LectureNote on mathematics Calculus II

Dr. Basad Al-Sarray

Computer science
University of Baghdad

1
Sigma notation We use Σ as a symbol for a sum of many
terms with compact form
n=Last value
∑ ak
k=Initial value

100
f (1) + f (2) + · · · + f (100) = ∑ f (i )
i =1

Example12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 + 72 + 92 + 102 + 112 = ∑11

k =1 k 2

Algebra rules for finite sums

1.Sum rule:∑nk=1 ( ak + bk ) = ∑nk=1 ak + ∑nk=1 bk
2.Difference rule: ∑nk=1 ( ak − bk ) = ∑nk=1 ak − ∑nk=1 bk
3.Constant multiple rule: ∑nk=1 cak = c ∑nk=1 ak
4. Constant value rule: ∑nk=1 c = nc

2
Example
Using different index starting values
Express the sum 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 in sigma notation
The formula generating the terms changes with the lower limit
of summation but the term generated remain the same.
Starting value k = 0: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = ∑4k=0 (2k + 1)
Starting value k = 1: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = ∑5k=1 (2k − 1)
Starting value k = 2: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = ∑6k=2 (2k − 3)
Starting value k = −3: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = ∑1k=−3 (2k + 7)

3
Example
When we have a sum such as ∑3k=1 (k + k2 ), we can rearrange
its terms,
∑3k=1 (k + k2 ) = (1 + 12 ) + (2 + 22 ) + (3 + 32 )
= (1 + 2 + 3) + (12 + 22 + 32 ) = ∑3k=1 k + ∑3k=1 k2
This illustrate a general rule for finite sums:
∑nk=1 ( ak + bk ) = ∑nk=1 ak + ∑nk=1 bk

Example
In general:
n ( n +1)
sum of the first n integers is,∑nk=1 k = 2
n(n+1)(2n+1)
The first n squares ∑nk=1 k2 = 6
n ( n +1) 2
The first n cubes ∑nk=1 k3 = ( 2 ) .

4
Riemann sums
Let f be arbitrary function defined on a closed interval [ a, b],
define n − 1 points on [ a, b], s.t

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < x n −1 < x n = b

P = { x0 , x1 , x2 , · · · < x n −1 , x n }
P is called a portion of [ a, b].
The partition P divides of [ a, b] into n closed subintervals:
[ x0 , x1 ], [ x1 , x2 ], · · · , [ x n −1 , x n ]

5
 Remark
We define ∆xk = xk − xk−1 to be the width of of the kth subin-
(b− a)
terval, and n the width of n-subintervals.

ck is the point chosen in the subinterval [ xk−1, xk ], for each

subinterval there is an rectangle at stretches from the x-axis
to touch the curve at (ck , f (ck ))

6
f (ck ) ∗ ∆xk is the area of a rectangle with height f (ck ) and
width ∆xk , then the total area is the sum of the areas of the
rectangles (products)
n
SP = ∑ f (ck )∆xk
k =1

7
Example- Partitioning a closed interval
The set P = {0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1., 2} is a partition 0f [0, 2]. There are
five subintervals of P [0, 0.2], [0.2, 0.6], [0.6, 2], [1, 1.5] and [1.5, 2].

The length of the subintervals are ∆x1 = 0.2, ∆x2 = 0.4, ∆x3 =
0.4, ∆x4 = 0.2 and ∆x5 = 0..

Remark
Any Riemann sum associated with a partion of a closed inter-
val [ a, b] define rectangles that approximate the region between
the graph of a continuous function f and the x-axis

8
 Definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums
Let f ( x ) be a function defined on a closed interval [ a, b]. We
say that a number I is the definite integral of f over [ a, b]
and that I is the limit of the Riemann sums ∑nk=1 f (ck )∆xk if
the following condition is satisfied:
Given any number ϵ > 0 there is a corresponding number δ > 0
such that for every partition P = { x0, x1, · · · , xn } of [ a, b] with
∥ P∥ < δ and any choice of ck in [ xk−1, xk ], we have
n
| ∑ f (ck )∆xk − I | < ϵ
k =1

9
Remark
Notation: the symbol for the number I in the definition of the
definite integral is
Z b
f ( x )dx
a
which is read as the integral from a to b of f od x dee x

