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Germany and Austria since 1814
Germany and Austria since 1814 presents an accessible overview of the distinctive
historical experiences undergone by both Germany and Austria during this period.
Beginning in 1814 with the Congress of Vienna and ending two centuries later with
the consequences and ongoing challenges of German and European unification, this
book focuses on political history and traces the development of liberal parliamentary
democracy in Germany and Austria through to the modern Federal Republic of Germany
and the Second Austrian Republic, contextualising the Nazi period in both countries.
Particular emphasis has been placed on exploring major developments, their causes, and
the relationships between them.
Fully revised, this new edition has been expanded to include a new final chapter
outlining developments in both Germany and Austria from 1990 to the current day,
including recent elections, as well as modifications and updates to other earlier chapters.
Features include:
• Nine chapters, each analysing a distinct historical period and providing a timeline of
the key events for quick reference and orientation
• Overviews of the main developments in European and world history at the beginning
of each chapter, providing international context crucial to a broader understanding
of historical events
• Authentic extracts from contemporary German political texts in the original language
• Topics for discussion provided in every chapter
• A guide to further reading and key internet resources for further research
• A combined glossary of German terms.
Germany and Austria since 1814 provides the essential historical context necessary for
an understanding of these pivotal European countries today. It will be invaluable for
undergraduate students taking courses in German, History and Area Studies.
Mark Allinson is Senior Lecturer in German History at the University of Bristol, UK. His
research focuses on the history of the German Democratic Republic and other aspects of
the political and social histories of modern Germany and Austria.
Modern History for Modern Languages Series
Written in an accessible style and assuming no prior knowledge, the books in this series
address the specific needs of students on language courses. Approaching the study of
history from an interest in contemporary politics and society, each book offers a clear
historical narrative and sets its region into a world context.
Mark Allinson
Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
List of illustrations ix
Preface to the second edition xi
Abbreviationsxv
List of figures
List of maps
List of tables
M
ost German degree programmes now include historical and political training
alongside the key language and literature elements. For the many students who
have not previously studied history, the prospect of embarking on a different
discipline may appear daunting. The purpose of this book is to provide non-historians
with a clear introduction to events in the German-speaking world during the last two
centuries, while also highlighting some of the unresolved issues and controversies. A
book of this size cannot, of course, cover all the ground and answer all the questions.
As an introductory text for students who have not previously studied German history,
nor is this the place to reveal new evidence or to propound a new reading of the subject.
However, I hope that this introduction will provide readers with a firm foundation to
pursue themes and questions in greater depth in other, more specialised historical texts.
A further aim is to introduce students of modern languages to the historical terminology
they will encounter in German-language sources.
Determining the parameters for a broad overview of ‘German’ history is anything
but straightforward, as Germans – that is, native speakers of the German language –
have always lived, and continue to live, in a multiplicity of states, an issue this book
attempts to address by including as broad a coverage as possible. The division of
Germany after 1945 into two opposing states – the capitalist Bundesrepublik Deutschland
(Federal Republic of Germany, FRG) in the west, and the eastern, communist Deutsche
Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic, GDR) – is perhaps the best-
known illustration. The legacy of this postwar division has continued to dominate
much of German political and social life well into the twenty-first century, and is central
to many courses on German literature, society and politics. Consequently, this book
considers the history of both German states in the post-1945 period, and the difficulties
of the unification process since 1990, as well as the entirely new challenges which the
Bundesrepublik has faced in its current incarnation.
However, German divisions have a much longer history. Whereas many so-called
nation states (like France and Spain) were well established by the early nineteenth
century, by contrast Germany had always been a rather vague construct, comprised of
numerous separate states and with little national sentiment. When Germany’s political
unification was first achieved in 1871, the new state excluded the Germans of Austria,
who had for centuries occupied a key position in German affairs. In 1918, after the
First World War, it briefly appeared that Germany and Austria might be united again,
and a short-lived Großdeutsches Reich (‘Greater Germany’) was created under Adolf
Hitler in 1938. However, the collapse of Hitler’s attempt to establish German world
dominance by force ensured that Austria and the eastern German provinces would no
xii Preface to the Second Edition
longer be included in ‘Germany’. Modern Austria now considers itself entirely separate
from Germany, even quite foreign; yet the unifying force of the German language
continues to foster cultural links and exchanges between the two countries. One can
still speak of a German Kulturnation (cultural nation), which arguably overarches
both states. Students of German are students of the language, culture and politics of
both Germany and Austria, and this book therefore includes Austrian themes within
the main narrative where appropriate, and within separate sections of text for other
historical periods.
