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Summary
 1
Robust Digital Watermarking for Color Images in DT-CWT and
Combined DFT Domains

B.Jagadish S.Arrshith Reddy M.Karthik

21951A0463 21951A0425 21951A0470
2 2 2
B.Tech. student, Dept. of ECE B.Tech. student, Dept. of ECE B.Tech. student, Dept. of ECE
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Mr.V.Prasannajaneya9Reddy
Assistant professor, Dept. of ECE
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
Hyderabad, India
[email protected]

ABSTRACT - Image watermarking is the process of substantially exposed to the hazards of security,
invisibly 1hiding secret data in the cover image to manipulation, and copyright attacks, unless it has
preserve 1the original image's copyright. In this paper, 5been carefully taken care of by embedding the data
we offer a new framework for robust digital 5into the media contents through watermarking. In
watermarking for colour photos that combines the order to safeguard multimedia files from a range of
1
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Dual Tree
1 undesirable actions and unlawful interferences,
Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT). The cover
including distribution and manipulation,
image is initially separated into three channels: Y, U,
1
and V. The Y channel is then converted using DFT and
watermarking is an essential tool[1]. As such, in order
partitioned into ring forms. Using an embedding key, we to ensure dependable performance, watermark
create pseudo-random patterns to represent the generators must produce smooth, robust, and secure
watermark. These patterns are additionally modified watermarks that can manage massive amounts of
and partitioned. The pattern selection watermark is then data. In the sections that follow, the aforementioned
integrated into the DFT coefficient rings. We also characteristics of watermarking methods will be
incorporate a rectification watermark into the U covered in further detail. The resilience of the
channel,DTCWT is used to achieve geometric distortion multimedia data produced by a watermarking method
robustness. Watermark identification and extraction against potential attacks using image processing
can be completed effectively on the recipient's end.
techniques is one of its most crucial features.In
Compared to earlier techniques, the proposed method is
addition, the watermark must be undetectable, which
more effective at preserving image quality. Meanwhile,
the robustness against typical attacks is stronger
means it must alter the information included in the
original picture. Additionally, data capacity—which
Keywords:Digital watermarking, image processing, refers to the maximum quantity of data that may
robustness, DTCWT, image correction. move through the algorithm while maintaining the
cover image's visual appearance—is a key factor in
evaluating the effectiveness of a watermarking
I. INTRODUCTION process. Finally, security is a critical component of a
watermarking technique since it indicates how
Because of the rapid rise of social networks and resistant the system is to being discovered,
communications in everyday life, capturing and embedded, or removed by outside parties.
sharing photographs on a regular basis has become a The three main kinds of watermarking systems that
common activity, with a wonderful division of have been studied and described in the literature thus
current portable phones and laptops, as well as far are non-blind, semi-blind, and blind[2]. The
digital cameras, handling high resolution imaging. underlying idea of the previous perception is that, in
However, transferring the aforementioned 7semi-blind watermarking, only the watermark image
photographs from one device to another is required, and in the blind variant, neither of them
7 12
is required. In non-blind watermarking, both the In this thesis, we propose a novel method for hiding
original image and the watermark are required for the watermark image into the original image for
embedding and extraction. grayscale and color images in different space (RGB,
Alternately, watermarking methods can be YIQ, and YCbCr) using digital image watermarking.
categorized by the domain in which they function, This method is based on three techniques: DCT,
such as the spatial domain or frequency, the latter of DWT, and SVD. In this case, an encryption technique
which modifies the parameter values in accordance known as Arnold transformation has been employed
with the cover image's frequency-domain to guarantee the watermark image, ensuring that only
representation.Conversely, watermarking in the authorized users can access the watermark.
spatial domain updates the pixel values, requiring a
comparatively lower computational complexity and A method for adding data to digital multimedia
cost. However, this approach has the drawback that without compromising the original multimedia's
quality is called digital watermarking. As a result, this
a comparatively smaller amount of information can
method is now helpful for content authentication,
be embedded into the cover image, potentially copyright protection, and steganography.Since
making it less resilient to signal processing digital watermarking technology makes it possible to
operations. add an imperceptible or invisible watermark to
The protection of communication networks has multimedia files in accordance with requirements to
become more important in recent years due to the detect harmful data tampering or to identify the