10
The existence of definite integrals
A continuous function is integralable. That is, if a function
f is continuous on an interval [ a, b], then its definite integral
over [ a, b] exists.
Definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums.
When f and g are integrable, the definite integral satisfies the
following rules Ra Rb
1.Order of integration R b f ( x )dx = − a f ( x )dx
a
2. Zero width interval a f ( x )dx = 0
Rb Rb
3. Constant multiple a k f ( x )dx = k a f ( x ) dx
Rb Rb
a − f ( x )dx = − a f ( x ) dx
Rb Rb Rb
Sum and difference a ( f ( x ) ± g( x ))dx = a f ( x )dx ± a g( x )dx
Rb Rc Rc
Additivity a f ( x )dx + b f ( x )dx = a f ( x )dx
Max-Min inequality If f has R b maximum value and minimum
on [ a, b], then min f .(b − a) ≤ a f ( x )dx ≤ max f .(b − a)
Rb Rb
Domination f ( x ) ≥ g( x ) on [ a, b] ⇒ a f ( x )dx ≥ a g( x )dx
Rb
f ( x ) ≥ 0 on [ a, b] ⇒ a f ( x )dx ≥ 0
11
12
 Example
Using the rules for definition integrals
R1 R4 R1
−1 f ( x )dx = 5, 1 f ( x )dx = −2, −1 h( x )dx = 7

R1 R4
4 f ( x )dx =− 1 f ( x )dx = −(−2) = 2

R1 R1 R1
−1 [2 f ( x ) + 3 h( x )]dx = 2 −1 f ( x ) dx + 3 −1 h( x ) dx = 2(5) + 3(7) =
31

R4 R1 R4
−1 f ( x )dx = −1 f ( x )dx + 1 f ( x )dx = 5 + (−2) = 3

13
Example: Finding bounds for an integral
R1√
Show that the value of 0 1 + cosx dx is less than 32 .
The max-min inequality for definite integrals (rule 6) says that
Rb
min f .(b − a) is a lower bound for the value of a f ( x )dx and
that max f .(b − a) is an upper bound. The maximum value of
√ √ √
1 + cos x on [0,1] is 1 + 1 = 2, so
Z 1√ √ √
1 + cos x dx < 2(1 − 0) = 2
0
R1√ √
since 0 1 + cos xdx is bounded from above by 2 which is
1.414..., the integral less than 32

14
Area under a curve as a definite integral
If y = f ( x ) is nonnegative and integrable over a clsed interval
[ a, b], then the area under the curve y = f ( x ) over [ a, b] is the
integralR b of f from a to b
A = a f ( x )dx
p
2
Example: p Find the average value of f ( x ) = 4 − x on [−2, 2].
f ( x ) = 4 − x2 is a function whose graph is the upper semi
circle of radius 2 centered at the origin, the area between the
semicircle and the x-axis from -2 to 2 can be computed using
the geometry formula
Area = 12 .π.r2 = 12 .π.(2)2

because f is nonnegative, the area is also the value of tehin-

R 2 p of f2 from -2 to 2,
tegral
−2 4 − x dx = 2π
therefoere, the average value of f is
2
p
1 2 dx = 1 (2π ) = π
R
av( f ) = 2−(− 2) −2
4 − x 4 2
15
Mean Value theorem for definite integrals If f is continuous
on [ a, b], then at some point c in [ a, b],
1
Rb
f (c) = b− a a f ( x )dx
Example: Applying the mean value theorem for integral
Find the average value of f ( x ) = 4 − x on [0, 3] and where f
actually takes on this value at some point in the given domain.
1
Rb 1
R3 1
R3 R3
av( f ) = b− a a f ( x )dx = 3−0 0 (4 − x )dx = 3 ( 0 4dx − 0 xdx )
2 2
= 31 (4(3 − 0) − ( 32 − 02 )) = 4 − 32 = 5
2

