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About the Author
Preface
Who This Book Is For
Who This Book Isn't For
A Brief History of Unix
Versions of Unix
Interfaces to Unix

How This Book Is Organized

Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
Safari® Enabled
Comments and Questions
The Evolution of This Book
Acknowledgments

1. Why Use Unix?

1.1. The Power of Unix
1.1.1. Batch Renames and Extracting File
Lists
1.1.2. Finding Hidden Files

1.2. Thousands of Free Applications

1.2.1. Commands Included with Unix
1.2.2. Downloading Unix Software from the
Web

1.3. Power Internet Connections

1.4. A Simple Guided (Unix) Tour
1.5. The 10 Most Common Unix Commands

2. Using the Terminal

2.1. Launching the Terminal
2.1.1. Syntax of a Unix Command
2.1.2. Exercise: Entering a Few Commands
2.1.3. Types of Commands
2.1.4. Changing the Terminal's Preferences
2.1.5. Features of the Terminal

2.2. Customizing Your Terminal Session

2.2.1. Setting the Terminal's Title
2.2.2. Using AppleScript to Manipulate the
Terminal
2.2.3. Working with .term Files

2.3. Working with the Terminal

2.3.1. The Shell Prompt
2.3.2. Entering a Command
2.3.3. Recalling Previous Commands
2.3.4. Completing File and Directory Names
2.3.5. Running Multiple Commands on the
Command Line
2.3.6. Correcting a Command
2.3.7. Ending Your Session
2.3.8. Problem Checklist

2.4. Customizing the Shell Environment

2.4.1. Picking a Login Shell
2.4.2. Changing the Command Prompt

2.5. Advanced Shell Customization

2.5.1. Shell Configuration Settings
2.5.2. Creating Aliases
 2.6. The Unresponsive Terminal

3. Exploring the Filesystem

3.1. The Mac OS X Filesystem
3.1.1. Your Home Directory
3.1.2. Your Working Directory
3.1.3. The Directory Tree
3.1.4. Absolute Pathnames
3.1.5. Relative Pathnames
3.1.6. Relative pathnames up
3.1.7. Changing Your Working Directory
3.1.8. Files in the Directory Tree

3.2. Listing Files and Directories

3.2.1. The All-Powerful ls Command
3.2.2. Trying Out the ls Command
3.2.3. Using the -l option
3.2.4. File Permissions
3.2.5. Calculating File Size and Disk Space
3.2.6. Disk Space Available with df
3.2.7. Exercise: Exploring the Filesystem

3.3. Protecting and Sharing Files

3.3.1. File Access Permissions
3.3.2. Setting Permissions with chmod
3.3.3. Changing Group and Owner

3.4. Changing Your Password

3.5. Superuser Privileges with sudo
3.6. Exploring External Volumes

4. File Management
 4.1. File and Directory Names
4.2. File and Directory Wildcards
4.3. Looking Inside Files
4.3.1. cat
4.3.2. less

4.4. grep
4.5. Creating and Editing Files
4.5.1. Text Editors and Word Processors
4.5.2. The vi Text Editor
4.5.3. vi Basics
4.5.4. A Simpler vi Alternative: Pico
4.5.5. The More Complex Option: Emacs

4.6. Managing Files

4.6.1. Creating Directories with mkdir
4.6.2. Copying Files
4.6.3. Renaming and Moving Files with mv
4.6.4. Removing Files and Directories
4.6.5. Working with Links
4.6.6. Compressing and Archiving Files
4.6.7. Files on Other Operating Systems

5. Finding Files and Information

 5.1. The Oddly Named grep Command
5.1.1. Useful grep Options
5.1.2. Working with Regular Expressions

5.2. Finding Files with locate

5.2.1. Building the locate Database
5.2.2. Using locate

5.3. Using Find to Explore Your Filesystem

5.3.1. Matching by File Size
5.3.2. Exploring find Permission Strings
5.3.3. Using find to Identify Recently
Changed Files
5.3.4. find's Faithful Sidekick: xarg
5.3.5. Further Refinements to find

5.4. Shining a Light on Spotlight

5.4.1. Listing Spotlight Metadata with mdls
5.4.2. Finding Files with mdfind
5.4.3. Making Spotlight Useful

6. Redirecting I/O
 6.1. Standard Input and Standard Output
6.1.1. Putting Text in a File

6.2. Pipes and Filters

6.2.1. wc
6.2.2. tr
6.2.3. grep
6.2.4. head and tail
6.2.5. sort
6.2.6. uniq
6.2.7. Piping Output to a Pager

