KEY CONCEPTS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE

DEFINITIONS :
1. An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the
dependent variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary , if the differential coefficients have reference to a
single independent variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there are two or more
independent variables . We are concerned with ordinary differential equations only.
u u u
eg.   = 0 is a partial differential equation.
x y z
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation . The
solution of the differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation
can be regarded as a relation derived from it.
4. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occuring in it.
5. The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the derivatives is the
degree of the derivative of the highest order occuring in it , after it has been expressed in a form
free from radicals & fractions so far as derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
 dmy   d m 1 ( y ) 
p q

f(x , y)  m  + (x , y)  m 1  + ....... = 0 is order m & degree p.

d x   dx 
Note that in the differential equation ey  xy + y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't apply.

6. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is given ,
then a differential equation is obtained as follows :
 Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times
as the number of arbitrary constants in it .
 Eliminate the arbitrary constants .
The eliminant is the required differential equation . Consider forming a differential
equation for y² = 4a(x + b) where a and b are arbitary constant .
Note : A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties.
This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.

7. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :

The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary constants equal
to the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR
COMPLETE PRIMITIVE) . A solution obtainable from the general solution by giving particular values to the
constants is called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
Note that the general solution of a differential equation of the nth order contains ‘n’ & only ‘n’ independent
arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential equation are said to be
independent, when it is impossible to deduce from the solution an equivalent relation containing fewer
arbitrary constants. Thus the two arbitrary constants A, B in the equation y = A ex + B are not independent
since the equation can be written as y = A eB. ex = C ex. Similarly the solution y = A sin x + B cos (x + C)
appears to contain three arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent to two only.

P. No. 2
8. Elementary Types Of First Order & First Degree Differential Equations .
TYPE1. VARIABLES SEPARABLE : If the differential equation can be expressed as ;
f (x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 then this is said to be variable  separable type.

A general solution of this is given by  f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = c ;

where c is the arbitrary constant . consider the example (dy/dx) = e xy + x2. ey.
Note : Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of variables.
In this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials.
If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2 d2 (iii) x dy  y dx = r2 d
If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then x dx  y dy = r dr and x dy  y dx = r2 sec d .
dy
TYPE2 : = f (ax + by + c) , b  0.
dx
To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable type in the
variable t and x which can be solved.

Consider the example (x + y)2 d y = a2 .

dx
TYPE3. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
dy f (x , y )
A differential equation of the form =
d x  (x , y )
where f (x , y) &  (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called
dy  
HOMOGENEOUS . This equation may also be reduced to the form = g  x  & is solved by
dx  y
putting y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v, where v is some
unknown function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables separable.
dy y (x  y )
Consider + = 0.
dx x2
TYPE4. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS FORM :
a x  b1y  c1 a1  a 2
If d y = 1 ; where a1 b2  a2 b1  0, i.e. 
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 b1 b2
then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new
variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given
equation homogeneous which can be solved by the method as given in Type  3. If
(i) a1 b2  a2 b1 = 0 , then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an equation
with variables separable. and
(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d (xy) for x dy + y dx & integrating
term by term yields the result easily.

x  2y  5 2 x  3y  1 dy 2x  y  1
Consider d y = ; dy = & =
dx 2x  y  1 dx 4x  6y  5 dx 6 x  5y  4
(iii) In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + xg (xy)dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the substitution
xy = v.

P. No. 3
IMPORTANT NOTE :
(a) The function f (x , y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for any real number
t ( 0) , we have f (tx , ty) = tn f(x , y) .
For e.g. f(x , y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3 .
dy
(b) A differential equation of the form = f(x , y) is homogeneous if f(x , y) is a homogeneous
dx
function of degree zero i.e. f(tx , ty) = t° f(x , y) = f(x , y). The function f does not depend on
y x
x & y separately but only on their ratio or .
x y
LINEAR DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients occur
in the first degree only and are not multiplied together .
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;
dn y d n 1 y
a0 (x) + a (x) + ...... + an (x) . y =  (x) . Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are called the
d xn 1
d x n 1
coefficients of the differential equation.
Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differental equation of the

d2 y  d y 
3

first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential equation 2    + y2 = 0 is not linear, though
dx  d x
its degree is 1.
TYPE  5. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER :
dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q , where P & Q are
dx
functions of x .

