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Architect’s Pocket Book

This handy pocket book brings together a wealth of useful

information that architects need on a daily basis – on-site or in
the studio. It provides clear guidance and invaluable detail on
a wide range of issues, from planning policy through environ-
mental design to complying with Building Regulations, from
structural and services matters to materials characteristics and
detailing. This sixth edition includes the updating of regula-
tions, standards and sources across a wide range of topics,
with a particular focus on sustainability issues. Compact and
easy to use, the Architect’s Pocket Book has sold well over
100,000 copies to the nation’s architects, architecture stu-
dents, designers and construction professionals who do not
have an architectural background but need to understand the
basics, fast. This is the famous little blue book that you can’t
afford to be without.
Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross have drawn from dec-
ades of experience of running their own architects’ practice in
Bath to update and extend the scope of this latest edition of
Charlotte Baden-Powell’s Architect’s Pocket Book, reflecting
continuing changes in design, construction and practice, in-
corporating new contributions from consultants and suppliers
while retaining the compact scale and lively detail of the origi-
nal. www.hetreedross.com
Charlotte Baden-Powell (1936–2006) was trained at the
Architectural Association in London. She practised architecture
for over 40 years, during which time she identified the need
for this book, first published in 1997 and still incisively relevant
today.
Architect’s Pocket Book
Sixth Edition

Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross

From the original by
Charlotte Baden-Powell
Sixth edition published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
© 2023 Charlotte Baden-Powell, Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross
The right of Charlotte Baden-Powell, Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross to be
identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections
77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
First edition published by Architectural Press 1997
Fifth edition published by Routledge 2017
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hetreed, Jonathan, author. | Ross, Ann, 1955- author. |
Baden-Powell, Charlotte, 1936-
Title: Architect’s pocket book / Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross.
Description: Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2023. |
“From the original by Charlotte Baden-Powell.” |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2022046377 (print) | LCCN 2022046378 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032414119 (paperback) | ISBN 9781032414133 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781003357995 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Architecture—Great Britain—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC NA2590 .B3 2023 (print) | LCC NA2590 (ebook) |
DDC 720.941—dc23/eng/20221026
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046377
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046378

ISBN: 9781032414133 (hbk)

ISBN: 9781032414119 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003357995 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003357995
Typeset in Frutiger
by codeMantra
Contents

Preface to the sixth edition ix

Acknowledgements to the sixth edition xi

1 General information 1
The architect’s role in the 21st century 1
Designing for a changing climate 1
Metric system 10
Metric units 11
Temperature 12
Imperial units 13
Conversion factors 14
Greek alphabet 17
Roman numerals 17
Geometric data 18
Paper sizes 23
CAD (Computer Aided Design) 24
BIM (Building Information Modelling) 24
Drawing conventions 28
3-Dimensional hand drawing 32
NBS 33
The classifications 33

2 Design guidance 35
Professional bodies for architects and technologists 35
Planning permissions 36
Other consents 44
Party Wall Awards 50
Building Regulations 53
Dampness in buildings 61
Construction Design and Management Regulations 63
Standards – in the construction industry 67
Cost estimating, contracts, fees, disputes and legal
involvement for architects 71
vi Contents

Sustainability, energy saving and green issues in

a time of climate emergency 80
Landscaping 92
Anthropometric data 108
Sanitary provision for public buildings 126

3 Structures 131
Eurocodes 132
Building loading 133
Bending moments and beam formulae 144
Fire resistance 145
Low carbon design 147
Substructure (Foundations) 149
Superstructure (above ground structure) 153
Masonry structures 154
Timber construction 163
Metal structural framing systems (SFS) 175
Steel frame 176
Concrete frame 182

4 Services 187
Drainage 188
Rainwater disposal 192
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) 193
Water supply regulations 196
Water storage and use 202
U-values 207
R-values 211
K-values 211
Conservation of fuel and power 212
Heat losses 215
Central heating and hot water systems 219
Ventilation 224
Electrical installation 232
Lighting 237
Sound 260
Home technology integration 266
 Contents vii

5 Building elements 271

Enclosure 271
Stairs and balustrades 274
Fireplaces 277
Chimneys and flues 279
Doors 281
Windows 287
Pitched rooflights 294
Flat rooflights 296
Security fittings and ironmongery 299

6 Materials and components 302

Concrete 302
Brickwork and blockwork 304
Stonework 316
Damp-Proof Courses 317
Plaster and render 320
Metals 327
Insulation 330
Roofing and cladding 335
Glass 362
Glass blocks 371
Timber 373
Building boards 387
Wood-rotting fungi 401
Plastics 408
Wall and floor tiles 410
Nails and screws 411
Colour 413
Paints 415
Wallpaper coverage for walls and ceilings 419