While Germany and Austria have parallel histories which have sometimes intersected
during the past two centuries, the same cannot be said of Switzerland. Switzerland
had effectively separated from the political development of the other German states
by 1499, and thereafter established quite different traditions. At no point during the
creation of a united German state did a ‘Swiss question’ emerge. Though the literature
and culture of German-speaking Switzerland have been an important influence on the
German Kulturnation (notably through writers such as Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Max Frisch
and Robert Walser), a consideration of the very different course of Swiss history falls
outside the scope of this book.
To place German and Austrian history in context, each chapter includes an overview
of developments in European and world history, and a timeline of the key events for
quick reference and orientation. This new edition has been expanded to include a
full consideration of developments in both Germany and Austria since 1990, and the
opportunity has been taken to revise and expand some of the earlier chapters a little.
The maps in the book have all been drawn to the same scale and have an outline of the
borders of modern Germany and Austria for ready comparison with the changing borders
of the political states which existed in this part of central Europe. Further features include
special inserts in each chapter; these give more information about specific institutions,
concepts or personalities which may have importance beyond the period covered by
the chapter – bold references in the text and index indicate these inserts. There are also
key historical texts in German, and questions to provoke further debate and study using
the literature recommended at the end of the book and other texts besides. German
terminology is used for institutions and ideas wherever appropriate; these terms are
also listed in the index/glossary at the end of the book.
A book of this introductory nature does not require a full academic apparatus of
footnotes and references, but a list of suggested further reading is included. Most of
these titles should be fairly accessible to the non-specialist, but each of them in turn
provides references to more detailed works.
The idea for this series of books was conceived by Elena Seymenliyska; she and
Eva Martinez supported the first edition alongside the production editor, Wendy Rooke,
and the copy-editor, Jane Raistrick, to all of whom I remain grateful. This second
edition has been carefully nurtured at Taylor and Francis by Andrea Hartill and Isabelle
Cheng, with Anjula Semmens as copyeditor. I thank them and my colleagues in the
German Department and School of Modern Languages at the University of Bristol who
allowed me a vital sabbatical term to complete the original manuscript. Edith Kreutner
assisted with insights on modern Austria for this edition. I am also endlessly grateful
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
to the students at Bristol over the past twenty years who have followed my courses
with such enthusiasm for German and Austrian history, and whose questions and
approaches have enabled me to open up new avenues in my own work.
ABM Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen
AfD Alternative für Deutschland
BRD Bundesrepublik Deutschland
BZÖ Bündnis Zukunft Österreich
CDU Christlich-Demokratische Union
CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CSP Christlichsoziale Partei
CSU Christlich-Soziale Union
DAF Deutsche Arbeitsfront
DAP Deutsche Arbeiterpartei [forerunner of NSDAP]
DBD Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands
DDP Deutsche Demokratische Partei
DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik
DFD Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands
DKP Deutsche Kommunistische Partei
DM Deutsche Mark (D-Mark)
DNVP Deutschnationale Volkspartei
DSF (Gesellschaft für) deutsch-sowjetische Freundschaft
DVP Deutsche Volkspartei
DVU Deutsche Volksunion
EC European Community
EDC European Defence Community
EEC European Economic Community
EU European Union, Europäische Union
EWG Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft
FDGB Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund
FDJ Freie Deutsche Jugend
FDP Freie Demokratische Partei
FPÖ Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs
FRG Federal Republic of Germany
GDR German Democratic Republic
GDVP Großdeutsche Volkspartei
KB Kulturbund
KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
KPÖ Kommunistische Partei Österreichs
xvi Abbreviations
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