LINGUISTICS INSTRUCTOR SIR ARLAN CARL F.

GALLANO

BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

LINGUISTICS Scientific study of human language

Studies the rules, systems, and principles of human language

FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS

1. MICRO LINGUISTICS:

- Also called as theoretical linguistics or general linguistics. Studies the nature of language (what about
and how it works). Focuses on the structural components of language under the broad level of grammar
(phonetics, morphology, and syntax).

A. Phonology

-Branch of linguistics that studies the systems of sounds within the language or

between different languages.

- Concerned with systematic organization of sounds in spoken language.

• Phonetics

Branch of linguistics that studies the physical properties of sounds (how sounds

are produced and articulated through the interactions of different vocal organs. International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)

B. Morphology

Branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of morphemes.

-Studies different morphological structure of words, describes how words are formed. and
demonstrates how word formation processes affect the meaning of words and their pronunciation.

• Morphemes

Smallest meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided.

C. Syntax

From Greek word "sytaxis" which means arrangement.

Branch of linguistics that focuses on the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences

Deals with how sentences are structured

D. Semantics

Branch of linguistics that studies the conceptual meaning of words and sentences. +Also deals with
relationship between words such as synonymy, antonymy, homonym

polysemy.

It explores questions like "What does this word or sentence mean?" and "How are meanings composed
from individual words?"

E. Pragmatics

Branch of linguistics that focus on the contextual meaning of words and sentences. Deals with meaning
beyond the surface or beyond literal level. Focuses more on the intended meaning of the speaker than
what the sentence literally means. Analyzes implied meanings or what people actually means when they
make use of the language

It addresses questions like "What does the speaker intend to convey?" and "How does context influence
the interpretation of language?"

2. MACRO-LINGUISTICS:

Concerned with how language is acquired or used and how it relates to society as a whole.

Focuses on application of language in daily life.

A. Sociolinguistics

-Study of effects of the different social and cultural factors on the use of language. Examines the
patterns and variations in language within a society or community,

B. Psycholinguistics -Focuses on the interrelation between linguistics and psychological factors that
enable humans to understand, acquire, and use language.

C. Computational Linguistics

Studies the application of computer science in the analysis of language and speech and other linguistics.
- Concerned with how computational modeling and approaches can be used to help

describe and analyze research data related to linguistic issues and problems.

D. Historical Linguistics
Also known as diachronic linguistics.

Deals with study of language change or change of a group of languages over time,

including phonological, grammatical, and semantic changes.

- Concerned with tracing the language family and identifying how a particular language develops into its
present form.

Comparative Linguistics

Also called comparative-historical linguistics

Subfield of historical linguistics that is primarily concerned with comparing languages to establish their
similarities and differences, especially in identifying whether or not they have a common ancestral
language.

E. Structural Linguistics

Study of language as an independent network of formal systems and structures.

Based on theones and principles that fanguage is composed of structural units such as lexical and
syntactic elements.

F. Biolinguistics

An interdisciplinary study involving biology linguistics, psychology, and neurolinguistics. Primary aims to
explain the evolution and formation of language.

G. Applied Linguistics

Concerned with the application of linguistic studies in real life, such as in language teaching and
learning.

Clinical Linguistics

- A sub-discipline of applied linguistics that deals with the application of linguistics concepts and theories
int the field of Speech-Language Pathology.

It involves the description, analysis, and treatment of language disabilities and disorders.

H. Developmental Linguistics

- Focuses on how children acquire language in childhood, such as acquisition of syntax

Studies the linguistic ability of an individual, especially of children.

I. Linguistic Typology

Aims to classify language based on their structural and functional components -Focuses on describing
the diversity of languages in the world, especially in terms of their properties and structure,

J. Neurolinguistics

Studies the relationship of linguistics and the structures and functions of the brain.

Aims to analyze the different brain functions and mechanisms that are related to

language comprehension, production, and acquisition.

K. Stylistics

Deals with the study on how different individuals or social groups use language in all types of forms,
spoken or written in their communication. Also called literary linguistics because it studies the authors
and writers especially on their writing styles as they use a variety of literary techniques and devices to
provide distinctness and variety in their writing especially, but not exclusively, in different literary forms.

L. Etymology

- Investigates the origins of words, their birth, and development, often delineating their

spread from one language to another and their evolving changes in form and meaning.

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF PHONOLOGY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Phonology- Study of speech sounds Concerned with abstract element of sounds

Phonetics- Study of the physical properties of the sound.

- Concerned with the concrete elements of sounds

Phonemics- Looks into the structure of sounds in terms of phonemes

Phoneme- smallest unit of sound in a specific language that differentiates one word

from another. Ex pat and but

Allophones

- Predictable phonetic variations

Aspiration

tinkt, in skit (pin pit. /p in sip

Deletion First and second/V sound in litte

Flap

in battery, in water

Articulation

• Production of sounds using the speech organs (vocal tract, tongue, lips teeth, etc.). The process of
shaping and manipulating speech sounds by changing the position and movement of the speech organs

Pronunciation

Manner of speaking the words correctly.

Enunciation The clarity of how the sounds is produced.

Phonation

-The process of producing sound through the vibration of the vocal cords

Nasalization

Occurs when the sound is expelled partly through nose and mouth, such as the sound of m

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET Most common transcription used by inguists

Transcription-refers to the symbolic and visual representation of speech sounds

DIPHTONGS

Two different vowels sound combined in one.

FRICATIVES

sounds that make a hissing or buzzing noise

PLOSIVES

sounds that start with a quick burst, like a pop, caused by briefly stopping and then releasing the air

NASAL
sounds come out through your nose instead of your mouth

APPROXIMANTS

sounds are like gentle, flowing versions of other sounds

REMINDERS IN TRANSCRIBING PHONETICS

1. Always use slashes if as symbols of IPA transcription

2. Transcribe, not on how you see words, but on how you hear words.

3. No capital letters