Contacts/Sources 421
Bibliography/Sources 433
Index 435
Preface to the sixth edition
In the six years since the fifth edition, the art, science and
practice of architecture have continued to evolve alongside –
though less dramatically than – the growing challenges of life
on this planet. Accessibility of information – particularly techni-
cal information – the core of the APB’s usefulness – has grown
both technically and in distribution. The sheer volume of infor-
mation now available to all of us makes the positive selection
and accessible presentation of it even more useful.
We have aimed to enhance the relevance – especially the
sustainable relevance – of material presented, thinning some
of the denser sections so as to better reveal the useful core,
while retaining the broad spread – and we hope the intricate
­appeal – of Charlotte Baden-Powell’s original.
As ever, the scope of the book is intended to be most useful to
the bespoke and smaller scale of architecture where most of
our own experience has been gained.
Ourselves and our many contributors – both seasoned and
new – have revised, pruned and amplified individual sections,
updating technical references and environmental issues in par-
ticular. Readers’ comments are gratefully received and have
been taken into account in this edition.
Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross
Acknowledgements to the
sixth edition
We would like to thank the following for their help and exper-
tise in revising and updating sections of the book:
Bill Gething B
 ill Gething: Sustainability + Architecture
Professor of Architecture at UWE
[email protected]
Jonathan Reeves J onathan Reeves Vectorworks – CAD, BIM
notes and diagram
www.jonathanreeves-cad.co.uk
Jonathan Miles J onathan C Miles, Chartered Building
­Surveyors – Party Wall guidance
[email protected]
Richard Dellar  ichard Dellar Consulting Ltd – Interim Certif-
R
icates, extension of time, dispute resolution
[email protected]
Mike Andrews Energy Saving Experts Ltd – Conservation of
Fuel and Power, U-values, Lighting and Sus-
tainability www.energy-saving-experts.com
Liz Harrison CMLI, Liz Harrison Garden and Landscape
Design – Landscaping and Plant selection
www.lizharrisondesign.co.uk
Chris Gross Integral Engineering Design – Structures
www.integral-engineering.co.uk
Dr James Allen E &M West Consulting Engineers – SUDS
www.eandmwest.co.uk
 JP Consulting
B Water regulations
Group Limited www.bjp-uk.com
xii Acknowledgements to the sixth edition

Nigel Monaghan Lighting Design and Technology – Lighting

[email protected]
Jools Browning B
 rown Hen Solutions – Home Technology
Integration www.brownhensolutions.com
Paul Smith M
 atrix Acoustic Design Consultants – Sound
www.matrixacoustics.co.uk

We would also thank:

Fran Ford T aylor and Francis for her help in preparing
the new edition.
All those who by their constructive comments on the fifth edi-
tion have helped us to make the sixth edition worth doing.
Jonathan Hetreed
Ann Ross
1
General information

The architect’s role in the 21st century

Architecture reflects the ever increasing complexity of hu-

man life and humanity’s construction solutions. One aspect
of this has been the increasing specialisation of roles within
design teams – though for smaller-scale projects architects of-
ten cover most of these. Whether in multi-role working or in
coordination of a team of specialists, the dominant pressures
in good architecture continue to be the progress of climate
change and our adaptations to it: architects need above all to
be aware of and appropriately responsive to these impacts on
their clients and the world at large.

Designing for a changing climate

Architects and their clients are necessarily at the forefront of

society’s response to the two parallel challenges of climate
change: Mitigation (to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions
that drive change) and Adaptation (ensuring that our build-
ings (new and existing) are resilient to changing environmental
conditions). The former remains the primary focus of ambitious
statements of intent and general policy direction and has been
relatively well embedded in tightening regulations, albeit that
progress has not been as rapid as necessary. Progress to ad-
dress the latter is less encouraging. In the words of the 2021
Climate Change Committee report to Parliament: “Climate re-
silience remains a second order issue, if it is considered at all.
We continue to blunder into high-carbon choices.”
This imbalance in responses to the twin challenges has sig-
nificant implications for the industry. Whereas some design
DOI: 10.4324/9781003357995-1
2 Architect’s Pocket Book

strategies can address both the adaptation and mitigation

agendas, some strategies targeted at one agenda can make
addressing the other even more demanding. For example, our
focus on reducing winter energy use by increasing insulation
levels, improving air tightness and controlling winter ventila-
tion has already profoundly changed the heat balance of our
buildings and, correspondingly, the length of their heating
season. Whereas the primary comfort challenge has tradition-
ally been to keep buildings warm for the majority of the year,
designers must increasingly shift their focus towards keeping
them cool, whilst, of course, minimising the use of energy to
do so. This applies equally to new build and retrofitting the ex-
isting stock (the primary challenge of our response to climate
change).
The Met Office’s UK latest Climate Projections (UKCP18-see
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collabora-
tion/ukcp) provide a wealth of information on how the UK
climate is likely to change. These are broadly in line with the
previous projections (UKCP09) but are based on four, rather
than three, scenarios for future greenhouse gas emissions.
This effectively extends the range of scenarios covered by
UKCP09 to include the possibility of successful mitigation of
emissions towards international targets. However, it should
be noted that most industry guidance and tools are still cur-
rently based on the high, medium and low emission scenarios
of UKCP09.
Projected changes can be summarised in general terms as:

