CHAPTER 2

CONTEXT AND CONTEXTUAL

ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY
SOURCES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
BY: GROUP 2
 A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
• Written by Antonio Pigafetta, Italian nobleman
and chronicler of Magellan’s expedition.
• Primary source for precolonial Philippine history
and early European contact.
• Part of Magellan’s 1519–1522 circumnavigation.
• Ladrones Islands (Marianas):
- Described natives as poor but ingenious, skilled
in theft.
- Named “Islands of the Thieves.”
 First Arrival in the Philippines:
- Landed near Samar; met friendly natives on an
uninhabited island.
- Received food, palm wine (uraca), coconuts
(cochos), rice (umai).
- Detailed description of coconut uses.
Humunu Island (Homonhon):
- Called “Watering Place of Good Signs.”
- Found traces of gold; nearby islands named
Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
 Mazaua (Butuan):
- Met Raia Siagu and Raia Calambu; exchanged
gifts and food.
- Saw abundance of gold in houses and items.
First Mass in the Philippines
(March 31, 1521):
- Attended by two local kings.
- Magellan planted a cross, symbolizing Spanish
authority.
- Known today as Magellan’s Cross in Cebu.
Voyage to Cebu (April 7, 1521):
- King initially demanded tribute; Magellan refused.
- Sealed peace with a blood compact.
Christianization:
- April 14: King baptized as Don Carlos; mass conversions
followed.
- Idol burning encouraged; healing after baptism
considered a miracle.
Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521):
- Magellan aided Zula against Lapulapu.
-Outnumbered (49 vs. ~1,500); natives targeted
unarmored legs.
- Magellan killed while protecting retreating men; body
kept as war trophy.
 Aftermath:
- Duarte Barbosa elected captain.
- Interpreter Enrique allegedly betrayed the
crew to the King of Cebu.
- 24 Spaniards massacred in Cebu; fleet left
without survivors.
ANALYSIS OF ANTONIO PIGAFETTA'S
CHRONICLES
Who Was Pigafetta?
-A young man from Italy
-Traveled with Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan
-Wrote a detailed journal about everything he saw and
experienced
What's in His Journal?
Pigafetta wrote about:
-The journey across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
-Life on the ship (hunger, sickness, storms)
-Meeting people in South America and Southeast Asia
-Local cultures, foods, clothes, and languages
-The death of Magellan in the Philippines
Why Is It Important?
-It's a first-hand account of the first voyage around the
Earth
-Tells us how people lived in faraway lands before
colonization
-Helps historians understand what early explorers saw and
thought
What Makes His Writing Special?
-Easy to follow, very detailed
-Describes what new people looked like, how they talked,
what they ate.
-Includes local words (like a mini dictionary!)
 Antonio Pigafetta's journal is an exciting
and valuable look at one of the most important
voyages in history. It tells the story of how the
world first started to come together through
travel, trade, and contact between cultures.
 THE "KKK" AND THE KARTILYA NANG
KATIPUNANWHAT IS KKK?
KATAASTAASAN, KAGALANGGALANGANG
KATIPUNAN NG
MGA ANAK NG BAYAN OR KATIPUNAN
The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan or Katipunan Is arguably the most important
organization formed in the Philippine history.

The two principal aims of the KKK as gathered from the writings of
Bonifacio:
(1) Unity of the Filipino People; and
(2) Separation from Spain by means of revolution.
Previous armed revolts had already occurred before the foundation of the
Katipunan, but none of them envisioned a unified Filipino nation revolting
against the colonizers.