the average value of f ( x ) = 4 − x over [0, 3] in 25 . The function

assumes this value when 4 − x = 52 or x = 23

16
The fundamental theorem of calculus I If f is continuous
Rx
on [ a, b] then F ( x ) = a f (t)dt is continuous on [ a, b] and dif-
′ d
Rx
ferentable on ( a, b) and its derivative is f ( x ); F ( x ) = dx a f (t)dt =
f (x)
Example
Use the fundamental theorem to find
d x cos t dt = cos x
R
dx R a
d x 1 dt = 1
dx 0 1+t2 1+ x 2
dy R5
dx i f y = x 3t sin t dt
dy d
R5 d
Rx
dx = dx x 3t sin t = dx (− 5 3t sin t dt) = −3x sin x
Example
dy R x2
Find dx , if y = 1 cos t dt
Let u = x2, applying Chain rule
dy dy du d
Ru du = cos u. du
dx
= .
du dx
= ( du 1
cos t dt ) . dx dx
= cos( x2 ).2x = 2x cos x2

17
 The fundamental theorem of calculus I I
If f is continuous at every point of [ a, b] and F is any antideriva-
Rb
tive of f on [ a, b], then a f ( x )dx = F (b) − F ( a)
This theorem refer to calculate the definite integral of f over
[ a, b] by the following steps
1. Find the anti-derivative F of f , and
Rb
2. Calculate the number a f ( x )dx = [ F ( x )]ba = F (b) − F ( a)
Rπ
Example 0 = cos x dx = sin[0π = sin π − sin 0 = 0 − 0 = 0
R0 0 π
√
Example: − π sec x tan x dx = sec x ]− π = sec 0 − sec(− 4 ) = 1 − 2
4 4
Example:

Show the graph of the function f ( x ) = sin x between x = 0 and

x = 2π. Compute:
1. the definite integral of f ( x ) over [0, 2π ]
2. the area between the graph of f ( x ) and the x-axis over
[R0, 2π ]
2π 2π = −[cos 2π − cos 0] = −[1 − 1] = 0
0 sin xdx = − cos x ] 0
18
Rπ
sin x dx = − cos x ] π = −[cos π − cos 0] = −[−1 − 1] = 2
R02π 0
2π
π sin x dx = − cos x ]π = −[cos 2π − cosπ ] = −[−1 − (−1)] = −2
Area = |2| + | − 2| = 4
Remark: To find the area between the graph of y = f ( x ) and
the x-axis over the interval [ a, b], do the following:
1.Subdivided [ a, b] at the zeros of f
2. Integrate f over each subinterval
3. Add the absolute values of the integrals.
The power rule in integral form If u is a differentiable func-
R n u n +1
tion then, u du = n+1 + C (n ̸= −1, n rational )
Example using power rule
Rq √ 1 +1
1 3
2 du u 2 2
R R
1 + y .2y dy = u .( dy ) dy = u du = 1 + C = 3 u 2 + C =
2
2
3
2 (1 + 2
y )2 +C
3

19
 The substitution rule
If u = g( x ) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval
′
R R
I and f is continuous on I, then f ( g( x )) g ( x )dx = f (u)du
Example cos(7θ + 5)dθ = cos u . 71 du
R R

Here u = 7θ + 5 → du = 7 dθ then 17 du = dθ
= 7 cos u du = 17 sin u + C = 71 sin(7θ + 5) + C
1
R

Example x sin( x ) dx = sin( x3 ).x2 dx, u = x3 du = 3x2 dx

R 2 3
R

then 13 du = x2 dx
sin u. 3 du = 3 sin u du = 31 (− cos u) + C = − 13 cos( x3 ) + C
1 1
R R
R 1
dx = sec2 2x dx
R
Example 2
cos 2x
u = 2x du = 2dx dx = 21 du
sec u. 2 du = 2 sec2 u du = 21 tan u + C = 12 tan 2x + C
2 1 1
R R

20
 2z dz du u
R −1
z2 + 1
R R
√
3 2 = 1 = du = 2z dz = u 3 du
z +1 u3
2
2 2
u3 3 3 2
= 2 + C = 2 u 3 + C = 2 ( z + 1) 3 + C
R 32 R 1−cos 2x 1 1 dx − 12 cos 2x dx =
R R
sin x dx = 2 dx = 2 (1 − cos 2x ) dx = 2
1 x − 1 sin 2x + C = x − sin 2x + C
R2 2 2
2
2
R 1+cos 2x
4
x + sin 2x + C
cos x dx = 2x dx = 2 4

