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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

A N I N T R O DU C T IO N T O
E N G L I SH L E G A L H I ST O RY
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

An Introduction to
English Legal History
Fifth Edition

SI R J O H N BA K E R , Q. C . , L L . D. , F. B. A .
Emeritus Downing Professor of the Laws of England
and Honorary Fellow of St Catharine’s College, Cambridge;
Barrister and Honorary Bencher of the
Inner Temple and Gray’s Inn

1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Sir John Baker 2019
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Fourth Edition published in 2002
Fifth Edition published in 2019
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959363
ISBN 978–0–19–881260–9 (hbk.)
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Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

Preface to the Fifth Edition

This edition retains the structure and coverage of its predecessor, but it has been sub-
stantially revised throughout and parts have been rewritten. It might be thought that
legal history would not need much revision. In truth, it can become outdated with sur-
prising rapidity. Although historical facts do not change, information which has been
known for many years can be reinterpreted or reassembled in different ways, and new
evidence is always coming to light. Original source material is now more freely available
than ever before through the internet – almost to an overwhelming extent – and yet
many sources of the common law remain in manuscript and cannot be found online. In
the case of an elementary book such as this, there are added difficulties arising from the
wide range of periods and topics addressed: the need to abridge and simplify voluminous
and complex matter, with the added dimension of time, presents challenges which can
never be fully overcome.
It is gratifying to notice how much legal history has been written since the fourth
edition of this book appeared in 2002; but then, to some who will read this edition, that
amounts to a whole lifetime. Particular attention should be drawn to the Oxford History
of the Laws of England, the first volume of which appeared in 2003. Although more than
half of the series remains to be completed, the six volumes already in print are a deep
store of information and insight, and it is hoped that more will appear in the near future.
A great deal of new scholarship has also been gathered in Comparative Studies in
Continental and Anglo-American Legal History. Some of the most awkward remaining
gaps in basic knowledge have been in the area of public law, a subject long neglected by
English legal historians. But a new interest in the history of constitutional law was
awakened by the commemoration of Magna Carta in 2015, and this is reflected in the
author’s monograph The Reinvention of Magna Carta 1216–1616. Some of that interest
has percolated here and there into this edition.
The present edition takes account of relevant new discoveries and interpretations,
and of the second (enlarged) edition of Baker and Milsom. It would be impossible,
however, to incorporate all the new learning into this single volume, which is an intro-
duction rather than an encyclopaedia. The aim of an elementary textbook cannot be to
trace the history of every aspect of the law and the legal system, or to weigh all the
conflicting opinions on difficult questions, and so the concentration has been on the
main characteristics, institutions, and doctrines of English law over the longer term –
and particularly the evolution of the common law before the extensive statutory changes
and regulatory regimes of the last two centuries. This policy has inevitably resulted
in the exclusion of some whole areas of law and practice which have been important in
their time, or which have grown in importance in recent times, where their proper
treatment would have required major diversions and more pages than these two covers
can contain.
Another reservation concerns the relationship between law and time. Law does not
develop in a vacuum, because it operates in direct connection with real life, and yet the
relationship between legal development and social or economic change is less direct or
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

vi Preface to the Fifth Edition

automatic than might be supposed. Straightforward cause and effect are most likely to
be discernible in the case of legislative reform, where the law is changed deliberately
and suddenly in order to address a perceived defect. But even legislation, as will be seen
repeatedly throughout the book, was for most periods before the nineteenth century
regarded as a way of restoring, repairing, or reinforcing the common law rather than
supplanting it with something wholly new. If the common law itself sometimes lagged
behind society, it was because judges did not like deliberately to overturn the wisdom
of their predecessors. Many of the larger changes in the law came about less through
the explicit reversal of settled law than through unconscious shifts in the underlying
assumptions. Only changed assumptions can explain, for example, how judges could
take a benevolent approach to legal fictions which might otherwise be seen as brazen
attempts to undermine the law. But gradual evolution makes for long stories. How far
those legal stories can be aligned with the factual state of society in specific periods is
the difficulty. Social changes obviously raise new legal questions, but they do not in
themselves dictate the answers or indicate at what point in history the answers will be
forthcoming. Inclinations towards change were rarely unanimous, and they usually
only led to an alteration in the common law once thinking had shifted so generally that
it seemed inevitable. In any case, since judges and legal advisers were obliged to operate
within the existing frameworks of legal rather than popular thought, they had to find
intellectually manageable ways of squaring evolution with inherited wisdom. Even when
everyone could see the need for some new legal remedy, the process of finding one – in
a system tied constitutionally to the ancient forms of ‘due process’ – might require con-
siderable ingenuity.
For such reasons as these, it was not practicable for the present purpose to map
developments in the law against changes in the temper of succeeding ages by taking
one period at a time. It may seem elementary to divide history into periods, and that
is the scheme of the much larger Oxford History, but in a briefer survey of long-term
developments and lines of thought it would mean leaving lots of loose ends at the end
of every section. A seamless web is more readily understood by tracing the threads
than by cutting it into pieces. This introductory history is therefore, after the initial
chapters, arranged by legal or institutional topics, each of which is approached more
or less chronologically.
I am grateful to all my colleagues in the world of legal history, and to my wife Liesbeth
van Houts, for raising and discussing various questions over the years. Professor Yuzo
Fukao’s heroic enterprise of translating the fourth edition into Japanese in 2010–11
resulted in many helpful suggestions for improvement to the wording, and sometimes
to the thinking as well. Above all, I should record my lifelong indebtedness to the work
of Professor S. F. C. Milsom, who died in 2016. I attended his undergraduate lectures
over fifty years ago and have never lost my fascination with the subject into which he
inducted me. My own attempts to write legal history over five decades have made me
appreciate more and more every year the genius of his insights, the elegance of his writ-
ing, and the enduring power of his scholarship.
John Baker
April 2018
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