rapid advancement of technology and the growing rightful owner, it plays a significant role in
preventing copyright violations[5].
usage of the internet for data transport. where it is
now nearly hard to control and secure private or
sensitive information and photos. As a result, several
information security approaches, like digital
watermarking and encryption, are fundamental to
the modern world[3].
One of the most effective methods for identifying
stolen information and securing copyright protection
for digital content—such as texts, photos, audio Fig.1 Standard model for watermarking
files, and videos—against unauthorized A watermark encoder uses a watermark key to encode
modifications is digital watermarking. The practice an input message in the watermark embedder, as seen
of immediately embedding or concealing digital data in Figure 1.1. The original cover artwork will
incorporate the watermark or encoded message. The
so that it may be extracted again onto digital content
noisy watermarked cover is received by a watermark
(multimedia) is known as digital watermarking. decoder in the watermark detector, which uses the
Additionally, it has other qualities, including same key to decode it and extract the output message.
cryptography, an invisible watermark that doesn't
detract from the visual appeal of digital content, and
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
resilience to various attacks, including those that
include compression, rotation, and scaling when Digital watermarking has emerged as a key method
watermarking digital images[4]. for protecting multimedia files, especially photos.
Therefore, characteristics like robustness, Spatial domain techniques, in which watermarks are
transparency, and capacity are used to evaluate the incorporated directly into the pixel values, were
among the first watermarking methods. Nevertheless,
technique's quality. When the watermark remains
these techniques are extremely susceptible to even
unaffected by a variety of attacks, such as the simplest attacks, including compression and noise
compression, scaling, rotation, and noise, then the addition. Researchers turned to frequency domain
watermarking approach is considered resilience.The approaches to improve robustness. The Discrete
size of the watermark that is added to the original Fourier Transform (DFT), which allows embedding
data is referred to as its capacity. Greater capacity in the image's frequency coefficients, is one of the
enables it to conceal vast amounts of data. popular frequency-based techniques. Watermarks
embedded in the DFT domain provide protection
against geometric attacks such rotation and scaling, conceals information within another image; however,
as shown by Cox et al. (1997). However, the it needs to be fairly resilient against attempts to erase
imperceptibility and resilience to sophisticated it. Multimedia content's copyright can also be
attacks of this methodology alone are limited, which
safeguarded by extending the information masking
is what spurred the creation of hybrid approaches.
Because it can represent an image at multiple technique. Techniques like steganography and
resolutions, multi-resolution analysis—in particular, watermarking can be used to hide secrets and
the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)—has been preserve information's copyright.
extensively investigated for picture watermarking. Solachidis Vassilios In this research, a unique
Researchers discovered that adding watermarks to watermarking approach for high dynamic range
DWT's lower frequency subbands improves (HDR) photographs is proposed. The used
robustness, particularly against noise and image embedding technique is predicated on a bracketing
compression assaults. Expanding on this idea, process that breaks down the original HDR
Selesnick et al. presented the Dual-Tree Complex representation into several low dynamic range (LDR)
Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT), which provides images. The available contributions are combined
phase information and directional selectivity for a into a single HDR object to produce the final output
more sophisticated multi-resolution analysis that is once the chosen watermark has been added into each
more useful for watermarking applications[6]. Since LDR component. Our method is able to produce a
DT-CWT-based watermarking preserves edge watermarked HDR image that is visually identical to
information and fine details, it is more resistant to the original one while detecting embedded
6
geometric distortions and compression than typical information in both the marked HDR image and its
6
DWT approaches, as shown by several LDR counterpart, obtained through tone-mapping
investigations (Wang et al., 2009). operators or by other techniques. This is achieved by
taking advantage of some of the well-studied
Using many frequency domains together, like DT- properties of digital watermarking for standard LDR
CWT and DFT, improves watermark robustness images[7].
even more. Hybrid watermarking strategies that Finally, it may be worthwhile to consider
combine the benefits of several transformations to switching to non-blind watermarking, which is likely
increase resilience and imperceptibility have been to be another useful application situation for HDR
studied recently. A technique combining DFT and image watermarking. This would allow us to select
DT-CWT was given by Patel and Chawla (2016), which blocks to embed, avoiding those that are
demonstrating a notable improvement in resistance difficult to watermark; for this purpose, a thorough