The definite integral

R 2π 2 x sin 2x 2π 3 2
0 sin x dx = [ 2 − 4 ]0 u = x + 1, du = 3x dx, x = 1, u =
(−1)3 + 1 = 0 &, x = 1 u = (1)3 + 1 = 2
= [ 2π
2 − sin 4π ] − [ 0 − sin 0 ]
4 2 4
= [ π − 0] − [0 − 0] = π

21
 Substitution in definite integral
If g′ is continuous on the interval [ a, b] and f is continuous on
the range of g, then
Rb ′
R g(b)
a f ( g( x )).g ( x )dx = g( a) f (u ) du

R1 p R√ 3
−1 3x2 x3 + 1dx = udu = 23 u 2 ]20
3 3
3
= 2 [2 2 − 0 2 ]
√ √
= 23 [2 2] = 4 3 2

R π2 2
R0 R0
π cot θ csc θ dθ = 1 u.(−du ) =− 1 u du
4
u 2 0 0 2 12 ] 1
= −[ 2 ]1 = [2 − 2 = 2

22
Definite integral on the symmetric function
Let f be continuous on the symmetric interval [− a, a]

Ra Ra
• If f is even, then − a f ( x )dx = 2 0 f ( x )dx

Ra
• If f is odd, then − a f ( x )dx = 0

Z 2 Z 2
( x2 − 4x2 + 6)dx = 2 ( x4 − 4x2 + 6)dx
−2 0
x5
4
= 2[ − x3 + 6x ]20
5 3
32 32
= 2( − + 12)
5 3
232
=
15
23
 Area between curves
If f and g are continuous with f ( x ) ≥ g( x ) throughout [ a, b],
then the area of the region between the curves y = f ( x ) and
y = g( x ) from a to b is the integral of ( f − g) from a to b
Rb
A = a [ f ( x ) − g( x )]dx
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y = 2 − x2
and the line y = − x.
The limits of integration are found by solving y = 2 − x2 y = − x
2 − x2 = − x ← x2 − x − 2 = 0 ← ( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0 ← x = −1, x = 2
Rb R2
A = a [ f ( x ) − g( x )]dx = −1 [(2 − x2 ) − (− x )]dx
R2 x 2 x 3 2
= −1 (2 + x − x )dx = [2x + 2 − 3 ]−1 = (4 + 42 − 83 ) − (−2 + 21 + 13 ) =
2
9
2

24
Find the area of the region in the first quadratic that is
√
bounded above by y = x and below by the x-axis and the
line y = x − 2
√
x = x−2
x ( x − 2)2 = x2 − 4x + 4
x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 ← ( x − 1)( x − 4) = 0
√ √
then x = 1 or x = 4 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 : f ( x ) − g( x ) = x − 0 = x
√ √
2 ≤ x ≤ 4 : f ( x ) − g ( x ) = x − ( x − 2) = x − x + 2
Total area
R2√ R4 √ 2 2
2 2 3
x 2 4
0 xdx + 2 ( x − x + 2 ) dx = [ 3 x 3 ] 0 + [ 3 x 2 − 2 + 2x ] 2
3 3 3
= 23 (2) 2 − 0 + ( 23 4 2 − 8 + 8) − ( 23 2 2 − 2 + 4) = 32 (8) − 2 = 10
3

25
 
1 − x, −1 ≤ x < 0

f ( x ) = x2, 0≤x<2

−1, 2≤x≤3

x 2 ]0 + [ x 3 ]3 +
R3 R0 R2 2 R3
−1 f ( x ) dx = −1 ( 1 − x ) dx + 0 x dx + 2 (− 1 ) dx = [ x − 2 −1 3 0
[− x ]32 = 23 + 83 − 1 = 19
6

