OPERATORS IN SQL

1. ARITHEMATIC OPERATORS :- ( + , - , * , / )
2. CONCATENATION OPERATOR :- ( || )
3. COMPARISION OPERATORS :- ( = , != or <> )
4. RELATIONAL OPERATOR :- ( > , < , >= , <= )
5.LOGICAL OP : ( AND , OR , NOT )
6. SPECIAL OPERATOR :-
1. IN
2. NOT IN
3. BETWEEN
4. NOT BETWEEN
5. IS
6. IS NOT
7. LIKE
8. NOT LIKE
7. SUBQUERY OPERATORS:-
1. ALL
2. ANY
3. EXISTS
4. NOT EXISTS

CONCATENATION Operator :

" It is used to join the strings ".

Symbol : ||

Example : SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' ;

Ename
ALLEN
MARTIN
SMITH

SELECT 'Hi ' || ename

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' ;

Ename
Hi ALLEN
Hi MARTIN
Hi SMITH

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 ➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees hiredAfter '01-JAN-87' .

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > '01-JAN-1987' ;

➢ WAQTD name and hiredate of the employees hiredbefore 31-JUL-88

SELECT ENAME , HIREDATEFROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE < '31-JUL-88' ;

LOGICAL OPERATORS

1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT

We use logical operators to write multiple conditions .

1. WAQTD name and deptno along with job for theemployee working in dept 10 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO , JOB

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 ;

2. WAQTD name and deptno along with job for theemployee working as manager in
dept 10 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO , JOB

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND DEPTNO = 10 ;

3. WAQTD name , deptno , salary of the employee working in dept 20 and earning
less than 3000 .

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL < 3000 ;

4. WAQTD name and salary of the employee if emp earns More than 1250 but less
than 3000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1250 AND SAL < 3000 ;

5. WAQTD name and deptno of the employees if the works in dept 10 or 20

.
SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO
FROM EMP

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 WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 20 ;

6. WAQTD name and sal and deptno of the employees. If emp gets more than 1250 but
less than 4000 and worksin dept 20.

SELECT ENAME , SAL , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > 1250 AND SAL < 4000 AND DEPTNO = 20 ;

7. WAQTD name , job , deptno of the employees workingas a manager in dept 10 or

30 .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='MANAGER' AND ( DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 20 ) ;

8. WAQTD name , deptno , job of the employees workingin dept 10 or 20 or 30 as a

clerk .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB ='CLERK' AND ( DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 20 AND
DEPTNO = 30 ) ;

9. WAQTD name , job and deptno of the employeesworking as clerk or manager in

dept 10 .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE ( JOB = 'CLERK' OR JOB ='MANAGER' ) AND DEPTNO = 10 ;

10. WAQTD name , job , deptno , sal of the employeesworking as clerk or salesman in
dept 10 or 30 and earning more than 1800 .

SELECT ENAME , JOB , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE ( JOB ='CLERK' OR JOB ='SALESMAN') AND ( DEPTNO = 10
OR DEPTNO = 30 ) AND SAL >1800 ;

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 SPECIAL OPERATORS

1. IN
2. NOT IN
3. BETWEEN
4. NOT BETWEEN
5. IS
6. IS NOT
7. LIKE
8. NOT LIKE

1. IN : It is a multi-valued operator which can acceptmultiple values At the RHS .

Syntax: Column_Name / Exp IN ( v1 , v2 , . . Vn )

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working indept 10 or 30 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNOFROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30 ;

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNOFROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN ( 10 , 30 ) ;

➢ WAQTD name and job of the employee working as aclerk or manager Or salesman .

SELECT ENAME , JOB

FROM EMP
WHERE JOB IN ('CLERK' , 'MANAGER' ,'SALESMAN' ) ;

➢ WAQTD empno , ename and salary of the employees whose empno is 7902 or 7839
and getting salary more than 2925.

SELECT EMPNO , ENAME , SAL

FROM EMP
WHERE EMPNO IN ( 7902 , 7839 ) AND SAL> 2925 ;

2. NOT IN : It is a multi-valued operator which can acceptmultiple values At the RHS . It is

similar to IN op insteadof selecting it Rejects the values .

Syntax: Column_Name / Exp NOT IN ( v1 , v2 , . . vn )

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of all the employees exceptthe emp Working
in dept 10 or 40 .