6.3. Printing
6.3.1. The Unix Way
6.3.2. The AppleTalk Way

7. Multitasking
7.1. Running a Command in the Background
7.2. Checking on a Process
7.2.1. ps
7.2.2. top

7.3. Canceling a Process

7.3.1. kill
7.3.2. killall

7.4. Launching GUI Applications

7.4.1. open
7.4.2. Useful Starting Options for Use with
open
7.4.3. Making open More Useful
8. Taking Unix Online
8.1. Remote Logins
8.1.1. Web and FTP Access
8.1.2. Remote Access to Other Unix Systems

8.2. Transferring Files

8.2.1. scp and rcp
8.2.2. FTP
8.2.3. Transferring Files with Your iDisk
8.2.4. Easy Shortcuts with Connect to Server

8.3. Practice

9. Of Windows and X11

9.1. X11
9.1.1. Installing X11
9.1.2. Using X11
9.1.3. Customizing X11

9.2. X11 and the Internet

9.2.1. Remote X11 Access to Your Mac
9.2.2. Opening a Private Network
9.2.3. X11 Access to Other Computers

10. Open Source Software Via Fink

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 10.1. Installing Fink
10.1.1. Listing Available Packages
10.1.2. Installing Packages

10.2. Using FinkCommander

10.3. Some Picks
10.3.1. Browsing the Web with Lynx
10.3.2. Electronic Mail with Pine
10.3.3. Editing Graphics with the GIMP

11. Where to Go from Here

11.1. Documentation
11.1.1. The Terminal's Help Menu
11.1.2. The man Command
11.1.3. Documentation on the Internet
11.1.4. Books

11.2. Customizing your Unix Experience

11.2.1. Shell Aliases and Functions
11.2.2. Programming
11.2.3. Perl, Python, and Ruby
11.2.4. C and C++
Learning Unix for Mac
OS X Tiger
Dave Taylor
✧★✱✪✡✟✠✬✶☞✎✝✡✤✤✱✉✝✜✡✙☎✦✛