Lebniz’s rule
If f is continuous on [ a, b] and if u( x ) are differential functions
of x whose values lie in [ a, b] then

d v( x ) dv du
Z
f (t)dt = f (v( x )) − f (u( x ))
dx u( x) dx dx

26
Naturel logarithme: The natural logarithm function
Rx1
ln x = 1 t dt, x > 0

The number e is that number in the domain of the natural

logarithm satisfying ln(e) = 1

27
 The derivative of ln x
d ln x = d x 1 dt = 1
R
dx dx 1 t x
If u is a differentiable function of x whose values are positive,
dy dy
so that ln u is defined, based on chain rule dx = dt du
dx
d ln u = d ln u. du = 1 du
dx du dx u dx
d ln u = 1 du , u > 0
dx u dx
d ln 2x = 1 d (2x ) = 1 .2 = 1
dx 2x dx 2x x
d ln( x2 + 3) = 1 . d ( x2 + 3) = 1 .2x = 2x
dx x2 +3 dx x 2 +3 x 2 +3

Properties of Logarithms
For any numbers a > 0 and x > 0, the natural logarithm satis-
fies the following rules
1. Product rule: ln ax = ln a + ln x
2. Quotient rule: ln xa = ln a − ln x
3. Reciprocal rule: ln 1x = − ln x
4. Power rule: ln xr = r ln x

28
ln 6 = ln(2.3) = ln 2 + ln 3
ln 4 − ln 5 = ln 54 = ln 0.8
ln 81 = − ln 8 = − ln 23 = −3 ln 2
ln 4 + ln sin x = ln(4 sin x )
ln 2xx +1 = ln( x + 1) − ln(2x − 3)
−3
ln sec x = ln cos1 x = − ln cos x
√ 1
ln x + 1 = ln( x + 1) 3 = 13 ln( x + 1)
3
R 1
The integral u du
If u is a differentiable that is never zero,
R 1
u du = ln |u| + C
R n u n +1 R 1 R f ′ (x)
u du = n+1 + C, n ̸= −1 and rational u du = f ( x) dx
R f ′ (x)
f (x)
= ln | f ( x )| + C
R 2 2x R −1 du −1 ln | − 1| − ln | − 5| = ln 1 − ln 5 =
0 x 2 −5 dx = −5 u = ln | u |] −5
− ln 5

29
 Z
tan u du = − ln | cos u| + C = ln | sec u| + C
Z
cot u du = ln | sin u| + C = − ln | csc x | + C

π π π
du 1 3
Z Z Z
6 3
tan 2x dx = tan u. = tan u du
0 0 2 2 0
1 π
3 1 1
= ln | sec u|]0 = (ln 2 − ln 1) = ln 2
2 2 2
since u = 2x then dx = du
2 , u ( 0 ) = 6 and u ( π) = π
3 3

30
The exponential function

The function ln x, being an increasing function of x with do-

main (0, ∞) and range (−∞, ∞) and range. The graph of ln−1 x
is the graph of ln x is the graph ln x reflected across the line
y = x, limx→∞ ln−1 x = ∞ and limx→−∞ ln−1 x = 0

The function ln−1 x is also denoted by exp x.

The function y = e x , e = 2.718281828459045.
2 − 2 1 1 √
e = e.e, e = 2 , e = e.
2
e
r
ln e = r ln e = r.1 = r
Since ln x is one to one and ln(ln−1 r ) = r, this leads to er =
ln−1 r = exp r for r rational.

31
 The natural exponential function
For every real number x, e x = ln−1 x = exp x.
ln x and e x

eln x = x, x > 0
ln(e x ) = x, all x
The general exponential function a x .
For any number a > 0 and x, the exponential function with
base a is a x = e x ln a
32
 √ √
2 = e 3 ln 2 = e1.20 = 3.32
3

2π = eπ ln 2 = e2.18 = 8.8
Laws of exponential for e x
For all numbers x, x1 and x2, the natural exponential e x obeys
the following laws
1. e x1 .e x2 = e x1 + x2 2. e− x = e1x
e x1
3. e x2 = e x1 + x2
4. (e x1 ) x2 = e x1 x2 = (e2x ) x1

The derivative and integral of e x

Let f ( x ) = ln x and y = e x = ln−1 x = f −1 ( x ).
dy d (e x ) = d ln−1 x d f −1 = 1 1 = 1 = ex
Then dx = dx dx dx ′ − 1 = ′
f (e x ) 1
f ( f ( x ))
ex
d ex = ex
dx
d (5e x ) = 5 d e x = 5e x
dx dx