Contents

Preface to the Fifth Edition v

Table of Statutes xii
Table of Cases xxii
Kings and Queens since 1066 lix
List of Abbreviations lxi

PA RT O N E
1 Law and Custom before 1066 3
Communal Justice 6
From Communal to Personal Authority 10
Further Reading 13

2 The Common Law of England 15

Regional and Itinerant Royal Justice 17
Central Royal Justice 20
Effects on Local Justice 25
Justice outside the Common Law 31
The Reach of the English Common Law 33
Further Reading 41

3 The Superior Courts of Common Law 44

Magna Carta and Common Pleas 44
The Resurgence of the King’s Bench 48
The Exchequer of Pleas 54
Uniformity and Abolition 57
Further Reading 59
4 The Forms of Action 60
Originating an Action 60
Types of Original Writ 64
Judicial Writs 71
End of the Forms of Action 74
Further Reading 76
Table A. Principal types of original writ 77

5 The Jury and Pleading 78

From ‘Proof ’ to ‘Trial’ 79
Medieval Pleading and Legal Argument 83
The System Transformed 89
Decline of the Common-Law System 94
End of the Common-Law System 98
Further Reading 103
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

viii Contents

6 The Court of Chancery and Equity 105

The Chancery 107
Law and Equity 114
Mischiefs of the Chancery 120
Reform and Abolition 122
Further Reading 124

7 The Conciliar Courts 126

The Court of Star Chamber 127
The Court of Requests 128
Regional Conciliar and Equity Courts 130
The Courts of the Admiral and Marshal 131
Further Reading 133

8 The Ecclesiastical Courts 135

Canon Law and Common Law 137
Effect of the Break with Rome 140
Nineteenth-Century Reforms 142
Further Reading 143

9 Judicial Review of Decisions 145

The Writ of Error 146
Development of the Appeal 148
The Prerogative Writs 153
Administrative Law 161
Further Reading 164

10 The Legal Profession 165

Origins of a Professional Bench and Bar 165
The New Profession 171
The Judiciary 176
Civilian Advocates 180
Legal Education in the Universities 181
Further Reading 183

11 Legal Literature 185

Glanvill and Bracton 185
Formularies 187
Reports of Cases 188
Treatises 197
Further Reading 203

12 Law Making 206

The Common Law 207
Equity and Legal Change 214
Legislation 216
Law Reform Movements 226
Further Reading 235
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

Contents ix

PA RT T WO

13 Real Property: Feudal Tenure 241

Tenure 241
Tenure and Land Ownership 247
The Lord’s Rights under the Common Law 257
Further Reading 264
Table B. Types of tenure 266

14 Real Property: Uses and Fiscal Feudalism 267

Origins of Uses 267
Effect of Uses on Feudal Law 271
Further Reading 278

15 Real Property: Inheritance and Estates 279

Alienation 280
The Law of Inheritance 285
Provision for Spouses and New Families 288
Reversions and Remainders 294
Further Reading 296
Table C. Estates in land 298

16 Real Property: Family Settlements 299

The Durability of the Fee Tail 299
Remainders and Executory Interests 303
Powers 308
Trusts 309
The Strict Settlement 313
Further Reading 315

17 Other Interests in Land 317

The Term of Years 317
Tenancy at Will 325
Villein Tenure and Copyhold 325
The Trust as an Interest in Land 328
Mortgages 330
Licences 333
Further Reading 335
Table D. Types of property 336
Table E. Modes of conveying real property 337

18 Contract: Covenant and Debt 338

The Action of Covenant 339
The Action of Debt 342
Gaps in the Medieval Law 347
Further Reading 349
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

x Contents

19 Contract: Assumpsit and Deceit 350

Breach of Covenant as Trespass 350
Assumpsit for Nonfeasance 354
Assumpsit as a Contractual Remedy 358
Assumpsit in Lieu of Debt 363
Further Reading 368