To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e  .

Pdx

NOTE :

(1) The factor e  on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the
Pdx

differential coefficient of some function of x & y , is called integrating factor of the differential
equation popularly abbreviated as I. F.
(2) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor , the left hand side becomes
the derivative of the product of y and the I. F.
(3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable
and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ;
dy dx
(x + y + 1) = y2 + 3 can be written as (y2 + 3) = x + y + 1 which is a linear differential
dx dy
equation.

P. No. 4
TYPE6. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM :
dy
The equation + py = Q . yn where P & Q functions of x , is reducible to the linear form by
dx
dividing it by yn & then substituting yn+1 = Z . Its solution can be obtained as in Type5. Consider
the example (x3 y2 + xy) dx = dy.
dy
The equation + Py = Q . yn is called BERNOULI’S EQUATION.
dx
9. TRAJECTORIES :
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves.
 (x, y, a) = 0
depending on a single parameter a.
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle  with the curve of the family passing through that point
is called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in particular  =/2, then it is called an orthogonal
trajectory.
Orthogonal trajectories : We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of
the form
F (x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
 1
F  x , y,    = 0
 y
The general integral of this equation
1 (x, y, C) = 0
gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.
Note : Following exact differentials must be remembered :
xdy  ydx  y
(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii)  d 
x 2
 x

ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx

(iii)  d  (iv)  d (ln xy)
y 2
 y xy

dx  dy x dy  y d x  y
(v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi)  d  ln 
xy xy  x

y d x  xd y  x xdy  ydx  y
(vii)  d  ln  (viii)  d  tan 1 
xy  y x y
2 2
 x

ydx  xdy  x xdx  ydy

(ix)  d  tan 1  (x)  d ln x 2  y 2 
x y
2 2
 y x2  y2  

 1  x dy  y dx  e x  y e x dx  e x dy
(xi) d    (xii) d  
 x y x2 y2  y y2

 e y  x e y dy  e y dx
(xiii) d  
 x x2

P. No. 5
 EXERCISE–I
[ FORMATION & TYPE  1 & TYPE  2 ]
Q.1 State the order and degree of the following differential equations :

d 2y   d y  
3/ 2
 d 2x  dx
3 4 2

(i)  2      xt = 0 (ii)  1    
d t  dt  d x2   d x  
 

Q.2 Form a differential equation for the family of curves represented by ax² + by² = 1 , where a & b
are arbitary constants.
Q.3 Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x 2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ; where
g , f & c are arbitary constants.
Q.4 Form the differential equation of the family of curves represented by,
c (y + c)2 = x3 ; where c is any arbitrary constant.
n (sec x  tan x) n (sec y  tan y)
Q.5 dx = dy Q.6 (1  x²) (1  y) dx = xy (1 + y) dy
cos x cos y

Q.7
dy
+
x 2

 1 y2  1  =0 Q.8 yx
dy 
 a  y2 
dy

dx xy dx  dx

x dx  y dy 1  x2  y2 dy
Q.9 = Q.10 = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y)
x dy  y dx x2  y2 dx
dy x (2 ln x  1)
Q.11 =
dx sin y  y cos y
Q.12 It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find
the law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0 , the mass of the radius was m0
and during time t0  % of the original mass of radium decay.
dy xy xy dy 
Q.13 + sin  sin Q.14 Sin x . = y . lny if y = e , when x =
dx 2 2 dx 2

Q.15 e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0 , y = 3

Q.16 A normal is drawn at a point P(x , y) of a curve. It meets the x axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length
dy
k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y = ± k 2  y 2 . Find the
dx
equation of such a curve passing through (0, k).
Q.17 Find the curve for which the sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point
is proportional to the product of the coordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality factor is
equal to k.
Q.18 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive ,
y = c1 e3x + c2 e2x + c3 ex , where c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants .
Q.19 A curve is such that the length of the polar radius of any point on the curve is equal to the length of the
tangent drawn at this point . Form the differential equation and solve it to find the equation of the curve.
Q.20 Find the curve y = f (x) where f (x)  0 , f (0) = 0 , bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base
[0, x] whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f (x). It is known that f (1) = 1.