33
 d eu = eu du
If u is any differentiable function of x, then dx dx
d e− x = e− x d (− x ) = e− x (−1) = −e− x
dx dx
d esin x d (sin x ) = esin x . cos x
= esin x dx
dx
The integral e du = eu + C
R u
R ln 2 3x R8 u 1 1
R ln 8 u 1 eu ]ln 8 = 1 (8 − 1) = 7
0 e dx = 0 e . 3 du = 3 0 e du = 3 0 3 3

Solve the initial value problem

y dy √
e dx = 2x, x > 3, y(2) = 0
Integrate the both sides of the differential equation
ey = x2 + C
Using the initial condition y(2) = 0
C = e0 − (2)2 = 1 − 4 = −3 thus, ey = x2 − 3
To find y ← ln ey = ln( x2 − 3), y = ln( x2 − 3)
Theorem The number e as a limit
1
The number e can be calculated as the limit e = limx→0 (1 + x ) x

34
The derivative and integration of au a x = e x ln a
d a x = d e x ln a . d ( x ln a)
dx dx dx
x
= a ln a
if a > 0, then dx d a x = a x ln a and if a > 0 and u is a differentiable

function of x, then au is a differentiable function of x and

d au = au ln a du
dx dx
u
R u a u
the integration of a is: a du = ln a + C
R x 2 x
2 dx = ln 2 + C
2u + C = 2sin x + C
R sin x R u
2 cos x dx = 2 du = ln 2 ln 2

35
 loga x :For any positive number a ̸= 1, loga x is the inverse of
ax.
where, the inverse equation for a x and loga x aloga x = x, x > 0,
loga ( a x ) = x, for ,all x, foe example log2 (25 ) = 5
log10 (10−7 ) = −7, 2log2 (3) = 3, 10log10 (4) = 4
Evaluating of loga x
loga x = ln1 a . ln x = ln x
ln a
Rules for base a logarithms
For any numbers x > 0 and y > 0,
Product rule: loga ( x y) = loga x + loga y
Quotient rule : loga yx = loga x + loga y
Reciprocal rule loga y1 = − loga y
Power rule loga x y = y loga x
d (log u ) = 1 . 1 du
dx a ln a u dx
d log (3x + 1) = 1 . 1 d (3x + 1) = 3
dx 10 ln 10 3x +1 dx (ln 10)(3x +1)
R log2 x 1
R ln x 1
R 1
x dx = ln 2 x dx = ln 2 u du, u = ln x, du = x dx
1 u 2 1 (ln x (2 (ln x )2
= ln 2 2 + C = ln 2 2 + C = 2 ln 2 + C
36
 Basic integration formula
R
1. du = u + C
R
2. k du = k u + C
R R R
3. (du + dv) = du + dv
R n u n +1
4. u du = n+1 + C
R du
5.
R u = ln |u| + C
6. sin udu = − cos u + C
R
7. cos u du = sin u + C
8. sec2 u du = tan u + C
R

9. csc2 u du = − cot u + C
R
R
10. sec u tan u du = sec u + C
R
11. csc u cot u du = − csc u + C
R
12. tan u du = ln | cos u| + C
R
13. tan u du = − ln | cos u| + C
R
14. tan u du = − ln | cos u| + C = ln | sec u| + C
R
15. cot u du = ln | sin u| + C = − ln | csc u| + C
16. e du = eu + C
R u

37
 R u a u
17. a du = ln u + C
R
18. sinh u du = cosh u + C
R
19. cosh u du = sinh u + C
√ du −1 ( u ) + C
R
20. 2 − u2
= sin a
a
21. 2 2 = 1a tan−1 ( ua ) + C
R du
Ra +udu 1 sec−1 | u | + C
22. √ = a a
u u 2 − a2

23.
R
√ du = sinh −1 ( u ) + C
2 2 a
a +u
 tan4 x dx = tan2 x. tan2 xdx = tan2 x.(sec2 x − 1)dx
R R R

= tan x sec x dx − tan xdx = tan x sec xdx − (sec2 x − 1)dx

2 2 2 2 2
R R R R
2 2 2
R R R
= tan x sec x dx − sec x dx + dx
let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx
u du = 31 u3 + C1
R 2

tan4 x dx = 31 tan3 x − tan x + x + C

R

sec2 x dx
R

u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx, v = tan x, du = sec x tan x dx

