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KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES WHEN KICKING WITH PREFERRED

AND NON-PREFERRED FOOT

Article · January 2021

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 ISSN - 2229-3620 SHODH SANCHAR BULLETIN
APPROVED UGC CARE Vol. 10, Issue 37 (II), January-March 2020
Page Nos. 41-45
AN INTERNATIONAL BILINGUAL PEER REVIEWED REFEREED RESEARCH JOURNAL

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES WHEN KICKING WITH PREFERRED

AND NON-PREFERRED FOOT Naseer Ud Din Waza*
Dr. Amarpreet Singh**

ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to understand the kinematic differences between preferred and non-preferred foot
of national level female soccer players. The study was undertaken under the heading of kinematic analysis of
differences when kicking with preferred and non-preferred foot. In this study J T finnoff”s method was administered to
test the kicking accuracy of female soccer players. This study used biomechanical method to understand the kinematic
differences and was followed in lines with the scientific standards. The subjects of the study were five interuniversity
female soccer players. The subjects were called to an outdoor setting set by research scholar at Punjabi university
Patiala football ground. Video graphic analysis was employed to record the video footage of soccer players while
performing 'instep kick'. Software packages of silicon coach pro 8 and kinovea were used to analyze the data. The
statistical package SPSS was used to calculate the descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The kinematic
variables knee angle ball contact (KABC), hip angle ball contact (HABC), maximum hip flexion in recovery phase
(MHFRP) and angular velocity of knee joint (AVKJ) from maximum knee flexion in cocking phase to knee angle at ball
contact were studied keeping in view the objectives of the study. The study resulted in significant difference in variable
namely angular velocity of knee joint of kicking foot.
Keywords : instep kick, dominant foot, non-dominant foot.

INTRODUCTION 1988). Therefore, bilateral symmetry in utmost kicking

Instep kicking is considered significant skill in should form a vital component in the improvement of
soccer research (Lees & Nolan, 1998). (Dorge, et al., youth soccer players (Starosta, 1988). A partial number of
2002) listed the role of creating high ball velocities during researches have studied the kinematic differences when
kicking movements, observing that it enhances a player's kicking for maximum ball speed with dominant and the
chance of scoring by decreasing the amount of time for a non-dominant foot (Dorge et al., 2002; McLean
goalkeeper to react. Instep kicking is the mostly used &Tumilty, 1993). Guiding a ball to the projected
kicking technique in soccer (Cerrah et al., 2011). Instep direction precisely is vital in football players. Hence, they
kicking has been therefore the mostly explored try to develop the exactness of their kick in everyday
movement sequence in soccer research by sports practices. It is very vital for soccer players to kick
scientists. precisely not only with the preferred foot but also with the
(Carey et al., 2001) listed that soccer players are non-preferred foot, as there are many situations where
mainly one-footed but propose that they are capable of players have to use the non-dominant foot in actual
learning to kick with both feet. It has been further games, high precision of the non-dominant foot kicks is
recognized that the maximum effective goal scorers are very important.
those who are skilled to shoot with both feet (Starosta, It appears necessary to conduct a study that tries to
*Research Scholar - Department of physical education, Punjabi University Patiala.
**Assistant Professor - Department of physical education, Punjabi University Patiala.
Vol. 10 Issue 37 (II) January to March 2020 41 BI-LINGUAL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
relate the kinematic deviations of instep kick when The participants were called to an outdoor setting which
kicking with preferred and non-preferred foot., thus was set by research scholar at Punjabi university Patiala
refining the execution of efficacy of both the limbs to kick football ground. Video graphic method was used in this
the ball efficiently. Therefore, the present study was study to record the data on the female soccer players. A
conducted to relate the kinematic variables of knee angle video camera (CASIO EX-FH) that recorded at the speed
at ball contact (KABC), hip angle at ball contact (HABC), of 50 frames per second was used. The camera was put
maximum hip flexion in recovery phase (MHFRP), perpendicular to the plane of motion (sagittal plane) at a
angular velocity of knee joint (AVKJ) of both limbs from distance of 5 meters so that it could capture the kicking of
6.1-meter distance performed by female soccer players. the football player in full and also track the ball. The
The query addressed in this study was whether there are camera was put on a tripod to keep the camera stationary
any significant differences when kicking with dominant at a height of 1 meter above the ground. The camera was
and non-dominant foot. used with 1.0 zoom to record the data in HD (1080
METHODS pixels). The camera was set-up such that the field of view
Five interuniversity female football players of of the camera would record the successive parts of
Punjabi university Patiala were randomly selected as kicking ie. Approach, ball contact and follow through.
subjects for the study. Anthropometric measurements, The nature of the study was both descriptive and
along with medical histories were collected from each quantitative. This study used biomechanical method to
subject. The anthropometric data (M±SD) of soccer understand the kinematic deviations and was pursued in
players which includes; Age in years 25±1, height (cm) lines with the scientific standards. The next part of the
164.05±4.06, body mass (kg) 52.8±3.70. The study was project was data collection. The research scholar was also
undertaken with the objective of understanding the assured help by many experts and fellow research
kinematic deviations between preferred and non- scholars who helped in the total process of data
preferred kicking foot of national level female soccer collection. The data was analyzed using the software
players. The study was followed under the heading of packages of silicon coach pro 8 and kinovea. The
kinematic analysis of differences when kicking with statistical package SPSS was used to calculate the
preferred and non-preferred foot, in addition to this J T descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The
finnoff”s method for accuracy testing was also study resulted in a significant difference in variable
administered to test the instep kick of football players. namely angular velocity of knee joint (AVKJ).