☞✎✝✡✤✤✱✉✝✜✡✙☎✦✛
About the Author
✙✮✝ ✐✙✱✤✧✪ ✡✫ ✙ ★✧★✭✤✙✪ ✯✪✡✬✝✪ ✬✝✙✛✠✝✪ ✙✦
✞✧✛✭✫✝✜ ✧✦ ✚✭✫✡✦✝✫✫ ✛✧✥✥✭✦✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✙✦✜
✡✫✫✭✝✫ ✐✠✝ ✙✭✬✠✧✪ ✧✞ ✙✤✥✧✫✬ ✚✧✧✣✫ Growing✡✦✛✤✭✜✡✦✟
Your Business with Google, Wicked Cool Shell Scripts
✙✦✜ ✐✝✙✛✠ ✕✧✭✪✫✝✤✞ ✑✦✡✰ ✡✦ ✄✧✭✪✫ ✠✝ ✡✫ ✙
✮✡✫✡✧✦✙✪✱ ✡✦ ✬✠✝ ✚✭✫✡✦✝✫✫ ✚✤✧✟✟✡✦✟ ✙✦✜ ✛✧✥✥
✫★✙✛✝ ✄✡✫ ★✪✡✥✙✪✱ ✯✝✚✤✧✟✫ ✙✪✝ ✐✠✝ ☎✦✬✭✡✬
✠✬✬★✯✯✯✡✦✬✭✡✬✡✮✝✛✧✥ ✙✦✜ ✫✣ ✙✮✝ ✐✙✱✤✧✪
✠✬✬★✯✯✯✙✫✣✜✙✮✝✬✙✱✤✧✪✛✧✥ ✙✮✝ ✠✙✫ ✙✦ ✉✏
✁✜✭✛✙✬✡✧✦ ✙✦✜ ✉ ✙✦✜ ✠✙✫ ✚✝✝✦ ✡✦✮✧✤✮✝✜ ✯✡✬
☎✦✬✝✪✦✝✬ ✫✡✦✛✝ ✙✦✜ ✬✠✝ ✉✙✛✡✦✬✧✫✠ ✫✡✦✛✝ ✠✡✫ ✞✡
✚✝✡✟✝ ✇ ✉✙✛ ✡✦ ✄✝ ✠✙✫ ✛✧✦✬✪✡✚✭✬✝✜ ✫✧✞✬✯✙✪✝ ✬✧
✬✠✝ ✪✝✤✝✙✫✝ ✧✞ ✝✪✣✝✤✝✱ ✑✦✡✰ ✏ ✙✦✜ ✠✡✫ ★✪✧✟✪✙✥
✙✪✝ ✞✧✭✦✜ ✡✦ ✙✤✤ ✮✝✪✫✡✧✦✫ ✧✞ ✈✡✦✭✰ ✙✦✜ ✧✬✠✝✪
✮✙✪✡✙✦✬✫
Preface
☞✜✜✫ ✙✪✝ ✟✧✧✜ ✬✠✙✬ ✱✧✭✪✝ ✙✤✪✝✙✜✱ ✪✭✦✦✡✦✟ ✉✙
✬✠✙✬✫ ✧✠✝✫✫ ✬✝✦ ✦✧✬ ✧✠✝✫✫ ✝✰ ✚✱ ✬✠✝ ✯✙✱ ✙✦✜ ✠✙✮
✚✝✝✦ ✞✧✪ ✙ ✯✠✡✤✝ ☎✦ ✞✙✛✬ ✡✞ ✱✧✭✮✝ ★✭✪✛✠✙✫✝✜ ✦✝✯
✠✙✪✜✯✙✪✝ ✡✦ ✬✠✝ ✤✙✫✬ ✞✝✯ ✱✝✙✪✫ ✱✧✭ ✠✙✮✝✦✬ ✠✙✜
✚✭✬ ✬✧ ✢✭✥★ ✡✦✬✧ ✬✠✡✫ ✦✝✯ ✯✧✪✤✜ ✧✞ ✧★✝✪✙✬✡✦
✱✧✭✪✝ ✤✡✣✝ ✥✧✫✬ ★✝✧★✤✝ ✬✠✝✪✝ ✯✙✫ ✙ ✚✡✬ ✧✞ ★✫✱✛
✯✠✝✦ ✱✧✭ ✤✝✞✬ ✬✠✝ ✞✙✥✡✤✡✙✪ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✚✝✠✡✦✜ ✉✙✛ ☞
✡✫ ✙ ✪✝✥✙✪✣✙✚✤✝ ✙✛✠✡✝✮✝✥✝✦✬✷✞✙✫✬ ✫✬✙✚✤✝ ✙
★✧✯✝✪✞✭✤✷✫✧✬✠✝✬✪✙✦✫✡✬✡✧✦✠✙✫✚✝✝✦✥✧✫✬✯✧✪✬

☞✦ ✙ ✜✙✡✤✱ ✚✙✫✡✫ ✬✠✝ ✥✙✢✧✪ ✛✠✙✦✟✝ ✡✦ ✉✙✛ ☞✏

✟✪✙★✠✡✛✙✤ ✡✦✬✝✪✞✙✛✝ ✣✦✧✯✦ ✙✫ ✩✭✙ ✯✠✡✛✠ ✠✙
✚✭✬✬✧✦✫ ✙ ✦✝✯ ✙★★✝✙✪✙✦✛✝ ✙✦✜ ✝✮✝✦ ✙✦ ✝✦✬✡✪✝✤
✥✭✤✬✡✭✫✝✪ ✙✪✛✠✡✬✝✛✬✭✪✝ ✬✠✙✬ ✯✙✫ ✦✝✮✝✪ ✚✝✞✧✪✝
✬✠✝ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✓✠✙✬ ✱✧✭ ✥✡✟✠✬ ✦✧✬ ✠✙✮✝ ✪✝✙✤✡✲✝✜ ✠✧✯
✡✫ ✬✠✙✬ ✡✬ ✯✙✫ ✬✠✝ ✭✦✜✝✪★✡✦✦✡✦✟✫ ✧✞ ✬✠✝ ✧★✝✪
✬✠✙✬ ✛✠✙✦✟✝✜ ✬✠✝ ✥✧✫✬ ✡✦ ✬✠✝ ✭★✜✙✬✝ ✬✧ ✉✙✛ ☞✏
✬✠✙✬ ✱✧✭ ✦✧✯ ✠✙✮✝ ✙ ✬✪✝✥✝✦✜✧✭✫✤✱ ★✧✯✝✪✞✭✤ ☞
✪✭✦ ✬✠✧✭✫✙✦✜✫ ✧✞ ✧★✝✦ ✫✧✭✪✛✝ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫
✞✪✝✝ ✞✪✧✥ ✬✠✝ ☛✝✬ ✙✦✜ ✙ ✛✧✥✥✙✦✜✤✡✦✝ ✡✦✬✝✪✞✙
✥✙✣✝✫ ✝✮✝✦ ✬✠✝ ✥✧✫✬ ✛✧✥★✤✝✰ ✬✙✫✣ ✙ ✚✪✝✝✲✝ ✐✙
✓✡✦✜✧✯✫ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✯✧✭✤✜✦✬ ✝✮✝✦ ✜✪✝✙✥ ✧✞ ✙✬✬✝✥★
✬✠✙✬ ✧✤✜ ✉✙✛ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✯✧✭✤✜ ✚✝ ✙✤✤✧✛✙✬✡✦✟ ✠✧✭✪✫
✬✧✙✛✛✧✥★✤✡✫✠