P. No. 6
 EXERCISE–II
[ TYPE3 & TYPE4]
dy x  xy
2
Q.1 = 2
dx x  y2
Q.2 Find the equation of a curve such that the projection of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa.
Q.3 The light rays emanating from a point source situated at origin when reflected from the mirror of a search
light are reflected as beam parallel to the x  axis. Show that the surface is parabolic, by first forming the
differential equation and then solving it.
Q.4 The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point
of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes through (1, 1).
Q.5 Find the equation of the curve intersecting with the x- axis at the point x = 1 and for which the length of
the subnormal at any point of the curve is equal to the arthemetic mean of the co-ordinates of this point
(y – x)2(x + 2y) = 1.
dy
Q.6 Use the substitution y2 = a – x to reduce the equation y3 . + x + y2 = 0 to homogeneous form and
dx
hence solve it.
Q.7 Find the isogonal trajectories for the family of rectangular hyperbolas x2 – y2 = a2 which makes with it
an angle of 45°.
Q.8 (x3  3xy2) dx = (y3  3x2y) dy
dy f ( x , y)
Q.9 Show that every homogeneous differential equation of the form = where f and g are
dx g ( x , y)
homogeneous function of the same degree can be converted into variable separable by the substitution
x = r cos and y = r sin.
 y y  y y dy
Q.10 x cos x  y sin x  y  y sin x  x cos x  x d x = 0
   
Q.11 Find the curve for which any tangent intersects the yaxis at the point equidistant from the point of
tangency and the origin.
yx1
= x  2y  3
dy dy
Q.12 (x  y) dy = (x + y + 1) dx Q.13 Q.14 =
dx 2x  y  3 dx yx5
dy xy1 dy 2 (y  2) 2
Q.15 = Q.16 =
dx 2 x  2y  3 dx (x  y  1) 2
dy cos x (3 cos y  7 sin x  3)
Q.17 + = 0
dx sin y (3 sin x  7 cos y  7)
Q.18 Show that (4x + 3y + 1) dx + (3x + 2y + 1) dy = 0 represents a hyperbola having an asymptotes,
x + y = 0 & 2x + y + 1 = 0.
Q.19 If the normal drawn to a curve at any point P intersects the x-axis at G and the perpendicular from P on
the x-axis meets at N , such that the sum of the lengths of PG and NG is proportional to the abscissa of
the point P, the constant of proportionality being k. Form the differential equation and solve it to show
k2 x2 k2 x2
that the equation of the curve is, y2 = cx k  or y2 =  cx k , where c is any arbitrary
1  1

2k  1 2k  1
constant.
Q.20 Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is
equal to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point ,
x2  y2 = c e
 tan 1 x
y

P. No. 7
 EXERCISE–III
[ TYPE5 & TYPE6 ]
Q.1 (x + tan y) dy = sin 2y dx
Q.2 Show that the equation of the curve whose slope at any point is equal to y + 2x and which pass through
the origin is y = 2 (ex  x  1).
Q.3
dy
+
x
y=
1 Q.4 (1  x²)
dy
+ 2xy = x (1  x²)1/2
dx 1 x 2
2x(1  x )
2 d x
Q.5 Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium formed by the coordinate axes, ordinate of an
arbitrary point & the tangent at this point equals half the square of its abscissa .
dy
Q.6 x (x  1)  (x  2) y = x3 (2x  1) Q.7 (1 + y + x²y) dx + (x + x3) dy = 0
dx
Q.8 Find the curve possessing the property that the intercept , the tangent at any point of a curve cuts off on
the yaxis is equal to the square of the abscissa of the point of tangency.
dy dy
Q.9 sin x + 3y = cos x Q.10 x(x² + 1) = y (1  x²) + x3 . lnx
dx dx
dy
Q.11 x  y = 2 x² cosec 2 x Q.12 (1 + y²) dx = (tan1 y  x)dy
dx
Q.13 Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle constructed on the abscissa of any point and the initial
ordinate of the tangent at this point is equal to a2. (Initial ordinate means y intercept of the tangent).
Q.14 Let the function ln f(x) is defined where f(x) exists for x 2 & k is fixed positive real number, prove
d
that if (x . f (x))  k f (x) then f(x) A x 1 k where A is independent of x.
dx
Q.15 Find the differentiable function which satisfies the equation f (x) = –  f ( t ) tan t dt   tan( t  x ) dt
x x

where x    2 ,  2
0 0

Q.16 y  x Dy = b(1 + x²Dy)

dy
Q.17 Integrate (1 + x²) + 2yx  4x² = 0 and obtain the cubic curve satisfying this equation and
dx
passing through the origin.
dy
Q.18 If y1 & y2 be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x
dx
alone, and y2 = y1 z, then prove that