to attacks like as noise, rotation, and cropping. Their analysis of feature variability could be quite useful in
method produced greater robustness without deciding which zone of the image the watermarking
sacrificing image quality by adjusting the DFT method is most effective in.
coefficients and putting the watermark in particular
subbands of the DT-CWT. Combining several
III. EXISTING SYSTEM
transforms is a strategy that shows promise for the
development of watermarking schemes since it In existing systems, 4the Discrete Wavelet Transform
strikes a balance between strong attack resilience (DWT) is extensively used for digital watermarking.
and imperceptibility. DWT separates the image into several frequency
components, allowing the watermark to be embedded
N. Provos and P. Honeyman asserted that although in low, middle, or high frequency regions. However,
all three methods conceal information, DWT frequently suffers from disadvantages such as
steganography is completely distinct from inadequate resilience against attacks like as
watermarking and cryptography. Steganography compression, noise addition, or filtering. an IR sensor
conceals the information, whereas cryptography and GSM module, presents several notable
conceals information that has been encoded. challenges that compromise its effectiveness and
Watermarking is similar to steganography in that it reliability.
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM 4. Redundancy: In one dimension, the DTCWT is
usually two times more redundant than the DWT, and
Assume the colored cover picture 𝐈 is of the size mr in two dimensions, it is four times more redundant.
× mc, and the to-be-embedded watermark is Although this redundancy increases computational
designated by W. We divide 𝐈 into three channels: Y, complexity, it can enhance the performance of signal
U, and V. The independent channels are created by processing systems.
transforming the image's R, G, and B channels. The
embedding technique is divided into two stages: 5. Applications: DTCWT finds use in signal
embedding a watermark in the Y channel and denoising, texture classification, image processing,
embedding some rectification information in the U. and feature extraction, among other areas.
The V channel of the cover image remains
untouched. The next sections cover watermark
B. DFT:
embedding and extraction. Figure 1 depicts an
overview of the embedding method.
A mathematical method for converting discrete
signals 13from the time domain to the frequency
The same information is available in the android
domain is 3the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). A
application through a smart mobile phone. The
10 sequence of numbers can be broken down into
complete process is presented in the block diagram
components of different frequencies using the DFT,
depicted in figure:1 below.
which gives information on the frequency spectrum
of the signal. In signal processing, picture analysis,
and data compression, where knowing a signal's
frequency content can be crucial, this transformation
8
is especially helpful. To represent the amplitude and
phase of the signal's frequency components, the DFT
is defined for 3a sequence of (N) complex numbers
and transforms them into another sequence of (N)
complex numbers. Although the DFT and the
continuous Fourier transform are closely related, the
DFT was created especially for discrete data, which
makes it ideal for digital applications[8].
Figure 1: Block diagram of proposed system The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which
dramatically lowers the computational complexity
A. DTCWT from (O(N^2)) to (O(N log N)), is one of the most
effective techniques for computing the DFT. The
The "DTCWT" acronym stands for Dual-Tree FFT is a key component of contemporary digital
Complex Wavelet Transform. It is an expansion of signal processing because of its efficiency. The DFT
4
the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) that improves is widely used in many different fields, such as
directional selectivity and shift-invariance. Here are telecommunications, where it helps with signal
some important points concerning DTCWT are modulation and demodulation, and audio signal
1. Directional Selectivity: DTCWT can successfully processing, where it assists with sound frequency
differentiate between different directions in the analysis. By adjusting the frequency components of
signal, making it helpful for image processing tasks images, the DFT is also utilized in image processing
such as edge identification, texture analysis, image to filter and compress pictures. The DFT offers a
denoising. strong way to examine periodicity and spectrum
properties while being discrete; it serves as a link
2. Shift Invariance: Unlike the DWT, the DTCWT is
between the time-domain and frequency-domain
almost shift-invariant. This means that minor
representations of signals.
changes to the input signal have little effect on the
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
output, making it more suitable for certain
applications.
3. Complex Coefficients: The DTCWT uses In order to embed the watermark into the cover
complex coefficients, which allow it to capture both image and obtain the necessary psnr and msme
amplitude and phase information of the signal. This values, we used the cover image as the source image
can be particularly useful for analyzing signals with in this project.
oscillatory components.
 Fig.1 Selecting the cover image

