GLOBAL CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY (TGLOBE)

MIDTERM

GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOURISM IN EAST ASIA

The home of the Asia’s largest country, China and the largest desert, Gobi Desert.
6 Political States:
1.China
2.Mongolia
3.North Korea
4.South Korea
5.Japan
6.Taiwan
2 Special Administrative Regions (SAR):
1.Hong Kong
2.Macau
Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau are countries associated with mainland China.

Region’s Major Rivers:

1.Yellow River (Huang He)
2.Long River (Chan Jiang)
3.West River (Xi Jiang)

Countries: 6 countries (2 SARs)

Largest Country: China
Biggest Island: Japan
Longest River: Yangtze River
Highest Mountain: Mt. Jade Mountain (Yushan)

TAIWAN or the Republic of China (ROC)

Formerly known as “Formosa”, which means “beautiful”.
It is surrounded by Japan in the North and Philippines in the South.
Major Tourist Attractions:
 Taipei 101. Country’s tallest skyscraper
 National Museum of History. Showcases Taiwan’s Historical Treasures
 National Palace Museum. Exhibits Chinese imperial arts and artifacts collections
 National Taiwan Museum
Taiwan is also famous for its pearl milk tea or bubble milk tea.

Capital: Taipei
Currency: Taiwan New Dollar (NTD)
Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam
Carrier: China Airlines (CI) and EVA Air (BR)
Language : Taiwanese Mandarin (Hakka and indigenous dialects)
Major International Airports: Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE), Kaohsiung International Airport (KHH),
Taichung International Airport (TXG), and Taipei Songshan Airport (TSA)
JAPAN (Nihon or Nippon)
Alson known as the “Land of the Rising Sun”.
8 Regions:
1.Kanto (Tokyo is located)
2.Chubu
3.Hokkaido
4.Kansai
5.Kyushu
6.Shikuko
7.Chugoku
8.Tohoku
Major Gateways:
1.Narita International Airport (NRT)
2.Haneda International Airport(HND)
Most Attractive Tourist Attractions:
 Ginza District. Shopping district consisting of luxury brands
 The Imperial Palace. Serves as the house of the Imperial Family.
 Tokyo Skytree. Tallest skyscraper in Japan
 Tokyo Disneyland and Disney Sea. Popular theme parks in Tokyo.
4 Seasons:(marked with spectacular sceneries)
1.Spring (March to May)cherry blossom season to view
2.Winter (December to February. Perfect time to visit Japan’s ski destinations and to experience onsen (hot spring)
3.Summer(june to Mid-September). Best to observe Japan’s festivals such as the Gion Festival in Kyoto, a festival
registered in UNESCO intangible cultural heritage.
4.Fall (September to November). Good to see the country covered with colorful leaves.
Ramen and Sushi are among the popular Japanese foods.
Sumo (Japanese-style wrestling) and Budo (Kendo) are Japanese martial arts.
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage:
1.Noh (Musical Drama)
2.Banraku (puppet theater)
3.Kabuki (dance drama)
Japan’s Shrine dedicated to practicing Shinto, the Country’s National Religion:
1.Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine
2.Monotosumi Inari Shrine
3.Usa Shrine
4.Arakura Sengen Shrine
Some Registered World Cultural Heritage Sites:
1.Yama-dera Temple
2.Zenkoji Temple
3. Phoenix Hall at Byodo-in Temple
Punctuality is one of the distinct characteristics of Japanese.
Japanese are formal in introduction.
Bowing is customary. It is considered rude to use one finger in point for something. Use the whole hand instead.
Some useful Japanese words and phrases:
Good morning - Ohayo gozaimasu
How are you? - O-genki-desu ka?
Thank you - Arigato
You’re welcome - Do-itashi-mashite
Goodbye - Sayo-nara
I’m sorry - Gomen-nasai
Please - dozo
Excuse me - Gomen nasai/sumimasen
Good evening - Konbanwa
Good afternoon - Konnichiwa
Yes - hai
No - iie