Q
 y 1 dx
z=1+ ae , 'a' being an arbitrary constant .
dy y y dy
Q.19 + ln y = 2 (ln y)2 Q.20 + xy = y²ex²/2 . sin x
dx x x dx
dy dy
Q.21 2  y sec x = y3 tan x Q.22 x2 y  x3 = y4 cos x
dx dx
Q.23 y (2 xy + ex) dx  ex dy = 0
Q.24 Find the curve for which the area of the triangle formed by the xaxis, the tangent line and radius vector
of the point of tangency is equal to a2.

Q.25 A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs
into the tank at the rate of 1 lit/min, and the mixture is pumped out of the tank at the rate of 3 litres/min.
Find the time when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.

P. No. 8
 EXERCISE–IV
(GENERAL  CHANGE OF VARIABLE BY A SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION)

Q 1. (x  y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0 Q 2. (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0

dy dy tan y
Q 3. x + y lny = xyex Q 4.  = (1 + x) ex sec y
dx dx 1 x

 dy
2
dy ey 1 dy
Q 5. = 2  Q 6.    (x  y)  xy  0
dx x x  dx dx

dy y2  x
Q 7. = Q 8. (1  xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy
dx 2 y (x  1)
dy
Q 9. = exy (ex  ey) Q 10. y y sin x = cos x (sin x  y2)
dx
EXERCISE–V
(MISCELLANEOUS)
dy
Q.1  y ln 2 = 2sin x . (cos x  1) ln 2 , y being bounded when x  + .
dx

= y +  y dx given y = 1 , where x = 0
dy 1
Q.2
dx 0

 f(t) dt passing through the points

x

Q.3 Given two curves y = f(x) passing through the points (0, 1) & y =

(0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the x  axis.
Find the curve f(x).

Q.4 Consider the differential equation

dy
+ P(x)y = Q(x)
dx
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the
same equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
(ii) If  and  are constants such that the linear combinations  · u(x) + ·v(x) is a solution of the given
equation, find the relation between  and .
v(x)  u(x)
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio .
w(x)  u(x)
dy
Q.5 x3 = y3 + y2 y2  x2
dx
Q.6 Find the curve which passes through the point (2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the
point of tangency & the y  axis has a constant length equal to 2 .

xdy  ydx
Q.7 x dy + y dx + =0
x2  y2
y dx  xdy dx
Q.8  , given that y = 2 when x = 1
x  y  2
2 1 x 2

P. No. 9
Q.9 Find the equation of the curve passing through the orgin if the middle point of the segment of its normal
from any point of the curve to the x-axis lies on the parabola 2y2 = x.

Find the continuous function which satisfies the relation,  t f ( x  t ) dt =  f ( t ) dt + sin x + cosx – x –1,
x x
Q.10
0 0
for all real number x.
dy
Q.11 (x2 + y2 + a2) y + x (x2 + y2  a2) = 0
dx

Q.12 (1  x2)2 d y +  y 1  x  x  1  x  d x = 0 .

2 2

dy
Q.13 3 x2 y2 + cos (xy)  xy sin (xy) + {2x3y  x2 sin (xy)} = 0.
dx
dy  1
Q.14 Find the integral curve of the differential equation, x (1  x l n y). + y = 0 which passes through 1,  .
dx  e
Q.15 Find all the curves possessing the following property ; the segment of the tangent between the
point of tangency & the x-axis is bisected at the point of intersection with the y-axis.
Q.16 y2(y dx + 2x dy)  x2(2y dx + x dy) = 0
Q.17 A perpendicular drawn from any point P of the curve on the xaxis meets the xaxis at A . Length of
the perpendicular from A on the tangent line at P is equal to 'a' . If this curve cuts the y-axis orthogonally,
find the equation to all possible curves , expressing the answer explicitly .
Q.18 Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves when 'a' is the parameter.
(i) y = ax2 (ii) cos y = a e– x (iii) xk + yk = ak
Q.19 A curve passing through (1 , 0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off the y-axis
to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency to the product
of square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point. Determine all such possible curves.
Q.20 A & B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir
B. Both the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their inlets are closed and then the water is
released simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any
instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the
water is released , the quantity of water in reservoir A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservoir B.
After how many hours do both the reservoirs have the same quantity of water ?
Q.21 (2x² + 3y²  7)x dx = (3x² + 2y2  8)y dy
Q.22 Find the curve such that the segment of the tangent at any point contained between the x-axis and the
straight line y = ax + b is bisected by the point of tangency.