Like for example, Diego Silang was known as an Ilocano who took up his
arms led one of the longest running revolts in the country. His locality
referred to him as El Rey de Ilocos or (The King of Ilocos).
The propaganda movements led by the ilustrados like Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose Rizal did not envision a total separation of
the Philippines from Spain, but only demanded equal rights,
representation, and protection from the abuses of the friars. In the
conduct of their struggle, Katipunan created a complex structure and
defined values system that will guide the i organization as a collective
aspiring for a single goal.
The most important document of the katipunan It was the "Kartilya ng
Katipunan". The original title of the document was "Manga [sic] Aral Nang
[sic] Katipunan ng mga A. N. B" or in English translation "Lessons of the
Organization of the Sons of Country".
This document was written by Emilio Jacinto, in 1896.
Emilio Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement. He
was,a law student at the Universidad de Santo Tomas.
Bonifacio was recognized the value and intellect of Jacinto that upon
seeing that Jacinto' s Kartilya was much better than the decalogue he
wrote, Bonifacio willingly favored that the Kartilya be distributed to their
fellow Katipuneros. Jacinto became the secretary of the secretary of the
organization and took charge of the short- lived printing press of the
Katipunan. On April 15, 1897, Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a
commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon. Jacinto was 22 years old
and e died of Malaria at a young age of 24 in the town of Magdalena
Laguna.
The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan' s code of conduct. It
contains fourteen rules that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave,
and which specific values should be uphold.
 RULES IN KARTILYA
1. The life is not consecrated to lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one' s fellow creature, and to adjust ones conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man refers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his words is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the
precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
 11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will , share with thee the
penalties of life: her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother who
bore and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that , do not unto the wife,
children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not because he isa a
priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a
man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor
consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cheri shes his fatherland, though be born in the wilderness and know
no tongue but this own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed- for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this
most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the
same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who
desires to enter has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may
fill out the application for admission.
ANALYSIS OF THE "KARTILYA
NG KATIPUNAN"
WHAT IS KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN?
The Kartilya ng Katipunan was a guidebook for
new members of the Katipunan, a secret society
that wanted the Philippines to be free from
Spanish rule; it taught them how to behave, treat
others, and live a good life while fighting for their
country's independence.
 The Kartilya as a reaction against the
despised values of the colonial regime.
Rules on equality (Rules 4 & 13) directly
challenge the Spanish colonial hierarchy.
Indios" treated as inferior vs. Katipunan's
vision of equality.
-The Spanish treated Filipinos ("Indios") as inferior, denying them
equal rights. The Katipunan, opposing this, envisioned a society
valuing character over race, fighting for equality and respect for all
Filipinos.
Values aligned with rational and liberal ideals of the
18th-19th century.

Influence of the French Revolution: Equality,

tolerance, freedom, liberty.

Jacinto, an "ilustrado," understood and

promoted these values.
Kartilya mirrored 18000- 19000's ideals like those from the French Revolution:
Equality: Inspired by the French Revolution, Kartilya asserts all are born equal,
regardless of race or status.
Tolerance: Kartilya's emphasis on understanding reflects the value of accepting
diverse beliefs and backgrounds.
Freedom: Echoing revolutionary calls, Kartilya sought freedom from Spanish
oppression, advocating self-governance.
Liberty: Kartilya championed the right for Filipinos to shape their destiny,
mirroring the era's focus on individual choice.

Emillio Jacinto, who wrote the "kartilya" was an "ilustrado," integrated these values
into Kartilya, guiding the Katipunan toward a just and free society.
 Treatment of women: respect and honor, but with limitations.
"This idea suggests women deserve respect, but their freedoms or roles might be
restricted. In short, the idea of respecting women "with limitations" often comes from old
traditions, beliefs about protection, or a desire to control women's roles in society.
However, many people now believe that true respect means giving women equal rights
and opportunities without unnecessary restrictions
Rule 10: Men as guides for women and children.
The document specifically stated that men should be the guide of women and children,
and that he should set a good example, otherwise the women and the children would be
guided in the path of evil. Nevertheless, the same document stated that women should
be treated as companions by men and not as playthings that can be exploited for their
pleasure.
 Criticisms of gender inequality in the Kartilya from a contemporary
perspective.
From today's perspective, the Kartilya wasn't fully equal. It still had some traditional
views, like seeing men as guides for women, which isn't in line with modern equality .

Recognition of women as partners in the struggle

The Katipunan recognized women as important in the fight for freedom.
Respect for women was a key value for members .
Rizal's "Letter to the Women of Malolos" vs. Katipunan's actions.
Rizal's letter focused on the importance of education and women's role in shaping their
children. He wanted women to have the same opportunities as men. The Katipunan,
however, involved women directly in the revolution, showing they were capable of more than
just domestic duties .
 THE PROCLAMATION OF
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 A Declaration of Freedom

• Declared the Philippines free from Spanish rule.

• Happened on June 12, 1898.
• Location: Kawit, Cavite.
Our Heroes

Emilio Aguinaldo: The general who declared independence.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: The man who wrote the proclamation.
 Symbols of a New Nation

The Philippine flag was first waved.

The national anthem was first played.
This day marks the birth of the First Philippine Republic.
A Step Towards Freedom

• Showed the world the Philippines was independent.