☎✞ ✱✧✭ ✯✙✦✬ ✬✧ ✤✝✙✪✦ ✬✠✝ ✣✝✱ ★✠✪✙✫✝✫ ✚✝✦✝✙✬✠ ✉

✤✡✝✫ ✙✦ ✧★✝✪✙✬✡✦✟ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✛✙✤✤✝✜ ✑✦✡✰ ★✪
✱✧✭✦✡✛✣✫ ✫★✝✛✡✞✡✛✙✤✤✱ ✑ ✝✪✣✝✤✝✱✫ ✏ ✑✦✡✰ ✙✦
✬✠✝ ✉✙✛✠ ✣✝✪✦✝✤ ✙ ✥✭✤✬✡✭✫✝✪ ✥✭✤✬✡✬✙✫✣✡✦✟
✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✝✡✦✟ multiuser ✥✝✙✦✫ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✙✤✤✧✯✫
✥✭✤✬✡★✤✝ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✬✧ ✫✠✙✪✝ ✬✠✝ ✫✙✥✝ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✝✙✛✠
✧✯✦ ✫✝✬✬✡✦✟✫ ★✪✝✞✝✪✝✦✛✝✫ ✙✦✜ ✫✝★✙✪✙✬✝ ✞✡✤
✫✝✛✭✪✝✜ ✞✪✧✥ ✙✦✧✬✠✝✪ ✭✫✝✪✫ ★✪✱✡✦✟ ✝✱✝✫
multitasking ✥✝✙✦✫ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✛✙✦ ✝✙✫✡✤✱ ✪✭✦ ✥✙✦
✜✡✞✞✝✪✝✦✬ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✙✬ ✬✠✝ ✫✙✥✝ ✬✡✥✝ ✙✦✜ ✡
✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✛✪✙✫✠✝✫ ✧✪ ✠✙✦✟✫ ✬✠✝ ✝✦✬✡✪✝ ✫✱
✦✝✝✜ ✬✧ ✚✝ ✪✝✚✧✧✬✝✜ ✤✡✣✝ ✡✬ ✜✡✜ ✡✦ ✬✠✝ ★✙✫✬ ☎✦
✢✭✫✬ ✞✧✪✛✝ ✩✭✡✬ ✬✠✝ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦ ✬✠✙✬✫ ✛✙✭✫✡
✝✙✛✠ ✙✤✤ ✧✞ ✝✙✬✠ ✱✧✭ ✣✦✧✯ ✯✠✝✦ ✬✠✝ ✥✧✭✫✝ ★✧✡✦✬
✬✭✪✦✫ ✡✦✬✧ ✙ ✯✡✤✜✤✱ ✫★✡✦✦✡✦✟ ✛✧✤✧✪ ✯✠✝✝✤ ✬
✫✬✧★ ✪✧✬✙✬✡✦✟ ✙✦✜ ✥✧✮✝ ✙✤✧✦✟ ✤✡✣✝ ✦✧✬✠✡
✠✙★★✝✦✝✜

✐✠✝ ✞✙✛✬ ✬✠✙✬ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✠✙✫ ✑✦✡✰ ✭✦✜✝✪ ✬✠✝ ✠✧✧✜

