JDBC
1.What is JDBC?
JDBC is an acronym for Java Database Connectivity, it is an API which helps to connect a
java program or application to the database.
2.Who are Database vendors? Name any 5 database vendors?
A database vendor is an entity that offers one or more databases to customers for
license or sale.
Some of the top database vendors are
MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Microsoft SQL Server, and Redis etc...
3.What is Database driver software and who provides it?
A database driver is a computer program that implements a protocol (ODBC or JDBC) for
a database connection.
The driver works like an adaptor which connects a generic interface to a specific
database vendor implementation.
Database driver is provided by the vendor of the particular database.
4.Explain Class.forName();
The forName() method of java.lang.Class class is used to get the instance of this Class
with the specified class name. This class name is specified as the string parameter.
Syntax:
public static Class<T> forName(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException
Parameter:
This method accepts the parameter className which is the Class for which its instance
is required.
Return Value:
This method returns the instance of this Class with the specified class name.
5.Explain registerDriver() method
The registerDriver() method of the Driver Manager class accepts an object of the diver
class as a parameter and, registers it with the JDBC driver manager.
6.What are the different ways of loading and registering the drivers in JDBC.
To connect with a database using JDBC we need to select, get the driver for the
respective database and register the driver.
You can register a database driver in two ways −
1.Using Class.forName() method −
The forName() method of the class named Class accepts a class name as a String
parameter and loads it into the memory, soon it is loaded into the memory it gets
registered automatically.
2. Using the registerDriver() method −
The registerDriver() method of the DriverManager class accepts an object of the diver
class as a parameter and, registers it with the JDBC driver manager.
7.What are the different ways of getting a connection object in JDBC.
JDBC application connects to a target data source using one of two classes:
DriverManager:
This fully implemented class connects an application to a data source, which is specified
by a database URL.
Connecting to your DBMS with the DriverManager class involves calling the
method DriverManager.getConnection() which returns connection object.
When this class first attempts to establish a connection, it automatically loads any JDBC
4.0 drivers found.
Data Source:
Objects instantiated by classes that implement the Data Source represent a particular
DBMS or some other data source, such as a file.
8.What is properties file?
The properties object contains key and value pair both as a string.
The java.util.Properties class is the subclass of Hashtable.
It can be used to get property value based on the property key. The Properties class
provides methods to get data from the properties file and store data into the properties
file. Moreover, it can be used to get the properties of a system.
9.Explain with an example how to read the data from properties file?
To get information from the properties file, create the properties file first.
example,
Now, let's create the java class to read the data from the properties file.
10.What is Connection in JDBC?
A Connection is a session between a Java application and a database.
It helps to establish a connection with the database.
The Connection interface is a factory of Statement, PreparedStatement, and
DatabaseMetaData, i.e., an object of Connection can be used to get the object of
Statement and DatabaseMetaData.
The Connection interface provide many methods for transaction management like
commit(), rollback(), setAutoCommit(), setTransactionIsolation(), etc.
11.What is Result Set?
The result set is an object that represents a set of data returned from a data source,
usually as the result of a query.
It is an Interface.
12.Explain few methods of Result Set.
public boolean next():
Used to move the cursor to the one row next from the current position.
public boolean previous():
Used to move the cursor to the one row previous from the current position.
public boolean first():
Used to move the cursor to the first row in result set object.
public boolean last():
Used to move the cursor to the last row in result set object.
public boolean absolute(int row):
Used to move the cursor to the specified row number in the ResultSet object.
public boolean relative(int row):
Used to move the cursor to the relative row number in the ResultSet object, it may be
positive or negative.
public int getInt(int columnIndex):
Used to return the data of specified column index of the current row as int.
public int getInt(String columnName):
Used to return the data of specified column name of the current row as int.
public String getString(int columnIndex):
Used to return the data of specified column index of the current row as String.
public String getString(String columnName):
Used to return the data of specified column name of the current row as String.
13.What is Statement?
The statement interface is used to create SQL basic statements in Java it provides
methods to execute queries with the database.
There are different types of statements that are used in JDBC as follows:
1. Create Statement
2. Prepared Statement
3. Callable Statement
14.What is Create statement
It is used for general-purpose access to your database. Useful when you are using static
SQL statements at runtime. The Statement interface cannot accept parameters.
15.What is Prepared statement
Prepared Statement represents a recompiled SQL statement, that can be executed many
times.
