►Classroom activities

Exercise #4. Read the statements below and choose whether they are True or
False.
1. Non-linguistic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except
linguistics.
2. Linguistic Typology, Comparative Typology, Contrastive Typology
are totally different sciences.
3. Morphological classification deals with the family relationship of
languages, which descend from one common ancestor.
4. According to two plans of language, there four main types of
Linguistic Typology.
5. According to the levels of language hierarchy, there are five types of
typology.
6. Panchronic approach deals with dead and living language
comparison.
7. Substantial comparison is used in linguistics.
8. Internal approach deals with the comparison of the systems of any
concrete language, it is aninner comparison.
9. External approach deals with only related languages.
10. Non-substantial comparison is used in all spheres of science except
Linguistics.

►Home activities
Exercise #1. Read the statements below and choose whether they are True or
False.
1. Typology represents an approach or theoretical framework to the study of
language that contrasts with prior approaches.
True/ False
2. The development of typology is very fast.
True/ False
3. According to scientists: Material similarity means similarities of words that
are similar in meaning and morphemes in compared languages.
True/ False
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 4. Comparative typology in its turn consists of the following types: typological
theory; typological classification; etalon language; language universals.
True/ False
5. Uspenskiy said: “Typology deals with a limited number of languages.
True/ False
6. Comparative study of the languages is a scientific research, devoted to
thecomparative study of two languages like Uzbek and Russian or English
and French.
True/ False

Exercise #3. Read the statements below and match them with the appropriate
answers.

Typology does not deal with a limited number of languages. If it does, then it
should be called “characterology” or “comparative description.
Material similarity means similarities of words that are similar in meaning
and morphemes in compared languages.
In the last seven or eight years, the “Port Royal Grammar” has been
discussed more often in the English speaking world than at any other time
since its publication more than three hundred years ago.
Typology consists of structural, comparative and genetic typology. The task of
structural typology consists of language universals, typological classification
of the languages, typological theory and work out methods to create ethalon
language.
It would be wrong to identify comparative researches of two languages with
typology.

Buranov, Uspenskiy, Guhman, Maslow, Kretzmann

►Activities for self-improvement

Exercise #1. Read and fill the gaps with the given words below.

Languages, typological, nation, were, romantics,

34 formed
The problem of the type language was firstly discussed by ……..…, the
representators of romanticism which was……….. at the end of XVIII and in the
beginning of XIX century. Romantics considered that “the spirit of the ...............”
may be displayed in myth in art, literature and in the language. V.Gumbold began
to examine the types of the.................. as a display of “the spirit of the nation”. The
division of the languages to flaxsive and affix by the German linguist Fridrih
Shlegel was the first attempt to create atypological classification of the language.
From the history of linguistic studies, such ……….…. classification of languages
offered by August William, V.Gumbold, A.Shleyher, G.Steyntal, F.Misteli and
other linguists were …………. Now topologists are trying to find the ways of
creating amore informative classification of the languages like periodical systems
of Mendeleyev.

Exercise #2. Try to find English words which are connected with “typology”
from the table below.

l A N g u a G e k h

i s c i e n T i s t

n e k h O m L c z a

g e b u M i W g j o

u p t y P o L o g y

i i a n A l Y s e x

S c w o R d S e q m

T a t h E o R y d u

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►Classroom activities
1. is a branch of linguistics that studies (using the methods
of linguistic geography) distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial
extent and interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.
2. is one of the branches of General Linguistic typology. It
deals with comparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or
structural identity.
3. is a branch of linguistic typology, which studies the
similarities, and differences of originally related languages.
4. is the major branch of Linguistic typology and aims to
identify structural language types.

Exercise #2. Circle the correct answer.

1. Who said that Areal typology compares languages irrespectively of the

degree of their relatedness and aims at defining general elements
formed as a result of themutual influence of languages and the cultures
staying behind them?
a. V.K.Ghak
b. D.J.Buranov
c. Yu.V.Rojdestvenskiy
d. M.M.Guhman
2. What are the objects of study of Areal typology?
a. borrowings, bi-lingual features, hybrid languages, language contacts
b. dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
c. sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
d. all answers are true
3. What does Areal typology study?
a. dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems
of related and non-related languages, theconfluence of different languages
b. dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems
of related and non-related languages
c. dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
d. sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
4. What does Comparative Typology deal with?