✥✙✬✬✝✪ ✬✧ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✯✠✧ ✫✡✥★✤✱ ✯✙✦✬ ✬✧ ✭✫✝ ✡✬✫ ✫
✡✦✬✝✪✞✙✛✝ ✬✧ ✪✭✦ ✬✠✝✡✪ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✧✪ ✥✙✦
✭✬ ✡✬ ✧★✝✦✫ ✭★ ✙ ✯✧✪✤✜ ✧✞ ★✧✫✫✡✚✡✤✡✬✡✝✫ ✞✧
✯✙✦✬ ✬✧ ✜✡✟ ✙ ✤✡✬✬✤✝ ✜✝✝★✝✪ ✐✠✝ ✑✦✡✰ ✛✧✥✥✙
✡✦✬✝✪✞✙✛✝ ✯✠✡✛✠ ✡✫ ✙✛✛✝✫✫✡✚✤✝ ✬✠✪✧✭✟✠ ✬✠✝
✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦ /Applications/Utilities
★✪✧✮✡✜✝✫
✙✦ ✝✦✧✪✥✧✭✫ ✙✥✧✭✦✬ ✧✞ ★✧✯✝✪ ✞✧✪ ✡✦✬✝✪✥✝✜✡
✙✜✮✙✦✛✝✜ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✓✠✙✬✫ ✥✧✪✝ ✧✦✛✝ ✱✧✭✮✝ ✤✝✙✪✦✝✜
✑✦✡✰ ✡✦ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✱✧✭✤✤ ✙✤✫✧ ✚✝ ✙✚✤✝ ✬✧ ✭
✛✧✥✥✙✦✜ ✤✡✦✝ ✡✦ ✧✬✠✝✪ ✮✝✪✫✡✧✦✫ ✧✞ ✑✦✡✰ ✫
✂✪✝✝✏ ✯✠✡✛✠ ✡✫ ✯✠✝✪✝ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✜✝✪✡✮✝✫ ✡✬✫ ✑
✛✧✪✝✧✪✝✮✝✦✈✡✦✭✰
✐✠✡✫ ✚✧✧✣ ✡✫ ✜✝✫✡✟✦✝✜ ✬✧ ✬✝✙✛✠ ✉✙✛✡✦✬✧✫✠ ✭✫✝✪
✧✞ ✑✦✡✰ ✕✧✭✤✤ ✤✝✙✪✦ ✠✧✯ ✬✧ ✭✫✝ ✬✠✝ ✛✧✥✥✙✦
✯✠✡✛✠ ✑✦✡✰ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✪✝✞✝✪ ✬✧ shell ✙✫
✙✦✜✬✠✝
✬✠✝
✞✡✤✝✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✙✫ ✯✝✤✤ ✙✫ ✫✧✥✝ ✧✞ ✑✦✡✰✫ ✥✧✫✬
✛✧✥✥✙✦✜✫ ☎✤✤ ✙✤✫✧ ✟✡✮✝ ✱✧✭ ✙ ✬✧✭✪ ✧✞ ✫✧✥
✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✱✧✭ ✛✙✦ ✜✧✯✦✤✧✙✜ ✧✞✞ ✬✠✝ ☎✦✬✝
✯✡✬✠✡✦ ✔ ✬✠✝ ✑✦✡✰ ✟✪✙★✠✡✛✙✤ ✡✦✬✝✪✞✙✛✝ ✬✠✙✬✫
✯✡✬✠ ✱✧✭✪ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✙ ✞✪✝✝ ✚✭✬ ✧★✬✡✧✦✙
✯✡✬✠ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✜✡✫✛✭✫✫✝✜✠✙★✬✝✪
✡✦ ✜✝✬✙✡✤✑✦✡✰
✡✦ ✡✫
✙ ✛✧✥★✤✝✰ ✙✦✜ ★✧✯✝✪✞✭✤ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✫✧ ☎ ✛✙✦ ✧✦✤
✧✦✤✱ ✬✠✝ ✫✭✪✞✙✛✝ ✚✭✬ ☎✤✤ ✙✤✫✧ ✬✝✤✤ ✱✧✭ ✠✧✯ ✬✧
✑✦✡✰✣✦✧✯✤✝✜✟✝✧✦✛✝✱✧✭✪✝✪✝✙✜✱✞✧✪✥✧✪✝