Capital: Tokyo
Currency: Yen (JYP)
Language: Japanese
Religion: Buddhism and Shintoism
Carrier: Japan Airlines (JL)
Major International Airports: Osaka International Airport (OSA), Narita International Airport (NRT), Kansai
International Airport (KIX), and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) (HND)

HONG KONG(officially known as Xianggang Special Administrative Region)

The name Hong Kong originated from the Cantonese words “heung gong”, which literally means “fragrant harbor”.
It was a former colony of the British until 1997.
Hong Kong is also known by tourists as a shopping district.
Shopping areas:
  Sneaker Street
 Stanley Street
 Ladies Market
 Mongkok (one of densely populated shopping areas)
 Harbour City at Tsim Sha Tsui offers numerous brands
Some attractions to visit:
 Ocean Park
 Disneyland
 Avenue of Stars
 The Peak and Sky 100

Capital: Victoria
Currency: HK Dollar (HKD)
Languages: Chinese and English
Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam
Carrier: Cathay Pacific Airways or Cathay Pacific (CX)
Major International Airport: Hong Kong International Airport (HKG

MACAU (Macau Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China)

It was a former Portuguese colony untill 1999.
It is famous for its casinos, which helped it gain the title “Las Vegas of Asia”.
Most visted attractions:
 The Ruins of St. Paul Cathedra, which is considered as its landmark
 Macau Tower Convention Entertainment Center, a place to experience the revolving restaurant, bungee
jumping, and skywalk
 The Senate Square, Golden Lotus Plaza, and Taipa Houses Museum at Avenida de Praia, Taipa, Macao

Capital: Macao
Currency: Macanese Pataca (MOP)
Languages: Cantonese
Religions: Roman Catholicism, Buddhism, Protestanism, and others
Carrier: Air Macao (NX)
Major International Airport: Macau International Airport (MFM)

SOUTH KOREA (Republic of Korea)

Occupies the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.
Seoul is where the most significant royal palaces of Joseon are situated.
These Palaces have become a major historical heritage of Seoul:
 Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, the main and most important royal palace.
 Changdeonkgung Palace, one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Deoksugong Palace
 Gyonghuigung Palace
 Changgyonggung Palace
 National Palace Museum of Korea, houses some of the relics of the major palaces.
Other tourist attractions:
 Lotte World
 N Seoul Tower
 Bukchon Hanok Village
 Namiseom Island
 National Museum of Korea
 The DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
Shopping Area:
 Itaewon
 Myeong-dong
 Insa-dong
 Underground shopping centers in Gangnam station
 Underground shopping centers in Seomyom, Busan

Shopping for Korean beauty products has gained popularity among the international visitors.
Hansik - meaning Korean food
Traditionally, Korean food is served with rice or known as bap, an essential part of Korean meal together with
several side dishes also known as banchan.
Kimchi (fermented and seasoned vegetable), another renowned side dish
Bulgogi, thinly sliced marinated meat (beef, pork or chicken).
Bibimbap, a bowl of rice topped with vegetables and meat and served with gochujang sauce.
Japchae, a dish comprising of sweet potato noodles, beef and stir-fried vegetables.
Hanok - a Korean houses.
Hanbok - traditional attire, worn during special holidays.
Other tourist attractions:
 Lotte World
 N Seoul Tower
  Bukchon Hanok Village
 Namiseom Island
 National Museum of Korea
 The DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)

Shopping Area:
 Itaewon
 Myeong-dong
 Insa-dong
 Underground shopping centers in Gangnam station
 Underground shopping centers in Seomyom, Busan

Shopping for Korean beauty products has gained popularity among the international visitors.
Some of the useful Korean words and phrases:
Hello! / Hi! - An-nyong ha-se-yo
Thank you - Kasa-ham-ni-da
Please - Ju-se-yo

Capital: Seoul
Currency: Won (KRW)
Language: Korean (Hangeul - Korean alphabets)
Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianisam, and Islam
Carriers: Korean Air (KE) and Asiana Airlines (OZ)
Major International Airports: Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Jeju International Airport (CJU)

