Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Chapter 1: Introduction to C
- C is a powerful, general-purpose programming language.
- It supports structured programming and low-level memory access.
- Ideal for developing firmware and portable applications.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Chapter 2: Data Types and Variables
- Basic Data Types: int, float, char, double
- Modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned
Example:
int age = 30;
float weight = 65.5;
char grade = 'A';
Chapter 3: Operators
- Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment, Increment/Decrement
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
printf("a + b = %d\n", a + b);
Chapter 4: Control Flow
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
- if, if-else, nested if, switch-case
Example:
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
} else {
printf("Non-positive\n");
Chapter 5: Loops
- for, while, do-while
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
Chapter 6: Functions
- Declaration, Definition, Call, Return
- Call by value and call by reference
Example:
int square(int x) {
return x * x;
Chapter 7: Arrays
- One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Example:
int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
Chapter 8: Strings
- Declaring and manipulating strings
- Standard string functions: strcpy, strlen, strcat
Example:
char name[20] = "John";
printf("Name: %s\n", name);
Chapter 9: Pointers
- Basics of pointers, pointer arithmetic, pointers and arrays
Example:
int x = 5;
int *p = &x;
printf("Value: %d\n", *p);
Chapter 10: Structures and Unions
- Defining and using structures
Example:
struct Point {
int x, y;
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
};
struct Point p1 = {0, 1};
Chapter 11: File Handling
- fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf, fread, fwrite
Example:
FILE *f = fopen("file.txt", "w");
fprintf(f, "Hello\n");
fclose(f);
Chapter 12: Dynamic Memory Allocation
- malloc, calloc, realloc, free
Example:
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
free(ptr);
Chapter 13: Recursion
- Recursive function calls
Example:
int factorial(int n) {
if(n==0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n-1);
Chapter 14: Preprocessor Directives
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
- #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef
Example:
#define PI 3.1416
#include <stdio.h>
Chapter 15: C Standard Library
- stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h, math.h
Example:
#include <math.h>
printf("%f\n", sqrt(16));
Chapter 1: Introduction to C
- C is a powerful, general-purpose programming language.
- It supports structured programming and low-level memory access.
- Ideal for developing firmware and portable applications.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Chapter 2: Data Types and Variables
- Basic Data Types: int, float, char, double
- Modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned
Page 5
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Example:
int age = 30;
float weight = 65.5;
char grade = 'A';
Chapter 3: Operators
- Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment, Increment/Decrement
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
printf("a + b = %d\n", a + b);
Chapter 4: Control Flow
- if, if-else, nested if, switch-case
Example:
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
} else {
printf("Non-positive\n");
Chapter 5: Loops
- for, while, do-while
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Chapter 6: Functions
- Declaration, Definition, Call, Return
- Call by value and call by reference
Example:
int square(int x) {
return x * x;
Chapter 7: Arrays
- One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays
Example:
int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
Chapter 8: Strings
- Declaring and manipulating strings
- Standard string functions: strcpy, strlen, strcat
Example:
char name[20] = "John";
printf("Name: %s\n", name);
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Chapter 9: Pointers
- Basics of pointers, pointer arithmetic, pointers and arrays
Example:
int x = 5;
int *p = &x;
printf("Value: %d\n", *p);
Chapter 10: Structures and Unions
- Defining and using structures
Example:
struct Point {
int x, y;
};
struct Point p1 = {0, 1};
Chapter 11: File Handling
- fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf, fread, fwrite
Example:
FILE *f = fopen("file.txt", "w");
fprintf(f, "Hello\n");
fclose(f);
Chapter 12: Dynamic Memory Allocation
- malloc, calloc, realloc, free
Example:
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
free(ptr);
Chapter 13: Recursion
- Recursive function calls
Example:
int factorial(int n) {
if(n==0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n-1);
Chapter 14: Preprocessor Directives
- #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef
Example:
#define PI 3.1416
#include <stdio.h>
Chapter 15: C Standard Library
- stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h, math.h
Example:
#include <math.h>
printf("%f\n", sqrt(16));
Chapter 1: Introduction to C
- C is a powerful, general-purpose programming language.