Who This Book Is For

✐✠✡✫ ✚✧✧✣ ✡✫ ✞✧✪ ✫✙✮✮✱ ✉✙✛ ✭✫✝✪✫ ✯✠✧ ✙✪✝ ✛✧
✝✦✧✭✟✠ ✡✦ ✬✠✝✡✪ ✧✯✦ ✫✣✡✦ ✬✠✝ ✂✡✦✜✝✪ ✙✦✜ ✧✬✠
✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✚✭✬ ✙✤✫✧ ✯✙✦✬ ✬✧ ✤✝✙✪✦ ✥✧✪
✌✧✯✝✪ ✧✞ ✑✦✡✰ ✬✠✙✬ ★★✤✝ ✣✝✝★✫ ✬✙✤✣✡✦✟ ✙✚✧✭✬
✱✧✭✤✤ ✤✝✙✪✦ ✙✤✤ ✬✠✝ ✚✙✫✡✛ ✛✧✥✥✙✦✜✫ ✱✧✭ ✦✝
✫✬✙✪✬✝✜ ✯✡✬✠ ✑✦✡✰ ☎✦✫✬✝✙✜ ✧✞ ✚✭✪✱✡✦✟ ✱✧✭ ✯
✜✝✬✙✡✤✫ ☎ ✯✙✦✬ ✱✧✭ ✬✧ ✚✝ ✛✧✥✞✧✪✬✙✚✤✝ ✡✦
✝✦✮✡✪✧✦✥✝✦✬ ✙✫ ✫✧✧✦ ✙✫ ★✧✫✫✡✚✤✝ ✏✧ ☎ ✛✧
✛✧✥✥✙✦✜✫ ✥✧✫✬ ✭✫✝✞✭✤ ✞✝✙✬✭✪✝✫ ✡✦✫✬✝✙✜ ✧✞ ✜✝
✡✬✫ ✧★✬✡✧✦✫ ✡✦ ✜✝✬✙✡✤ ✦✜ ✤✝✬ ✥✝ ✬✝✤✤ ✱✧✭
✬✠✧✭✫✙✦✜✫ ✧✞ ✛✧✥✥✙✦✜✫ ✯✡✬✠ ✥✡✤✤✡✧✦✫ ✧✞ ✧★✬✡
★✧✯✝✪✞✭✤ ✭✬ ✞✧✪✬✭✦✙✬✝✤✱ ✡✬✫ ✢✭✫✬ ✙✫ ★✧✯
✠✝✤★✞✭✤ ✝✮✝✦ ✡✞ ✱✧✭ ✢✭✫✬ ✞✧✛✭✫ ✧✦ ✙ ✛✧✪✝ ✫
✟✪✙✜✭✙✤✤✱ ✤✝✙✪✦ ✥✧✪✝ ✙✫ ✱✧✭ ✦✝✝✜ ✙✜✜✡✬✡✧✦✙✤
✛✙★✙✚✡✤✡✬✡✝✫
Who This Book Isn't For
☎✞ ✱✧✭✪✝ ✫✝✝✣✡✦✟ ✙ ✚✧✧✣ ✬✠✙✬ ✬✙✤✣✫ ✙✚✧✭✬ ✠✧
✉✙✛ ✫✧✞✬✯✙✪✝ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✬✠✡✫ ✡✫✦✬ ✱✧✭✪ ✚
✡✬✫ ✩✭✡✬✝ ✠✝✤★✞✭✤ ✞✧✪ ✜✝✮✝✤✧★✝✪✫ ✬✧ ✠✙✮✝ ✙ ✞✡
✑✦✡✰ ✝✫✫✝✦✬✡✙✤✫ ✚✝✛✙✭✫✝ ✱✧✭ ✦✝✮✝✪ ✣✦✧✯ ✯✠✝
✟✧✡✦✟ ✬✧ ✦✝✝✜ ✬✠✝✥ ☎✞ ✱✧✭✪✝ ✙ ✛✧✥★✤✝✬✝ ✚✝✟✡✦✦✝
✙✪✝ ✧✛✛✙✫✡✧✦✙✤✤✱ ✫✬✱✥✡✝✜ ✚✱ ✯✠✝✪✝ ✬✠✝ ✫✝✛✧
✚✭✬✬✧✦ ✯✝✦✬ ✬✠✡✫ ✥✡✟✠✬ ✚✝ ✙ ✚✝✬✬✝✪ ✚✧✧✣ ✬✧ ★
✫✠✝✤✞✭✦✬✡✤✱✧✭✪✝✥✧✪✝✛✧✥✞✧✪✬✙✚✤✝✯✡✬✠✱✧✭✪✉✙