• Gave Filipinos hope and a sense of identity.
• Started our journey as a sovereign country.
ANALYSIS OF THE PROCLAMATION
OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE:
HOPES AND LIMITS
 The Proclamation of Philippine Independence on
June 12, 1898 ended more than 300 years of Spanish
rule. It symbolized freedom, unity, and pride for
Filipinos. But beyond the celebration, it also carried
deeper meanings and challenges that we need to
understand.
 The red, white, and blue of the Philippine flag came from
the Katipunan and U.S. flag.

•Symbolizing courage, peace, and unity.

•The proclamation expressed the desire to end abuse,
racial discrimination, and inequality.

However, it did not address the problems of poor farmers,

especially land issues, which left many in poverty.
 The revolution was led mostly by middle-class
landowners like Aguinaldo, Bautista, and Buencamino.

The proclamation was written by Ambrosio Rianzares

Bautista, who also read it during the declaration on June
12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite.

Whose own interests sometimes influenced decisions—

such as avoiding battles in areas where they owned land.
 Limits of Revolution
The proclamation of independence gave hope, but it
did not fully address the problems of ordinary people.
Poor farmers remained in poverty because land issues
were ignored. The revolution was led mostly by middle-
class landowners such as Aguinaldo, Bautista, and
Buencamino, whose own interests sometimes influenced
decisions.
 Hopes of Revolution
The Proclamation of Philippine Independence gave
Filipinos hope and pride as a free nation. But true
independence is more than political freedom—it also
means addressing social and economic problems that
affect ordinary people. Real freedom must include
equality and justice for all.
A GLANCE AT SELECTED PHILIPPINE
POLITICAL CARICATURE IN ALFRED
MCCOY'S PHILIPPINE CARTOONS,
POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE
AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941)
Who is Alfred McCoy's?

Born on June 8,1945 in Massachusetts USA

- A professor of History at the University of Wisconsin where he also
a director of center for Southeast Asian Studies.
- Specialize in Philippine Political History and Global Opium
Trafficking Awards earned: Philippine Natural book award for history
in 1986.
- Gintong Aklat Award (Manila) special citation for history in 1987
What is Caricature?
 Caricature is a drawing, description, or portrayal
of a person, thing, or situation in which certain features
are exaggerated
or distorted -often for humor, satire, or criticism.
What is political cartoons and caricature?

It is an art form which veered away from the classical art by

exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects.
Such art of genre and technique became part of the print
media as a form of social and political commentary, which
usually target persons of power and authority.
Cartoons became effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy
use of symbolism, which is different from a verbose written editorial
and opinion pieces. Commentaries in mass media inevitably shape
public opinion and such kind of opinion is worthy of historical
examination.
In this book Philippine cartoon, political cartoon of American era
(1900-1941) Alfred McCoy together with Alfredo Roces compiled
political cartoons published in newspaper dailies and periodicals in
the time.
Examples of Political Cartoons and Caricature
 It was published in The Independent on May 20, 1916.
The cartoon shows a politician from Tondo, named Dr.Santos,
passing his crown to his brother-in-law, Dr.Barcelona. A Filipino guy
(as depicted wearing salakot and barong tagalog) was trying to stop
Santos, telling the latter to stop giving Barcelona the crown because
it is not his time to begin with.
 It was published by Independent on June 16, 1917, drawn by Fernando Amorsolo and was aimed as
commentary to the workings of Manila Police at that period. Here we see a Filipino child who stole a
skinny chicken because he had nothing to eat. The police officer was relentlessly pursuing the said
child. A man wearing a salakot, labeled Juan de la Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to leave
the small-time pickpockets and thieves and to turn at the great thieves instead. He was pointing to
huge warehouses containing bulks of rice, milk, and grocery products.
The third cartoon was a commentary
on the unprecedented cases of colorful
automobiles in the city streets.The
Phillipine Free Press published this
commentary when fatal accidents
involving colorum vehicles and taxis
occured too often already.
The fourth cartoon depicts a cinema .
A blown-up police officer was at the
screen saying that couples are not
allowed to neck and make love in the
theater. Two youngsters looked
horrible while and older couple seemed
amused.
It was published by the Independent on November 27, 1915. Here, we see the caricature of Uncle Sam
riding a chariot pulled by
Filipinos wearing school uniforms. The Filipino boys were carrying American objects like baseball
bats , whiskey, and boxing gloves. McCoy, in his caption to the said cartoon, says that this cartoon
was based on an event in 1907 when William Howard Taft was brought to the Manila pier riding a
chariot pulled by students of Liceo de Manila. Such was condemned by nationalists at that time.
The last cartoon was published by Lipang Kalabaw
on August 24, 1907. In the picture, we can see Uncle
Sam rationing porridge to the politicians and
members of the Progresista Party ( sometimes
known as Federalists Party) while members of
Nationalista Party look on and wait for their turn.
This cartoon depicts the patronage of the United
States being covered by politicians from either of
the party.
Analysis of the Political Caricatures
during the American Period
 Transition to American Occupation
The shift from Spanish to American rule brought significant changes in
Philippine culture, society, and politics. The Americans introduced democracy,
which had both positive and negative consequences.