Page 9
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
- It supports structured programming and low-level memory access.
- Ideal for developing firmware and portable applications.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Chapter 2: Data Types and Variables
- Basic Data Types: int, float, char, double
- Modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned
Example:
int age = 30;
float weight = 65.5;
char grade = 'A';
Chapter 3: Operators
- Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment, Increment/Decrement
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
printf("a + b = %d\n", a + b);
Chapter 4: Control Flow
- if, if-else, nested if, switch-case
Page 10
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Example:
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
} else {
printf("Non-positive\n");
Chapter 5: Loops
- for, while, do-while
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
Chapter 6: Functions
- Declaration, Definition, Call, Return
- Call by value and call by reference
Example:
int square(int x) {
return x * x;
Chapter 7: Arrays
- One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays
Example:
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
Chapter 8: Strings
- Declaring and manipulating strings
- Standard string functions: strcpy, strlen, strcat
Example:
char name[20] = "John";
printf("Name: %s\n", name);
Chapter 9: Pointers
- Basics of pointers, pointer arithmetic, pointers and arrays
Example:
int x = 5;
int *p = &x;
printf("Value: %d\n", *p);
Chapter 10: Structures and Unions
- Defining and using structures
Example:
struct Point {
int x, y;
};
struct Point p1 = {0, 1};
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Chapter 11: File Handling
- fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf, fread, fwrite
Example:
FILE *f = fopen("file.txt", "w");
fprintf(f, "Hello\n");
fclose(f);
Chapter 12: Dynamic Memory Allocation
- malloc, calloc, realloc, free
Example:
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
free(ptr);
Chapter 13: Recursion
- Recursive function calls
Example:
int factorial(int n) {
if(n==0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n-1);
Chapter 14: Preprocessor Directives
- #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef
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Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Example:
#define PI 3.1416
#include <stdio.h>
Chapter 15: C Standard Library
- stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h, math.h
Example:
#include <math.h>
printf("%f\n", sqrt(16));
Chapter 1: Introduction to C
- C is a powerful, general-purpose programming language.
- It supports structured programming and low-level memory access.
- Ideal for developing firmware and portable applications.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
Chapter 2: Data Types and Variables
- Basic Data Types: int, float, char, double
- Modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned
Example:
int age = 30;
Page 14
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
float weight = 65.5;
char grade = 'A';
Chapter 3: Operators
- Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment, Increment/Decrement
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
printf("a + b = %d\n", a + b);
Chapter 4: Control Flow
- if, if-else, nested if, switch-case
Example:
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
printf("Positive\n");
} else {
printf("Non-positive\n");
Chapter 5: Loops
- for, while, do-while
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
Page 15
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Chapter 6: Functions
- Declaration, Definition, Call, Return
- Call by value and call by reference
Example:
int square(int x) {
return x * x;
Chapter 7: Arrays
- One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays
Example:
int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
Chapter 8: Strings
- Declaring and manipulating strings
- Standard string functions: strcpy, strlen, strcat
Example:
char name[20] = "John";
printf("Name: %s\n", name);
Chapter 9: Pointers
- Basics of pointers, pointer arithmetic, pointers and arrays
Page 16
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Example:
int x = 5;
int *p = &x;
printf("Value: %d\n", *p);
Chapter 10: Structures and Unions
- Defining and using structures
Example:
struct Point {
int x, y;
};
struct Point p1 = {0, 1};
Chapter 11: File Handling
- fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf, fread, fwrite
Example:
FILE *f = fopen("file.txt", "w");
fprintf(f, "Hello\n");
fclose(f);
Chapter 12: Dynamic Memory Allocation
- malloc, calloc, realloc, free
Example:
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
free(ptr);
Page 17
Complete C Programming Notes with Examples
Chapter 13: Recursion
- Recursive function calls
Example:
int factorial(int n) {
if(n==0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n-1);
Chapter 14: Preprocessor Directives
- #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef
Example:
#define PI 3.1416
#include <stdio.h>
Chapter 15: C Standard Library
- stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h, math.h
Example:
#include <math.h>
printf("%f\n", sqrt(16));
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