Figure 1: Plan view of the data collection set-up

Vol. 10 Issue 37 (II) January to March 2020 42 BI-LINGUAL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
RESULTS
Variable t-value p-value Significant at
p<.05
Knee angle ball 0.0995 0.4605 Not Significant
contact
Hip angle ball 0.0433 0.4828 Not significant
contact
Maximum hip 0.4282 0.3351 Not significant
flexion recovery
phase
Angular velocity 1.874 0.033 significant
knee joint
TABLE 1: T-TEST TABLE OF VARIOUS VARIABLES
The mean and standard deviation (MEAN±SD) 0.05 level of significance p>.05.
with regards to the variable Knee angle at ball contact The mean and standard deviation (MEAN±SD)
(KABC) were 121.92±13.288 and 122.28±12.26282 with regards to the variable maximum hip flexion in
with the preferred and non-preferred kicking feet recovery phase (MHFRP) were 130.36±19.13087 and
respectively. The t value with regards to variable knee 128.56±8.699042 with preferred and non-preferred feet
angle at ball contact was 0.0995 and p-value was 0.4605 respectively. The t-value with regards to variable
and was not statistically significant at 0.05 level of maximum hip flexion in recovery (MHFRP) phase was
significance p>.05. 0.4282 and p-value was 0.3351 and was not statistically
The mean and standard deviation (MEAN±SD) significant at 0.05 level of significance p>.05.
with regards to the variable hip angle at ball contact The mean and standard deviation (MEAN±SD)
(HABC) were 147.76 ±14.63523 and 147.6 ±11.25463 with regards to the angular velocity at knee joint (AVKJ)
for the preferred and non-preferred kicking feet was 395.48±126.3 with preferred foot and 324.76.2±140
respectively. The t-value with regards to variable hip with the non-preferred foot. The t-value with regards to
angle at ball contact (HABC) was 0.0433 and p-value was the variable AVKJ with preferred and non-preferred foot
0.4828 (HABC) and was not statistically significant at was 1.874 and p-value was 0.033 and was statistically
significant at 0.05 level of significance p<.05.

Figure 2: SHOWING MEAN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED FOOT

Vol. 10 Issue 37 (II) January to March 2020 43 BI-LINGUAL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS and non-preferred kicking foot.
According to (Blazevich, 2013) the coefficient of Angular velocity of knee joint (from maximum
restitution is described as the proportion of total energy knee flexion in cocking phase to knee angle at ball
that remains with the colliding objects after collision. contact) which is an important contributor to ball velocity
During the initial contact the elastic energy is saved and was observed significantly different between paired
later dissipated as the ball leaves the foot. According to limbs highlights the potential performance detriments
studies the foot contact remains for 10ms of time (Lees, that may occur when kicking with the non-preferred foot.
A., & Nolan, L. (1998); Lees, A., & Nolan, L. (2002). At So additional bilateral training is recommended which
the point of impact, 15% of the kinetic energy stored in can be undertaken to reduce the discrepancy and boost the
the kicking leg is transferred to the ball (Lees, et al., overall performance.
2010). References :
The average hip angle at ball contact (HABC) for · Lees, A. and L. Nolan, 1998. The biomechanics of
the players were 147.760 and 147.60 with the preferred soccer: A review. J. Sports Sci., 16: 211-234.DOI:
and non-preferred leg respectively. While the average 10.1080/026404198366740
knee angles at ball contact (KABC) were 121.920 and · Dorge, H.C., Andersen, T.B., Sorensen, H. and
122.280 for the preferred and non-preferred leg Simonsen, E.B. (2002) Biomechanical differences
respectively. in soccer kicking with the preferred and the non-
The statistical tests reported no significance with preferred leg. Journal of Sports Sciences 20, 293-
regards to the variables HABC and KABC in the 299.
preferred and non-preferred kicking foot. · Cerrah, A. O., Gungor, E. O., Soylu, A. R., Ertan,
The mean maximum hip flexion in recovery phase H., Lees, A., & Bayrak, C. (2011). Muscular
(MHFRP) was 130.360 and 128.560 with preferred and activation patterns during the soccer in-step kick.
non-preferred kicking foot during the recovery phase. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 19(3), 181-190.
The mean difference with regard to variable MHFRP was · Carey, D. P., Smith, D. T., Martin, D., Smith, G.,
1.80 with greater flexion in the preferred kicking foot, Skriver, J., Rutland, A., & Shepherd, J. W. (2009).
however the difference was not statistically significant. The bi-pedal ape: Plasticity and asymmetry in
The follow through helps the foot remains in footedness. cortex, 45(5), 650-661.
contact with the ball for longer duration thus increasing · Starosta, W. (1988). Symmetry and asymmetry in
the time “t” in the force-impulse equation and thereby shooting demonstrated by elite soccer players.
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Angular velocity of knee joint was significantly different · Dorge, H.C., Andersen, T.B., Sorensen, H. and
on preferred and non-preferred sides and is similar to the Simonsen, E.B. (2002) Biomechanical differences
findings from study of (Barfield et al., 2002). In an utmost in soccer kicking with the preferred and the non-
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CONCLUSION (2002) A valid and reliable method for measuring
This study found significant difference with the kicking accuracy of soccer players. Journal of
respect to variable angular velocity at knee joint (AVKJ) Science and Medicine in Sport 5(4), 348- 353.
when kicking with dominant and non-dominant kicking · McLean, B.D. and Tumilty, D. (1993) Left – right
foot. asymmetry in two types of soccer kick. British
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kinematic differences when kicking with the preferred · Kellis, E., & Katis, A. (2007). Biomechanical

Vol. 10 Issue 37 (II) January to March 2020 44 BI-LINGUAL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
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