE IV ALLOYS
PERITECHNICAL
The characteristic of alloys of this type is
is the transformation that occurs from the liquid state + a crystal, which to the
the temperature of the 'peritectic reaction' transforms into two types of crystals,
in this case L + α transforms into α + β which implies that part of the
solution of liquid + α crystal has reacted for the appearance of the
beta crystals, this reaction can also be total, depending on the
relative quantities, that is, the transformation L + α can occur
transformed into L + β, which means that everything has disappeared (dissolved)
amount of α crystals that were already formed in the transition zone. A
A classic example of this type of alloy is the one formed by Silver and Platinum,
usually used in jewelry.
TEMPERATURE
TfA LIQUID OF (A+B)
Liquid + α Fusion line
Reaction
peritectic
Liquid + β
α
Line of solid TfB
α+β
METAL A % OF B ABOUT A METAL B
TYPE V ALLOYS
Chemical Compound
The metals that react forming a system called 'with compound
"stable chemical" essentially is characterized by the fact that the formed compound does not
It is soluble with the pure components of the alloy, so the form
The general phase diagram is the union of two diagrams of the insoluble type.
One of the characteristics of the formed chemical compound is that it
the compound has no phase changes and remains unchanged at any
temperature until reaching its melting point, the compound formed always
it will be in the form (An Bm)
TERNARY ALLOYS
They are called combinations of three metals, of which there are.
commonly in industrial applications many of them, even more
of three metals. For the study of this type of alloys, one resorts to a
special phase diagram system, which is developed as follows
way
Evidently, following the known system for two alloys
metals, a third axis, spatial, should be used for the representation of the
amounts or concentrations of the third metal, resulting in a system of
orthogonal coordinates in three dimensions:
Temp
% of C
A C
% of B
In this way, the possible combinations of the three metals remain
represented by a three-dimensional phase diagram, which is naturally,
complicated to graph on the plane, even more so if we consider that the lines of
phases in this case become phase surfaces, which are generally
of complicated curvatures for its representation.
Therefore, it is customary to represent the solutions or ternary alloys,
based on drawings of constant temperature, that is, sections of the
volume represented in planes parallel to the plane (A, B, C) at the heights of
temperatures of interest for a particular study.
Then, representing the described plane, it has that the set of alloys
possible, and their states at constant temperature, is configured in the form
triangular.
In the diagram thus formed, it turns out that the scales of the compositions in
the three axes are not equal, for this a setup consisting of
tilt the axis of concentrations or percentages of metal A at 60º, which
It leads to equilateral triangular diagrams, which are ultimately the
most commonly used phase diagrams in these studies:
% of A % of C
A B
% of B
A common example of ternary alloys is the one achieved in the system
Iron + Carbon + Silicon, with the phases from which the so-called are made
"silicon steels" with electromagnetic applications, specifically the
manufacturing of transformer and electric motor cores, diagram
what is shown below.
Another example of these diagrams is that of steels for manufacturing
metal cutting tools, called "high-speed steels" (HSS) based on
the alloy Fe + Cr + Co, plotted for the isotherm at 20ºC