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 a. With distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and
interlingua (interdialectic) interaction
b. with the similarities, and differences of originally related languages
c. With the aims of identifying structural language types
d. with acomparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural
identity
5. What is the goal of Structural Typology?
a. To include discrete sound segments like p, n, or a, which can be defined by
a finite set of sound properties or features
b. to identify structural language types
c. identifying common/similar features specific to systems of all or separate
language groups
d. to identify universal features of langauges

Test yourself on Comparative Typology as a branch of General

Linguistics

1. General typology combines two types of typologies

a) Lexical and Semantic
b) Linguistic and non-linguistic
c) Structural and Areal
d) Phonetic and Phonological

2. Non-linguistic typology as a method of comparison serves in…

a) Linguistics
b) All sciences besides linguistics
c) Literature
d) General Linguistics and Literature

3. …deals with the languages which are genetically related both synchronically
and diachronically
a) Comparative Typology
b) Areal Typology
c) Genetic Typology
d) Structural Typology

4. Linguistic Typology deals with …

a) Language systems in comparison
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b) Psychology
c) Mathematics
d) Literature

5. According to the object of comparison Comparative Typology consists of:

a) Genetic, comparative, areal, structural
b) Semantic, formal
c) Syntactic, structural, areal, lexical
d) Phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical

6. Comparative method has …

a) Typological investigation
b) Grammatical features
c) Universal features
d) General features

7. Internal approach to language description deals with…

a) Non-related languages
b) The system of any concrete national language
c) Related languages
d) All languages

8. External approach to language description deals with…

a) Non-related languages
b) The cross-language description
c) All languages
d) Related languages

9. Comparative-historical linguistics is…

a) Comparative-historical studies of languages in their development
b) Comparative-scientific studies of languages in their development
c) Content approach to comparison
d) One – level approach to comparison

10. Diachronic development means the development of some linguistic phenomena

from…
a) From historical viewpoint
b) Modern viewpoint
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c) Linguistic viewpoint
d) Grammatical viewpoint

11. The first period is named spontaneous which was over …

a) In the XX century
b) In the XI century
c) Not long before the Renaissance
d) In the XIV century

12. Division of Comparative Typology with respect to two plans of language:

a) Formal, semantic
b) Comparative, structural, areal, genetic
c) Phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical
d) Formal, semantic, areal, genetic

13. Port-Royal grammar is considered to be …

a) Practical grammar
b) Theoretical grammar
c) Universal grammar
d) English grammar

14. When was Port-Royal grammar written

a) 2009
b) 1660
c) 1700
d) 1669

15. What did Mahmud Kashgariy do by analyzing a group of Turkic languages

a) He defined the level of their genetic relationship to each other
b) He found out Language Universals
c) He analyzed the lexical units of all Turkic languages
d) He compared all language of the world

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 1. What is the subject matter of Comparative Typology?
2. What are the main tasks of Comparative Typology?
3. How does Comparative Typology differ from Contrastive Linguistics?
4. Explain the etymology of the term “typology”.
5. What is the significance of William Croft’s book Typology and Universals?
6. What is the difference between linguistic and non-linguistic typology?
7. Give examples of non-linguistic typology.
8. Why does Comparative Typology study both well-known and exotic
languages?
9. What was the contribution of Aristotle and Protagoras to early typological
studies?
10.What role did Latin grammar play in the development of European languages’
grammars?
11.What is the importance of the Port-Royal Grammar in typology?
12.Describe the contribution of Mahmud Kashgari to comparative studies.
13.What aspects did Alisher Navoi compare in Muhokamatul-Lug‘atayn?
14.Which centuries correspond to the four periods of typological studies described
by Dr. Buranov?
15.How did translation influence the development of typology?
16.How did lexicography (dictionary-making) support comparative studies?
17.What role does foreign language teaching play in typological comparison?
18.Define Genetic Typology and explain its origin.
19.What was the role of Sanskrit in the development of Genetic Typology?
20.Define Areal Typology and give examples of its subject matter.
21.What are the main objects of study in Areal Typology according to V.G. Ghak?
22.Who are the major representatives of Areal Typology?
23.What is Comparative Typology proper and how does it differ from Structural
Typology?
24.Define Structural Typology and its four main branches.
25.What are Language Universals? Give examples.
26.What is the difference between full (absolute) and restricted (relative)
universals?
27.What are the differences between phonetic, morphological, lexical and
syntactic universals?
28.What is the concept of “ethalon language” and how is it used in typology?
29.Explain the difference between Formal Typology and Semantic Typology.
30.What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic comparison in
typological studies?

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