Q.23 Find the curve such that the ratio of the distance between the normal at any of its point and the origin to the
distance between the same normal and the point (a , b) is equal to the constant k. Interpret the curve. (k > 0)

Q.24 Let f (x, y, c1) = 0 and f (x, y, c2) = 0 define two integral curves of a homogeneous first order differential
equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line,
y = mx then prove that the slopes of these two curves at P1 and P2 are equal.

Q.25 Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies
as cube of the absissa of the point of contact.

P. No. 10
 EXERCISE–VI
(PROBLEMS ASKED IN JEE & REE)

Q.1 Determine the equation of the curve passing through the origin in the form y = f (x) , which satisfies the
dy
differential equation = sin (10 x + 6 y) . [ JEE '96 , 5 ]
dx
dy 
Q.2 Solve the differential equation ; cos2 x  (tan 2x) y = cos4x , x< , when y (/ 6)=3 3 /8.
dx 4
[REE ' 96 , 6]
y cos x dy  y dx  x sin x dy  y dx  0 , when y (1) =
y y 
Q.3 Solve the diff. equation ; .
x x 2
[ REE '97 , 6 ]
du dv
Q.4 Let u (x) & v (x) satisfy the differential equations + p (x) u = f (x) & + p (x) v = g (x) where p
dx dx
(x), f (x) & g (x) are continuous functions. If u (x1) > v (x1) for some x1 and f (x) > g (x) for all
x > x1 , prove that any point (x , y) where x > x1 does not satisfy the equations y = u (x) &
y = v (x). [ JEE '97 , 5 ]
Q.5(i) The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by

y = (C1 + C2) cos(x + C3)  C4 e

x  C5
where C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are arbitrary constants, is
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
(ii) A curve C has the property that if the tangent drawn at any point P on C meets the coordinate axes at A
and B, then P is the mid-point of AB. The curve passes through the point (1, 1). Determine the equation
of the curve. [JEE '98, 2 + 8]
Q.6 Solve the differential equation (1 + tany) (dx  dy) + 2x dy = 0 [ REE '98 , 6 ]

 dy  dy
2

Q.7(a) A soluton of the differential equation,    x + y = 0 is :

 dx  dx
(A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x (C) y = 2x  4 (D) y = 2x2  4

 
(b) The differential equation representing the family of curves, y2 = 2 c x  c , where c is a positive
parameter, is of :
(A) order 1 (B) order 2 (C) degree 3 (D) degree 4
(c) A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin
from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x  axis . Determine the
equation of the curve . [ JEE '99, 2 + 3 + 10, out of 200 ]
Q.8 Solve the differential equation, (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1) dx . [ REE '99, 6 ]
Q.9 A country has a food deficit of 10 % . Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3 %. Its annual food
production every year is 4 % more than that of the last year . Assuming that the average food requirement
per person remains constant, prove that the country will become self-sufficient in food after ' n ' years ,
where ' n ' is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to ,
 n 10   n 9
. [ JEE '2000 (Mains) 10 ]
. )  0.03
 n (104

P. No. 11
Q.10 A hemispherical tank of radius 2 metres is initially full of water and has an outlet of 12 cm2 cross sectional
area at the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The flow through the outlet is according to the
law V(t) = 0.6 2gh(t) , where V(t) and h(t) are respectively the velocity of the flow through the outlet
and the height of water level above the outlet at time t, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the
time it takes to empty the tank. [ JEE '2001 (Mains) 10 ]
Q.11 Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and the tangent to which at every point
x 4  2xy  1
(x, y) has slope equal to . [ REE '2001 (Mains) 3 ]
1  x2

Let f(x), x > 0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) =  f (t )dt , x > 0. If for some c > 0,
x