• Warmer and wetter winters

• Hotter and drier summers
• An increase in extreme events
• Rising sea levels

In the UK, temperatures are projected to rise more in the south

than the north, and, whereas relatively little change is pro-
jected in total annual rainfall, the seasonal pattern is likely to
be different, with more in winter and less in summer. The fact
 General information 3

that these patterns appear to be evident in the weather pat-

terns of recent years acts as a stark reminder of the urgency to
address adaptation and resilience (see Met Office mapping on
the following pages).
In similarly general terms, impacts on the built environment
can be considered under three headings:

• Comfort and energy use – particularly in increasing the like-

lihood of overheating
• Construction – changes in the behaviour of materials, im-
pacts on detailing to deal with increased storminess and
foundation design on shrinkable soils
• Water – too little (the impact of changing rainfall patterns
on water supply) and too much (flooding from a variety of
sources)
Note that impacts will vary geographically, both in terms of
broad regional differences and the specific circumstances of
a particular location. Overheating, for example may be more
of an issue in warmer regions and particularly in urban areas
subject to the heat island effect, whereas flooding may be a
key design driver for sites close to rivers or beside the sea but
less of a concern inland on higher ground – although surface
water flooding can affect any location.
Given the uncertainty about the speed and ultimate extent of
climate change, it is important to note that there is no such
thing as a “climate proof” building. What is needed is an adap-
tation strategy to enable a building to accommodate an agreed
level of change and incorporating further measures to increase
its resilience if necessary through its life; ideally aligned with
maintenance and replacement cycles.
The Probabilistic Climate Profiles (ProCliP), available free of charge
from CIBSE (https://www.cibse.org/knowledge-research/
knowledge-portal/probabilistic-climate-profiles-the-­effective-
use-of-climate-projections-in-building-design-2014-pdf), pro-
vide a useful way of visualising the range of change over the
next 80 years and how the different emissions scenarios relate
4 Architect’s Pocket Book

to each other. They cover the following building relevant envi-

ronmental variables:

• Seasonal mean air temperature

• Daily minimum winter temperatures
• Daily maximum summer temperatures
• Seasonal daily precipitation

These are available for 14 UK locations and can help designers

and their clients select appropriate future climate design pa-
rameters for their project.
Summertime comfort is a key concern, as noted above, with
the growing realisation that overheating is very much a current
as well as a future issue, particularly for new homes. The Good
Homes Alliance guide: Overheating in New Homes provides
useful guidance and rules of thumb to inform early-stage design
(https://goodhomes.org.uk/overheating-in-new-homes). How-
ever, overheating in homes is now covered by a new Building
Regulation (Part O). This has two options: a “simplified method”
requiring measurements of glazed areas, ventilation openings,
floor areas, orientation, etc. and the use of a slightly modified
version of CIBSE’s TM59 (Design methodology for the assess-
ment of overheating risk in homes) requiring the use of full
dynamic simulation. This specifically takes climate change into
account, rather than relying on inherently out-of-date historic
weather averages, requiring the use of “future” weather data: a
Design Summer Year for an averagely warm year (DSY1) for the
2020s based on the 50th percentile high emissions scenario. In
addition, it recommends testing designs against more extreme
weather files: DSY2 (a year with a very intense single warm
spell (like 2003)) and DSY3 (a year with a prolonged period of
sustained warmth (like 1976) and later years. The GLA similarly
requires designs to be tested against these future weather files
and individual local authorities may suggest specific weather
files representative of potential conditions further into the cen-
tury. For example, the London Borough of Islington requires ev-
idence of a future adaptation strategy to cope with conditions
represented by a 2050 90th percentile medium emissions DSY.
 General information 5

The use of specific future weather files is a significant step

forward from a situation where there was no consensus on
what were “reasonable” parameters when designing for fu-
ture climate. It was up to the client and design team for each
individual project to try to agree what parameters to adopt.
Suitable future weather files are available from CIBSE for 14
locations (https://www.cibse.org/weatherdata) and (free of
charge) for 45 locations from the PROMETHEUS project lead by
the University of Exeter (http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/engineering/
research/cee/research/prometheus/downloads/).
Architects design buildings that respond to a set of contexts:
physical, cultural, social, economic and environmental. There is
no doubt that the profession faces huge challenges in meeting
and anticipating unprecedented changes in those contexts. How-
ever, with those challenges come corresponding opportunities
to enhance the environmental performance of new and existing
buildings and reduce their energy bills whilst continuing to exceed
their clients’ expectations both in terms of function and delight.
The UK’s climate has continued to warm, with 2020 the first year
to have temperature, rain and sunshine rankings all in the top 10.
The latest analysis of the UK climate, State of the UK Climate
2020 published in The Royal Meteorological Society’s Interna-
tional Journal of Climatology, has shown that climate change
is already being felt across the UK. All of the top-ten warmest
years for the UK in records back to 1884 have occurred since
2002, and, for central England, the 21st century so far has
been warmer than the previous three centuries.
The last 30-year period (1991–2020) has been 0.9°C warmer
than the preceding 30 years (1961–1990). The warming trend
is evident across all months and all countries in the UK.
The greatest warming compared to 1961–1990 has been
across the east Midlands and East Anglia where average an-
nual temperatures have increased by more than 1°C, with the
least warming around western coastal fringes and parts of
Northern Ireland and Scotland.
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