This accepts parameterized SQL queries. In this, “?” is used instead of the parameter,
one can pass the parameter dynamically by using the methods of PREPARED STATEMENT
at run time.
Statement Prepared Statement
It is used when SQL query is to be It is used when SQL query is to be
executed only once. executed multiple times.
You cannot pass parameters at runtime. You can pass parameters at runtime.
Used for CREATE, ALTER, DROP Used for the queries which are to be
statements. executed multiple times.
Performance is very low. Performance is better than Statement.
It is base interface. It extends statement interface.
Used to execute normal SQL queries. Used to execute dynamic SQL queries.
We cannot use statement for reading We can use Prepared statement for
binary data. reading binary data.
It is used for DDL statements. It is used for any SQL Query.
We cannot use statement for writing We can use Prepared statement for
binary data. writing binary data.
No binary protocol is used for Binary protocol is used for communication.
communication.
16.Explain difference between Statement and Prepared Statement
17.What is the difference between execute(), executeQuery() and
executeUpdate()
execute():
This method is used to execute SQL DDL statements, it returns a boolean value
specifying weather the ResultSet object can be retrieved.
executeUpdate():
This method is used to execute statements such as insert, update, delete. It returns an
integer value representing the number of rows affected.
executeQuery():
This method is used to execute statements that returns tabular data (example select). It
returns an object of the class ResultSet.
18.What are placeholders or delimiters
Placeholders in sample code and commands represent values that the user must replace
when they use the sample input.
All parameters in JDBC are represented by the “?” symbol, which is known as the
parameter marker.
You must supply values for every parameter before executing the SQL statement.
The setXXX() methods bind values to the parameters, where XXX represents the Java
data type of the value you wish to bind to the input parameter.
If you forget to supply the values, you will receive an SQLException.
19.
20.How do we achieve batch execution
Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with Statement Object −
Create a Statement object using createStatement() method.
Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created
statement object.
Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement
object.
Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.
Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with PrepareStatement
Object −
Create SQL statements with placeholders.
Create PrepareStatement object using prepareStatement() method.
Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created
statement object.
Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement
object.
Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.
21.What is Connection pool, write a program to achieve connection pool.
Establishing JDBC connections is resource-expensive, especially when the JDBC API is
used in a middle-tier server environment. In this type of environment, performance can
be improved significantly when connection pooling is used.
Connection pooling means that connections are reused rather than created each time a
connection is requested. To facilitate connection reuse, a memory cache of database
connections, called a connection pool, is maintained by a connection pooling module as
a layer on top of any standard JDBC driver product.
Connection pooling is performed in the background and does not affect how an
application is coded; however, the application must use a DataSource object (an object
implementing the DataSource interface) to obtain a connection instead of using the
DriverManager class.
Program:
To Create Connection pool
To Get connection from the pool we will write,
Closing the connection,
23.What is metadata?
Much of what you have done with JDBC so far requires you to know a lot about the
database you are using, including the capabilities of the database engine and the data
model against which you are operating. Requiring this level of knowledge may not bother
you much, but JDBC does provide the tools to free you from these limitations. These tools
come in the form of meta-data.
The term “meta” here means information about your data that does not interest the end
users at all, but which you need to know in order to handle the data.
JDBC provides two meta-data classes:
java.sql.ResultSetMetaData and java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.
The meta-data described by these classes was included in the original JDBC ResultSet
and Connection classes. The team that developed the JDBC specification decided instead
that it was better to keep the ResultSet and Connection classes small and simple to
serve the most common database requirements.
The extra functionality could be served by creating meta-data classes to provide the
often-esoteric information required by a minority of developers.
As its name implies, the ResultSetMetaData class provides extra information
about ResultSet objects returned from a database query. This class provides you with
answers to the following questions:
How many columns are in the result set?
Are column names case-sensitive?
Can you search on a given column?
Is NULL a valid value for a given column?
How many characters is the maximum display size for a given column?
What label should be used in a display header for the column?
What is the name of a given column?
What table did a given column come from?
What is the datatype of a given column?
The DatabaseMetaData class relates to the Connection class (in spite of the naming
inconsistency).
The DatabaseMetaData class provides methods that tell you about the database for a
given Connection object, including:
What tables exist in the database visible to the user?
What username is being used by this connection?
Is this database connection read-only?
What keywords are used by the database that are not SQL2?
Does the database support column aliasing?
Are multiple result sets from a single execute() call supported?
Are outer joins supported?
What are the primary keys for a table? Etc.