Q.12
0
f(x) < cF(x) for all x > 0, then show that f(x) = 0 for all x > 0. [ JEE 2001 (Mains) 5 out of 100 ]
Q.13(a) A right circular cone with radius R and height H contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional
to its surface area in contact with air (proportionality constant = k > 0). Find the time after which the
cone is empty.
dP ( x )
(b) If P(1) = 0 and > P(x) for all x > 1 then prove that P(x) > 0 for all x > 1.
dx
[JEE 2003, (Mains) 4 + 4]
 2  sin x  dy 
Q.14(a) If   = – cos x, y (0) = 1, then y   =
 1  y  dx 2
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4
[JEE 2004 (Scr.) ]
( x  1) 2  y  3
(b) A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of tangent at point P (x, y) equals . Find the
( x  1)
equation of the curve and area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis in the fourth quadrant.
[JEE 2004 (Mains)]
Q.15(a) The solution of primitive integral equation (x2 + y2)dy = xy dx, is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e, then
x0 is

e2  1
(A) 2(e  1)
2 (B) 2(e  1)
2 (C) 3e (D)
2
(b) For the primitive integral equation ydx + y2dy = xdy; xR, y > 0, y = y(x), y(1) = 1, then y(–3) is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f (x) intercepted between the point and the x–axis is of
length 1. Find the equation of the curve. [JEE 2005 (Mains)]

Q.16 A tangent drawn to the curve, y = f (x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis at A and B respectively such that
BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f (1) = 1, then
dy dy
(A) equation of the curve is x – 3y = 0 (B) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx dx
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (C) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4
[JEE 2006, 5]

P. No. 12
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I
d 2y  dy
2
dy
Q 1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2 Q 2. xy 2 + x    y =0
dx  dx dx

Q 3. [1 + (y)²] .y  3y(y)² = 0 Q 4. 12y (y)² = x[8(y)3  27]

1 1
Q 5. ln2 (sec x + tan x)  ln2 (sec y + tan y) = c Q 6. ln x (1  y)² = c  y²  2y + x²
2 2

Q 7. x 2  1  sec1 x + y2  1 = c Q 8. y = c (1  ay) (x + a)

c (x  y)  x  y
Q 9. x2  y2 + 1  x2  y2 = Q 10. ln 1  tan =x+c
x2  y2  2 

1   
Q 11. y sin y = x² ln x + c Q 12. m = m0 e k t where k =  ln  1  
t0  100 

y x
Q 13. ln tan = c  2 sin Q.14 y = etan(x/2)
4 2

Q 15. y = (x + 1) . ln (x + 1)  x + 3 Q 16. x2 + y2 = k2

1
k
2 2

Q 17. y =  n c k x  1  Q 18.
d3 y
dx 3
 6
d2 y
dx 2
 11
dy
dx
 6y= 0

Q 19. y = k x or x y = c Q 20. y = x1/n

EXERCISE–II

 1 x  2y
Q.1 c (x  y)2/3 (x² + xy + y²)1/6 = exp  tan 1  where exp x  e
x
 3 x 3 

y2  y y2  x 2  y  y 2  x 2   c
2
Q.2 = n
  x 3 , where same sign has to be taken.

x2

Q 4. x² + y²  2x = 0 Q 5. (x – y)2 (x + 2y) = 1

1  a
Q 6. lnx2 + a2  tan1   = c , where a = x + y2 Q 7. x2 – y2 + 2xy = c ; x2 – y2 – 2xy = c
2  x

P. No. 13
 y
Q 8. y²  x² = c (y² + x²)² Q 10. xy cos =c
x

2y  1
Q 11. x2 + y2 = cx Q 12. arctan = ln c x 2  y 2  x  y  1
2x  1 2

y  32  x  22
y3
Q 13. (x + y  2) = c (y  x)3 Q 14. tan 1 + ln c =0
x2

y  2
4 2 tan 1
Q 15. x + y + = ce3(x2y) Q 16. e = c . (y + 2)
x  3
3

Q 17. (cos y  sin x  1)2 (cos y + sin x  1)5 = c

EXERCISE–III
Q 1. x cot y = c + tan y Q 2. y = 2 (ex  x  1)

1  1  1 1  x2  1
Q 3. y 1  x 2 = c + ln tan arc tan x Another form is y 1  x 2 = c + ln
2  2  2 x

