Sound Wave Adda

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Sound Wave Adda

Uploaded by

Partha Behera

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Sound wave

Sound wave
WAVES
A wave is a disturbance which propagates energy from one place to the
other without the transport of matter.
These are of two types
(i) Mechanical waves
(ii) Electromagnetic waves
Mechanical Waves
•The waves which require medium material (solid, liquid or gas) for their
propagation are called mechanical waves or elastic waves.
These are of two types
1. Longitudinal waves
2. Transverse waves
Longitudinal Systems
waves
BiodiverSand ofsHuman
Transverse
ound ity Body
waves
and it’swaveConservation
Longitudinal Waves
• If the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of propagation
of the wave, the wave is called longitudinal wave.
• Waves on springs or sound waves in the air are examples of
longitudinal waves.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and wave
it’s Body
Conservation

Electromagnetic Waves
• The wave which does not require a medium for their propagation i.e. ,
which can propagate even though the vacuum is called electromagnetic
wave. They propagate as transverse waves.
• The wavelength range of electromagnetic wave is 10-4 m to 104m.
•Cathode rays, channel rays, α- rays, β- rays are not electromagnetic
waves. Light and heat are examples of electromagnetic waves.
Spectrum Spectrum
of electromagnetic
of electromagnetic waves waves
Electro magnetic Inventors Wavelength range Frequency
wave (m) range(Hz)
X-ray Roentgen 10-10 m to 10-8 m 1018 Hz to 1016 Hz
Y ray H. Becquerl 10-14 m to 10-10 m 1020 Hz to 1018 Hz

UV Ray Ritter 10-8 m to 10-7 m 1016 Hz to 1014 Hz

Visible Radiation Newton 3.9 x 10-7m to7.8 x 10-7 m 1014 Hz to 1012 Hz

Infra - red Radiation Hurssel 7.8 x 10-7 m to 10-3m 1012 Hz to 1010 Hz

Shortradio Waves Henric Hertz 10-3m to 1 m 1010 Hz to 108 Hz

Longradio Waves Marconi 1 m to 104 m 106 Hz to 104 Hz

Systems
Sound wave
Biodiversity of Human
and Body
it’s Conservation

Important Terms Related to Waves

•Amplitude Maximum displacement of a vibrating particle of medium
from its mean position is called amplitude.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
Wavelength of sound
The distance between the successive compression and rarefaction
is known as the wavelength of a sound wave.
The wavelength of the sound formula is given as follows:
(λ) = V/F
Where, f is the frequency of the sound wave and v is the velocity
of the sound wave.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation

•Frequency The frequency of vibration of a particle is defined

as the number of vibrations completed by a particle in one
second. Frequency = 1/ Time Period
Where,
f is the frequency of a sound wave and T is the time period.

• Velocity of wave (v) = Frequency x Wavelength

Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
SOUND WAVE
• It is longitudinal mechanical waves. The longitudinal mechanical waves which lie
in the range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz are called audible or sound waves.
• These are sensitive to human ear. The longitudinal mechanical waves having
frequencies less than 20 Hz, called infrasonic.
• These are produced by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, ocean waves and
elephants and whales.
•The longitudinal mechanical waves having frequencies greater than 20000 Hz are
called ultrasonic waves.
•Human ear cannot detect the ultrasonic waves. But certain creatures like dog, cat,
bat, mosquito can detect these waves. Bat produce ultrasonic waves.
•Ultrasonic waves are used for sending signals, measuring the depth of the sea,
cleaning clothes and machinery parts of clocks, removing lamp shoot from chimney
of factories and in ultrasonography.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
Speed of Sound
• Speed of sound is maximum in solids and minimum in gases.
•The speed of sound in air is 332 m/s, in water it is 1483 m/s and in iron
it is 5130 m/s.
•The speed of sound basically depends on the elasticity and density of
the medium. When sound enters from one medium to another medium,
its speed and wavelength changes but the frequency remains
unchanged.
•The speed of sound remains unchanged by the increase or decrease of
pressure.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
•The speed of sound increases with the increases of temperature of the
medium. The speed of sound in air increases by 0.61 m / s when the
temperature is increased by 1 ° C.
•The speed of sound is more in humid air than in dry air because the
density of humid air is less than the density of dry air.
•The speed of sound in air is very slower as compared to the speed of
light in air. Therefore, in the rainy season, the flash of lightning is seen
first and the sound of thunder is heard a little later.
Sound wave
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation

Characteristics of Sound Waves

➢ Intensity
The intensity of sound at any point in space is defined as the amount of
energy passing normally per unit area held around that point per unit
time. SI unit of intensity is W / m2
•The intensity of sound at a point is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance of the point from the source and directly proportional to
the square of amplitude of vibration, square of frequency and density of
the medium.
•The loudness depends on intensity as well as upon the sensitivity of
the ear.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
➢ Pitch
It is that characteristic of sound which distinguishes a sharp sound
from a grave sound.
• Pitch depends on the frequency of sound waves.
• The pitch of female voice is higher than the pitch of male voice.
•The pitch of sound produced by roaring of a lion is lower where as
the pitch of sound produced by mosquito whisper is high.
➢ Quality
It is that characteristic of sound which enables us to distinguish
between sounds produced by two sources having the same intensity
and pitch.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
ECHO
•The repetition of sound due to reflection of sound waves, is called an echo.
•To hear the echo, the minimum distance between the observer and the reflector
should be 17 m. Persistence of ear is 1/10 s.
• At the moon the echo is not heared due to the absence of atmosphere.
•A group of soldiers on a bridge are advised not to walk in steps because their
movement causes the bridge to vibrate. If they walk in step, the frequency of
vibration may match the natural frequency of the bridge structure and thus causing
resonance. This frequency resonance can cause the bridge to collapse.
•When a gun is fired at a visible distance, the sound heard a little after the smoke is
seen because the speed of light is much higher than that of sound.
Reverberation
The persistence of sound because of multiple reflections is called reverberation.
Examples: Auditorium and a big hall.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation

➢ Sonar
•It stands for sound navigation and tracking.
•It is used to measure the depth of a sea, to locate the enemy
submarines and shipwrecks.
•The transmitter of a sonar produces pulses of ultrasonic sound waves of
a frequency of about 50000 Hz.
• The reflected sound waves are received by the receiver.
Sound wave
Applications of Ultrasound
(i) Scanning images of human organs
(ii) Detecting cracks in metal blocks
(iii) Cleaning parts that are hard to reach
(iv) Navigating, communicating or detecting objects on or under the
surface of the water (SONAR).
Sonar consists of a transmitter and detector mounted on a boat or
ship. The transmitter sends ultrasonic sound waves to the seabed,
which get reflected back and picked up by the detector. Knowing the
speed of sound in water, distance can be measured using: 2d=v×t.
This method is called echolocation or echo ranging.
Systems
Sound
Biodiversity of Human
and it’s
wave Body
Conservation
Sound wave
Doppler’s Effect
If either the source of sound or the observer is moving, then there
will be a change in frequency and wavelength for the observer.
The frequency will be higher when the observer moves towards the
source, and it decreases when the observer moves away from the
source.
Example: If one is standing on a street corner and an ambulance
approaches with its siren blaring, the sound of the siren steadily
gains in pitch as it comes closer and then, as it passes, the pitch
suddenly lowers.
Sound wave
Human Ear
The ear is a sensitive organ of the human body. It is mainly
involved with detecting, transmitting and transducing sound and
maintaining a sense of balance is another important function of
the human ear.
The human ear includes:
•The outer ear, or the visible part of the ear, is called the pinna.
•Pinna collects sound from the surroundings.
•Sound passes through a tube called an auditory canal.
•Eardrum (tympanic membrane) vibrates in response to incident
sound waves.
•Vibrations are amplified and transmitted further by three bones
hammer, anvil and stirrup in the middle ear to the inner ear.
•In the inner ear, the cochlea converts pressure signals into
electrical signals.
•Electrical signals are transmitted by the auditory nerve to the
brain for interpretation.
MOST IMPORTANT MCQ FOR UPCOMING ALL EXAMS
01 The velocity of sound in moist air is more than
in dry air because the moist air has –
(A) Less pressure than dry air
(B) More density than dry air
(C) Less density than dry air
(D) More pressure than dry air

Y281
MOST IMPORTANT MCQ FOR UPCOMING ALL EXAMS
Ans. (C)
Explanation:
The speed of sound in a medium is inversely
proportional to the square root of medium's density.
Density of moist air is less than density of dry air. Hence,
speed of sound is more in moist air as compared to dry air.