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 SELECT ENAME , DEPTNOFROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN ( 10 , 40 ) ;

➢ WAQTD name , deptno and job of the employee working in dept 20 but not as a clerk
or manager.
SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB NOT IN ( 'CLERK' ,'MANAGER' ) ;

3.BETWEEN : "It is used whenever we have range of values "

[ Start value and Stop Value ] .

Syntax:

Column_Name BETWEEN Lower_Range AND Higher_Range ;

- Between Op works including the range .

➢ WAQTD name and salary of the employees if the emp is earningSalary in the range 1000 to
3000 .

SELECT ENAME , SALFROM EMP

WHERE SAL BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000 ;

➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10And hired during 2019 (the
entire year of 2019) .

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND HIREDATE BETWEEN '01-JAN-2019' AND '31-DEC-
2019' ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and hiredate of the employees hired during2017 into dept 20 with a
salary greater that 2000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL> 2000 AND HIREDATE BETWEEN
'01-JAN2017' AND 31-DEC-2017' ;

4.NOT BETWEEN : It is Opposite of Between .

Syntax:

Column_Name NOT BETWEEN Lower_Range AND Higher_Range ;

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 ➢ WAQTD name and salary of the employees if the emp is notearning Salary in the range
1000 to 3000 .

SELECT ENAME , SALFROM EMP

WHERE SAL NOT BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000 ;
➢ WAQTD name and deptno of the employees working in dept 10And not hired during
2019 .

SELECT ENAME , DEPTNO

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 AND HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN '01-JAN-2019' AND '31-
DEC-2019' ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and hiredate of the employees who were nothired during 2017 into
dept 20 with a salary greater that 2000 .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , HIREDATE

FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20 AND SAL> 2000 AND HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN
'01-JAN2017' AND 31-DEC-2017' ;

5. IS : "It is used to compare only NULL "

Syntax: Column_Name IS NULL ;

Example :

EID ENAME SAL COMM

1 A 1000 100
2 B null null
3 C null 200
4 D 2000 null

➢ WAQTD name of the employee who is not getting salary .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IS NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name of the emp who doesn’t get commission .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL ;

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 ➢ WAQTD name , sal and comm of the emp if the emp doesn’t earn both .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , COMM

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL AND SAL IS NULL ;

6.IS NOT : "It is used to compare the values with NOT NULL ".

Syntax: Column_Name IS NOT NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name of the employee who is getting salary .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IS NOT NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name of the emp who gets commission .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL ;

➢ WAQTD name , sal and comm of the emp if the emp doesn’t earncommission but gets
salary .

SELECT ENAME , SAL , COMM

FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL AND SAL IS NOT NULL ;

7.LIKE : "It is used for Pattern Matching ".

Syntax: Column_Name LIKE 'pattern' ;

To achieve pattern matching we use special characters:

➢ Percentile (%) – Takes any no. of characters, any type of characters and also no
characters.
➢ Underscore ( _ ) – takes only one character but any character.

Examples :

➢ WAQTD details of an employee whose name is SMITH .

SELECT *

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 FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ;

➢ WAQTD details of the employee who's name starts with 'S' .

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'S%' ;

➢ WAQTD details of the employee who's name ends with 'S'.

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employees who have character 'S' in theirnames .

SELECT *
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%S%' ;

➢ WAQTD names that starts with 'J' and ends with 'S' .

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'J%S' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' as hissecond character .
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp

has char 'A' as his Thirdcharacter .
SEELCT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE ' A%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' as second character and 'S' is last
character .
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%S' ;

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 ➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp has char 'A' present at atleast 2 times .
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A%A%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp name starts with 'A' andends with 'A' .
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'A%A' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp's salary's last 2 digit is50 rupees
.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL LIKE '%50' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employees hired in November.

SELECT ENAME
WHERE HIREDATE LIKE '%NOV%' ;

8.NOT LIKE: Opposite of Like .

Syntax: Column_Name NOT LIKE 'pattern' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employees who were not hired in November.

SELECT ENAME
WHERE HIREDATE LIKE '%NOV%' ;

➢ WAQTD names of the employee if the emp doesn’t have char 'A' as second character and
'S' is last character .
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%S' ;