3
R R
sec x dx = sec x tan x − (tan x )(sec x tan x dx )
= sec x tan x − (sec x − 1) sec x dx = sec x tan x + sec xdx − sec3 x dx
2
R R R
3
R R
2 sec x dx = sec x tan x + sec x dx
sec3 x dx = 21 sec x tan x + 12 ln | sec x + tan x | + C
R

R
sin 3x cos 5x dx
1
with m = 3, n = 5 sin 3x cos 5x dx = 2 [sin(−2x ) + sin 8x ]dx 12 (sin 8x −
R R

sin 2x )dx
= − cos168x + cos42x + C
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 R −1 (− 21 )+1 1 p
√ 2x−9 dx du u x2 − 9x + 1 +
R R
= √ = u 2= +C = 2u 2 +C = 2
x2 −9x +1 u (− 21 )
C
√ dx dx √ du = sin−1 ( ua ) + C = sin−1 ( x− 4) +
R R R
= q = 4
8x − x2 16−( x −4)2 a2 − u2
C

(sec x + tan x )2 dx
(sec x + tan x )2 = sec 2x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 replace tan2 x by sec− 1 and
get
(sec x + tan x ) dx = (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x − 1)dx
2
R R
2
R R
= 2 sec x + 2 ∈ sec x tan x dx − 1dx
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x − x + C

39
R π4 √
0 1 + cos 4xdx
cos2 θ = 1+cos 2
2θ or 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ with θ = 2x 1 + cos 4x =

2 cos 2 2x
R4√
π R π4 √ R π4 √ √ 2 √ R π4
0 1 + cos 4xdx = 0 1 + cos 4xdx = 0 2 cos 2xdx = 2 0 | cos 2x |dx
√ R π4 √ sin 2x π4 √ 1 √
2 0 cos 2x dx = 2[ 2 ]0 = 2[ 2 − 0] = 22
R 3x2 −7x 3x 2 −7x 6
3x +2 dx = 3x +2 = x − 3 + 3x +2
then
R 3x2 −7x R 6 x 2
3x +2 dx = ( x − 3 + 3x +2 )dx = 2 − 3 x + 2 ln |3x + 2| + C

40
 √3x+2 dx = 3 √xdx + 2 √ dx
R R R
2
1− x 2
1− x 1− x 2

u = 1 − x2, du = −2x dx and x dx = − 12 du

R (− 12 )du
3 √x dx 2 = 3
R
√
1− x u
3
R −1
= − 2 u 2 du
1
= − 32 . u12 + C1
p 2
−3 1 − x2 + C1

√ dx
R
The second term in integral form is standard 2 =
1− x 2
2 sin−1 x + C2

combining these results and renaming C1 + C2

p
2 + 2 sin−1 x + C
R 3x+2
√ dx = − 3 1 − x
21− x
41
 (sec x )(1)dx = sec x. sec x +tan x
R R R
sec x dx = sec x +tan x dx
sec2 x +sec x tan x R du
=
R sec x +tan x dx = u = ln |u| + C = ln | sec x + tan x | + C 1.
sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
R
2. csc u du = − ln | csc u + cot u| + C
Procedure for matching integrals to basic formulas
1. Making a simplifying Substitution √ 2x −9 dx = √
du
x2 −9x +1 u
p q
2. Completing the squares 8x − x2 = 16 − ( x − 4)2
3. Using a trigonometric identity (sec x + tan x )2 = sec2 x +
2 sec x tan x + tan2 x = sec2 +2 sec x tan x + (sec2 x − 1) = 2 sec2 x +
2 sec x tan x − 1 √
√ 2
√
4. Eliminating a square root 1 + cos 4x = 2 cos 2x = 2| cos 2x |
2 −7x
5. Reducing an improper fraction 3x+2 = x − 3 + 3x6+2
3x

6. Separating a fraction √3x+2 = √ 3x + √ 2

1− x 2 1− x 2 1− x 2
sec x + tan x sec2 x +sec x tan x
7. Multiplying by form of 1 sec x = sec x. sec x+tan x = sec x+tan x

42