20 Contract: Some Later Developments 369

The Common Indebitatus Counts 369
Parol Contracts and Perjury 370
Elaboration of Contract Law 372
Privity 375
Contractual Terms 378
Further Reading 384

21 Quasi-Contract 386
The Action of Account 386
Actions on the Case 390
Indebitatus Assumpsit 393
A General Principle 400
Further Reading 402

22 Property in Chattels Personal 403

Personal Property, Chattels, and Things 404
Modes of Transfer 408
Termination of Private Property in Chattels 412
Interests in Chattels 414
Early Restitutionary Proceedings 415
Detinue 416
Trespass and Case for Chattels 420
Trover and Conversion 423
Further Reading 426

23 Negligence 427
Trespass Vi et Armis and Negligence 428
Actions on the Case for Negligence 432
The Tort of Negligence 436
Further Reading 450

24 Nuisance 451
Remedies for Nuisance 451
Isolated Occurrences 461
Common or Public Nuisances 462
Further Reading 464

25 Defamation 465
Actions on the Case for Words 467
Attempts to Abate the Flood of Actions 470
The Scope of Defamation 472
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

Contents xi

Libel 475
Further Reading 477

26 Economic Torts and Interests 479

Monopolies 480
Unfair or Deceptive Competition 487
Domestic Relationships 489
Intimidation and Conspiracy 492
Further Reading 497

27 Persons: Status and Liberty 499

Some Partial Legal Disabilities 499
Villein Status 501
Freedom from Arbitrary Imprisonment 506
Freedom of Thought and Expression 510
Freedom from Slavery 513
Further Reading 515

28 Persons: Marriage and its Consequences 517

The Law of Marriage 517
Unity of Person 522
Bastardy 528
Divorce 529
Further Reading 538

29 Pleas of the Crown: Criminal Procedure 540

Crime and Tort 540
The Initiation of Criminal Proceedings 543
The Trial 547
The Avoidance or Mitigation of Punishment 552
Further Reading 560

30 Pleas of the Crown: The Substantive Criminal Law 562

The Means of Development 562
Criminal Responsibility 564
Degrees of Participation 567
Some Particular Offences 568
Further Reading 578

Appendix I: Specimen Writs 580

Original Writs 580
Judicial Writs 586
Prerogative Writs 588
Writ of Summons (1832) 591
Appendix II: Specimen Entries 592
An Action of Trespass 592
Proceedings at a Gaol Delivery 594

Index 599
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi

Table of Statutes

Note: the best printed text of the statutes from 1236 to 1713 is The Statutes of the Realm (1810–27). For
the 1215 and 1225 versions of Magna Carta see the appendices to J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (3rd edn by
G. Garnett and J. Hudson, 2015).

Henry I’s Coronation Edict (or Charter) 1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 206, 216, 260, 279, 411
Constitutions of Clarendon 1164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 138, 216
Assize of Clarendon 1166. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252, 545
Assize of Northampton 1176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 252, 542
Assize of Windsor 1179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 252
Magna Carta 1215. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 217
cl. 2 (relief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
cl. 4–5 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
cl. 6 (disparagement of wards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
cl. 12, 14, 15 (feudal aids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217, 258, 259
cl. 17 (common pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
cl. 18 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24, 26
cl. 19 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
cl. 20 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 552
cl. 24 (sheriffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
cl. 27 (administration of estates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
cl. 32 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
cl. 34 (praecipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 255
cl. 36 (mortmain). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
cl. 39 (liberty of the subject). See Magna Carta 1225, c. 29
cl. 41 (merchants). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
2 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1217
c. 7 (widows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
cc. 12–13 (assizes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
c. 32 (liberty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
c. 36 (feudal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
c. 40 (mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
9 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39, 217
c. 2 (relief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
cc. 4–5 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 6 (disparagement of wards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 7 (widows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 290
c. 11 (common pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 44–5, 47, 49
c. 12 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 149
c. 14 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 552
c. 17 (sheriffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 543
c. 18 (reasonable parts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
c. 22 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
c. 24 (praecipe). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 255
c. 26 (de odio et atia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
c. 29 (liberty of the subject) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 105, 130, 154, 159, 225, 482–3, 502, 506–10, 548
c. 30 (merchants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
c. 32 (feudal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
c. 36 (mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
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Table of Statutes xiii