Fig.4 Histograms of cover image and watermarked image

Fig.5 Selection of attacks from the user

Fig.2 Select watermark image

Fig.6 Results after attack

Fig.3 Results of watermarked image and Recovered image
 [3] Cox, I.J., Miller, M.L., and Bloom, J.A. (2002). Digital
Watermarking. Morgan Kaufmann..
[4] Wang, Y., Doherty, J. F., & Van Dyck, R. E. (2002) IEEE
Transactions on Image Processing, 11(2), 77-88. "A Wavelet-
Based Watermarking Algorithm for Ownership Verification of
Digital Images."
[5] In 2000, Pitas, I., and Nikolaidis, A. published "Region-
based Image Watermarking." 10(11), 1726–1740 IEEE
Transactions on Image Processing
[6] Mohanty, S. P., Ramakrishnan, K. R., and
Ramasubramanian, S. (2005). "A Robust DWT-SVD Domain
Watermarking Scheme for Color Images." 18th International
Conference on VLSI Design Proceedings, 351-356.
Fig.7 PSNR and MSME values [7] Huang, D.-C., Wang, F.-H., and Shieh, J.-S. (2007).
"Wavelet-based Watermarking in Color Images Using the
Mixed Moments of Characteristic Functions." Electronic
VI. CONCLUSION Imaging Journal, 16(3), 033002

To sum up, this study provides a strong digital

watermarking method for color photos by using the [8] Vetterli, M. and Do, M. N. (2005). "The Contourlet
Transform: An Efficient Directional Multiresolution Image
Combined Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Representation." 14(12), 2091-2106, IEEE Transactions on
Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) Image Processing.
domains. The suggested method successfully inserts
and removes watermarks without compromising the
cover image's aesthetic appeal, making it appropriate
for uses where11a high degree of imperceptibility and
resilience is needed. By combining the advantages
of both domains, DT-CWT and DFT improve
resistance against different types of attacks,
including noise, rotation, scaling, compression, and
noise..

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

Enhancing resistance against increasingly complex
attacks, like cropping, geometric distortions, and
even AI-based manipulation, can be the main goal of
future research. Enhancing watermarking methods
to withstand or adjust to these kinds of attacks would
further strengthen the system.The existing
watermarking system might be made more efficient
for real-time processing, which would make it
appropriate for multimedia applications, live video
streaming, and real-time image sharing where
watermark extraction and embedding need to happen
fast without compromising robustness or quality.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] In 2001, Barni, M., Bartolini, F., and Piva, A. "Improved
Wavelet-Based Watermarking Through Pixel-Wise
Masking." 783–791, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
10 (5)
[2] N. G. Kingsbury. (1998). "The Dual-Tree Complex
Wavelet Transform: A New Technique for Shift Invariance
and Directional Filters." IEEE Workshop on Digital Signal
Processing, 319-322.
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