Q 4. y = c (1  x²) + 1  x 2 Q 5. y = cx2 ± x

Q 6. y (x  1) = x2 (x2  x + c) Q 7. xy = c  arc tan x

1  x x
Q 8. y = cx  x2 Q 9.   y tan3 = c + 2 tan  x
3  2 2

Q 10. 4 (x² + 1) y + x3 (1  2 lnx) = cx Q 11. y = cx + x ln tan x

a2
Q 12. x = cearctany + arc tan y  1 Q 13. y = cx ±
2x

Q.15 cos x – 1 Q 16. y(1 + bx) = b + cx

 1
Q 17. 3y (1 + x²) = 4x3 Q 19. x = lny  cx 2  
 2

1  x   
Q 20. ex²/2 = y (c + cosx) Q 21. =  1 + (c + x) cot
y2  2 4

Q 22. x3 y3 = 3 Sinx + c Q 23. y1 ex = c  x²

a2 7
Q 24. x = cy ± Q 25. 27 minutes
y 9

P. No. 14
 EXERCISE–IV
Q 1. y² + x ln ax = 0 Q 2. y² = 3x²  6x  x3 + cex + 4 Q 3. x ln y = ex (x  1) + c

x2
Q 4. sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x) Q 5. cx² + 2xey = 1 Q 6. y = cex ; y = c +
2

Q 7. y2 = 1 + (x + 1)  n
c
x 1
or x + (x + 1) ln
c
x 1
Q 8. y =
1
x
tan  n cx  

2 c
Q 9. ey = c . exp (ex) + ex  1 Q 10. y2 = sin x 
3 sin 2 x
EXERCISE–V

1
Q.1 y = 2sin x Q.2 y = (2 ex  e + 1) Q.3 f (x) = e2x
3 e

Q.5 (i) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v(x)) where K is any constant ; (ii)  +  = 1 ; (iii) constant

 2  4  x2  y
Q.5 xy = c  y  y 2  x 2  Q.6 y = ±  4  x 2  2 n  Q.7 xy + tan1 =c
 x  x
 

sin 1 x y 
Q.8   2 Q.9 y2 = 2x + 1  e2x Q.10 f (x) = ex – cos x
2 xy 4
 x
x
Q.11 (x² + y²)² + 2a² (y²  x²) = c Q.12 y = +c e
1  x2

1  x2

Q.13 x (x² y² + cos xy) = c Q.14 x (e y + l n y + 1) = 1

Q.15 y² = cx Q.16 x2 y2 (y2  x2) = c

ex/a  e x/a
Q.17 y = ± a . & y=±a
2
1 1 1
Q.18 (i) x2 + 2y2 = c, (ii) siny = ce– x , (iii) y = cx if k = 2 and k 2
 k 2
 k 2 if k  2
x y c

Q.19 x = e 2 ; x= e Q.20 T = log4/3 2 hrs from the start

y/x 2 y/x

Q.21 (x2 – y2  1)5 = c (x2 + y2  3) Q.22 y2  a xy  by = c

Q.23 (k + 1) x2 + (k + 1) y2 – 2kax – 2kby = c

or (k – 1) x2 + (k – 1) y2 – 2kax – 2kby = c both represents a circle.

Q.25 2y + Kx3 = cx

P. No. 15
 EXERCISE–VI
1  5 tan 4x  5x
Q.1 y = tan 1   
3  4  3 tan 4 x  3

1 y 
Q.2 y = tan 2x . cos2x Q.3 xy sin 
2 x 2

Q.5 (i) C (ii) xy = 1 (x > 0 , y > 0) Q.6 x ey (cosy + siny) = ey siny + C

Q.7 (a) C (b) A, C (c) x2 + y2  2x = 0

3  x  2y  2  2 
Q.8 y = ln ((x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y) + 2)  ln   + c
2 2  x  2y  2  2 

7 x 10 5
Q.10 sec. Q.11 y = (x – 2tan–1x) (1 + x2)
135 g

H 4
Q.13 (a) T = Q.14 (a) C ; (b) y = x2 – 2x , area = sq. units
k 3

1  1  y2
Q.15 (a) C; (b) A; (c) 1  y 2  ln =±x+c
y

Q.16 B, C