20 Hen. III, Provisions of Merton 1236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

cc. 6–7 (guardians) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 8 (novel disseisin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
c. 9 (bastardy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
20 Hen. III, ‘Statute’ of Ireland (De coheredibus) 1236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
42 Hen. III, Provisions of Oxford 1258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 63
43 Hen. III, Provisions of Westminster 1259. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
52 Hen. III, Statute of Marlborough 1267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 218
c. 5 (infringers of Magna Carta). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
c. 6 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 273
c. 9 (suit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
c. 16 (primer seisin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
c. 17 (guardians in socage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 23 (waste) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
c. 29 (writs of entry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
3 Edw. I, Statute of Westminster I 1275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
c. 4 (wreck). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
c. 6 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
c. 12 (refusal of trial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
c. 15 (bail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
c. 29 (deceit by lawyers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
c. 36 (feudal aids). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6 Edw. I, Statute of Gloucester 1278
c. 1 (damages and costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
c. 3 (tenancy by the curtesy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
c. 4 (cessavit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
c. 5 (waste) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284, 585
c. 8 (pleas of trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 68
c. 9 (homicide). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544, 571
7 Edw. I, Statute of Mortmain (De viris religiosis) 1279. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262–3
10 Edw. I, ‘Statute’ of Rutland 1282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12 Edw. I, Statute of Rhuddlan (or of Wales) 1284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 339, 340, 342
13 Edw. I, Statute of Westminster II 1285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
c. 1, De donis conditionalibus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 292, 293–4, 299–302, 327, 583
c. 2 (replevin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
c. 4 (wreck). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
c. 11 (account). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
c. 12 (conspiracy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
c. 16 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 18 (elegit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
c. 21 (cessavit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
c. 24 (writs ‘in consimili casu’). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 295
c. 25 (assize of novel disseisin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256, 452, 460
c. 30 (nisi prius) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 88, 96
c. 32 (quale jus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
c. 34 (rape) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553, 573
13 Edw. I, Statute of Winchester 1285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
c. 2 (robberies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
13 Edw. I, Statute of Merchants 1285. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
18 Edw. I, Quia emptores terrarum 1290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 259, 263–4, 281
18 Edw. I, Statute of Quo Warranto 1290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
25 Edw. I, Confirmation of Magna Carta 1297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
25 Edw. I, Confirmatio Cartarum 1297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
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xiv Table of Statutes

28 Edw. I, Articuli super Cartas 1300

c. 4 (Exchequer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
c. 5 (court coram rege) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
33 Edw. I, Ordinatio de conspiratoribus 1305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
34 Edw. I, De tallagio non concedendo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
9 Edw. II, Articuli cleri 1315. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Prerogativa Regis (date uncertain)
c. 13 (or 11) (wreck and royal fish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406, 413
c. 16 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
1 Edw. III, st. ii (1327)
c. 11 (suits for defamation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
c. 12 (fines for alienation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
2 Edw. III, Statute of Northampton 1328
c. 2 (pardon for felony) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
c. 8 (justices). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 177
4 Edw. III, c. 7 (executors, 1330) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
14 Edw. III, st. i, c. 14 (writs of privy seal, 1340). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
14 Edw. III, st. ii, c. 1 (taxation, 1340) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
18 Edw. III, st. ii, c. 2 (justices of peace, 1344) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
18 Edw. III, st. iv (judges’ oath) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
23 Edw. III, Ordinance of Labourers 1349. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
25 Edw. III, st. i, De natis ultra mare 1351. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
25 Edw. III, st. ii, Statute of Labourers 1351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
25 Edw. III, st. iv (provisors, 1351) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
25 Edw. III, st. v (1351)
c. 2, Treason Act 1351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568–9
c. 3 (juries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
c. 4 (jurisdiction of council) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127
c. 11 (feudal aids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
27 Edw. III, st. i (suing outside the realm, 1353) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
27 Edw. III, st. ii, Statute of the Staple 1353, c. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
28 Edw. III (1354)
c. 2 (marches of Wales) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
c. 3 (due process) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60, 105
c. 13 (juries de medietate linguae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
31 Edw. III, st. i (1357)
c. 11 (administrators). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
c. 12 (error from the Exchequer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
34 Edw. III (1361)
c. 1, Justices of the Peace Act 1361. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
c. 9 (labourers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
42 Edw. III, c. 3 (due process, 1368) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 105, 126
45 Edw. III, c. 3 (tithes of wood, 1371) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
50 Edw. III, c. 6 (fraudulent feoffments to uses, 1376) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
2 Ric. II, st. i, c. 5 (scandalum magnatum, 1378). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
6 Ric. II, st. i, c. 3 (writs of nuisance, 1382) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
13 Ric. II, st. i, c. 5 (admiralty, 1389) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
13 Ric. II, st. ii, c. 1 (pardons, 1390) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
15 Ric. II (1391)
c. 2, Statute of Forcible Entry 1391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
c. 5 (uses and mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
16 Ric. II, Statute of Winchester 1392, c. 5 (praemunire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
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