✂✡✦✙✤✤✱ ✡✞ ✱✧✭ ✤✡✮✝ ✙✦✜ ✚✪✝✙✬✠✝ ✑✦✡✰ ✝✮✝✪✱ ✜✙

✡✫ ★✪✧✚✙✚✤✱ ✬✧✧ ✚✙✫✡✛ ✞✧✪ ✱✧✭ ☎ ✙✤✫✧ ✜✧✦✬
✑✦✡✰ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✙✜✥✡✦✡✫✬✪✙✬✡✧✦ ✧✪ ✉✙✛ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✙
✞✪✧✥ ✬✠✝ ✛✧✥✥✙✦✜ ✤✡✦✝ ✂✧✪ ✝✰✙✥★✤✝ ✡✞ ✱✧✭ ✙
✣✦✧✯ ✯✠✙✬ ✙ ✌☎ ✡✫ ✙✦✜kill✙
✠✧✯ ✬✧
★✪✧✟✪✙✥ ✬✠✡✫
✚✧✧✣ ✡✫ ★✪✧✚✙✚✤✱ ✚✝✦✝✙✬✠ ✱✧✭✪ ✫✣✡✤✤ ✤✝✮✝✤ ✭✬
✣✦✧✯ ✯✠✙✬ ✬✠✙✬ ✥✝✙✦✫ ✧✪ ✡✞ ✱✧✭✪✝ ✫✧✥✝✯✠✝✪
✚✝✬✯✝✝✦✱✧✭✮✝✞✧✭✦✜✬✠✝✪✡✟✠✬✚✧✧✣
A Brief History of Unix
✐✠✝ ✉✙✛✡✦✬✧✫✠ ✫✬✙✪✬✝✜ ✧✭✬ ✯✡✬✠ ✙ ✫✡✦✟✤✝✬✙✫✣
✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✬✠✙✬ ✙✤✤✧✯✝✜ ✫✡✥★✤✝ ✫✯✡✬✛✠✡✦✟
✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✬✠✪✧✭✟✠ ✙✦ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦ ✛✙✤✤
✉✧✪✝ ✪✝✛✝✦✬ ✮✝✪✫✡✧✦✫ ✧✞ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✠✙✮✝ ✫✭★★✧✪✬✝
✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✪✭✦✦✡✦✟ ✫✡✥✭✤✬✙✦✝✧✭✫✤✱ ✚✭✬
✬✠✝ ✤✙✦✜✥✙✪✣ ✪✝✤✝✙✫✝ ✧✞ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✬✠✙✬ ✬✪✭✝ ✥✭
✙✪✪✡✮✝✜ ✡✦ ✬✠✝ ✉✙✛✡✦✬✧✫✠ ✯✧✪✤✜ ✓✡✬✠ ✉✙✛ ☞
✉✙✛✡✦✬✧✫✠ ✙★★✤✡✛✙✬✡✧✦✫ ✪✭✦ ✡✦ ✫✝★✙✪✙✬✝ ✥✝✥
✉✙✛ ✡✫ ✙ ✬✪✭✝ ✥✭✤✬✡✭✫✝✪ ✫✱✫✬✝✥ ✬✠✙✬ ✙✤✫✧ ✞✡
★✪✧★✝✪✞✡✤✝✤✝✮✝✤✫✝✛✭✪✡✬✱

✐✧ ✙✛✛✧✥★✤✡✫✠ ✬✠✝✫✝ ✡✥★✪✧✮✝✥✝✦✬✫ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✥

✢✭✥★ ✞✪✧✥ ✙ ★✪✧★✪✡✝✬✙✪✱ ✭✦✜✝✪✤✱✡✦✟ ✧
✝✦✮✡✪✧✦✥✝✦✬ ✬✧ ✑✦✡✰ ✉✙✛ ☞✏ ✔ ✡✫ ✚✭✡✤✬ ✧✦
✙✪✯✡✦ ✙ ✮✝✪✫✡✧✦ ✧✞ ✑✦✡✰ ✚✙✫✝✜ ✧✦ ✏ ✈✡✬✝
✂✪✝✝✏ ☛✝✬✏ ✙✦✜✬✠✝✉✙✛✠✥✡✛✪✧✣✝✪✦✝✤

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