Modernization: Introduction of modern healthcare, transportation, and media

Freer Press: A more open and freer press emerged during this period
Economic Divide: The principalia class prospered economically, while the poor
majority remained impoverished and marginalizedt
 Impact on Different Classes

The post-independence period had varying effects on

Filipinos from different socio-economic backgrounds:t
Upper Class (Principalia): Experienced economic prosperity due
to the opening of the Philippine economy to the US

Lower Class: Remained poor, desperate, and victims of state

repressiont
Positive Consequences of American Occupationt

-Modernization of infrastructure
-Introduction of new education system
Negative Consequences

Economic inequality
State repression
The cartoons show how certain media outlets viewed Philippine
society during the American era, highlighting the country's
societal and political landscape at that time. In politics,
Filipinos were still learning about democracy, American-style.
This led to issues like dynastic politics and patronage.
• Dynastic Politics: Politicians prioritized family ties over public service,

• Patronage: The US influenced elite-led political parties through

patronage, .
• Party Switching: This led to politicians switching parties based on which
was in power, undermining the democratic process.
 In conclusion, the analysis of political caricatures during the American
period offers valuable insights into the Philippines complex history. The
cartoons not only reflect the societal and political landscape of the time
but also serve as a testament to the power of art in shaping public
discourse and influencing change.
 REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO'S
SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S. CONGRESS
DATE OF SPEECH: SEPTEMBER 18, 1986
LOCATION: UNITED STATES CONGRESS (WASHINGTON, D.C.)
SPEAKER: CORAZON "CORY" AQUINO - PRESIDENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES (1986-1992)
BACKGROUND: WHO WAS CORAZON AQUINO?
-THE FIRST FEMALE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
-BECAME PRESIDENT AFTER THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION IN
1986
-HER HUSBAND, BENIGNO "NINOY AQUINO JR., WAS ASSASSINATED
IN 1983 A KEY EVENT THAT SPARKED MASS PROTESTS
-SHE REPLACED FERDINAND MARCOS, A DICTATOR WHO RULED
UNDER MARTIAL LAW FOR MANY YEARS
CORAZON AQUINO STOOD BEFORE THE U.S. CONGRESS
TO:
-THANK THE U.S. FOR SUPPORTING DEMOCRACY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
-SHARE THE STORY OF THE PEACEFUL REVOLUTION
-ASK FOR HELP REBUILDING HER COUNTRY AFTER YEARS OF
DICTATORSHIP AND CORRUPTION
IMPACT OF THE SPEECH:

PHILIPPINES- BOOSTED NATIONAL PRIDE AND INTERNATIONAL

SUPPORT.
UNITED STATES- CONGRESS APPROVED ECONOMIC AID FOR THE
PHILIPPINES.
GLOBAL- BECAME A SYMBOL OF PEACEFUL DEMOCRATIC
TRANSITION.
Analysis of Cory Aquino's Speech
After the Revolution

• Cory Aquino became president in 1986.

• This was after the EDSA People Power Revolution.
• The country was in a difficult state after Marcos's rule.
The Main Goals

•To get support from other countries.

•To honor her husband, Ninoy Aquino.
•To ask for money to help the Philippines.
•To show that the new government was legitimate and
democratic.
A Powerful Message

•She talked about the abuses under Marcos.

•She shared her personal story and Ninoy's sacrifice.
•She asked for American help to preserve our new-found
democracy.
 A Successful Mission

•The U.S. Congress and the American people were moved.

•The Philippines received financial aid.
•The international community recognized Cory's government.
THANK YOU