CHINA (People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Is the largest country in East Asia.
Beijing, as the capital and seat of economic, political, and cultural affairs, is also one of the ancient cities of the
country.
Some tourist attractions:
 The Great Wall of China, a UNESCO World Heritage site
 The Imperial Palace known as the Forbidden City
 The Temple of Heaven and Ming’s Tomb
 Shanghai, China’s largest city and commercial hub.
 Shanghai Tower
 Yu Garden
 Shanghai Disneyland
 Shanghai Museum
 Xi’an, another ancient capital is famous for its Ancient City Wall and Terracotta Warriors, a UNESCO
World Heritage site.
 Yangtze or Yangzi River, the longest river in China and in Asia, a famous as a cruise destination
The people of China (Chinese) are mostly practitioners of one of the three main religions and philosophers:
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
Country’s culture and traditions:
 Chinese put high importance on family and its structure
 Pay great respect to elders.
 Punctual (A Chinese virtue)
 Never write in red ink. It is a sign of protest.
 Never show your affection in public
 Be familiar of the rules in using chopstick (e.g., don’t put chopstick upright in your food)
 Put your shoes off when entering someone’s home
 Be mindful when you offer or plan to give a gift to a Chinese. Make sure it does not bring bad luck.
(Never hand a gift in four)
 The host pays the bil
Other significant festivals that represents Chinese culture:
Spring Festival (Chinese New Year)
Lantern Festival
Qingming or Tomb Sweeping Festival
Dragon Boat Festival
Mid-Autumn Festival

Capital: Beijing
Currency: Renminbi (RMB)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism, Islam, and Protestantism
Carrier: Air China (CA)
Major International Airport: Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Shanghai Pudong International Airport
(PVG), Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN), Sunan Shuofang International Airport (WUX), Zhuhai
International Airport (ZUH), and Guilin Liangjiang International Airport (KWI)
MONGOLIA
A landlocked country in East Asia, is bordered by Russia and China.
The capital and the largest city is Ulaanbaatar (sometimes spelled as Ulan Bator).
The people in Mongolia are believers of Buddhism or Shamanism.
The nomadic way of life is still a practice in Mongolia. Raining camels, sheep, goats, horses, yaks, and cattle.
Ger is the traditional dwelling place of the people.
Throat Singing or Khoomei, is a distinct Mongolian music.
Mongolian UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
 Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountains and its surroundings sacred landscapes
 Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape
 Petrogylyphic Complexes of Mongolian Altai
 Landscapes of Dauria
 Nuur Basin

Capital: Ulaanbaatar or Ulan Bator

Currency: Mongolian Tughrik (MNT)
Language: Mongolian
Religions: Buddhism and Shamanism
Carrier: Mongolian Airlines (OM)
Major International Airport: Chinggis Khaan International Airport (ULN)

NORTH KOREA (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)

Occupies the northern part of the Korean peninsula.
It is bordered by China and Russia.
It showcases North Korea’s significant monuments and towers.

Capital: Pyongyang
Currency: Won (KPW)
Language: Korean (Hangeul - Korean alphabets)
Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucianism
Carrier: Air Koryo (JS)
Major International Airport: Pyongyang Sunan International Airport (FNJ)
GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOURISM IN SOUTH ASIA OR SOUTHERN ASIA

Known as the Indian subcontinent.

8 Nations:
1. Bhutan
2. Bangladesh
3. India
4. Nepal
5. Pakistan
6. Afghanistan
7. Maldives (Island country)
8. Sri Lanka (Island country)
**All these countries are members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an
organization that was established in the 1985, aiming to promote the welfare of the people in South Asia.
It as also the birthplace of Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism

MALDIVES (Republic of Maldives)

An archipelago situated south of India. It is a tourist destination popular for its white sand beaches and resorts.
Coconut, fish, and starch are ,ain ingredients in the Maldivian cuisine.
Coconut drink serves as a welcome drink for the guests.
Mas huni is a common breakfast served by Maldivians. Composed of tuna, chili, coconut, and onion.
Roshi a flat bread, is often found in every meal.
Bodu Beru a music and dance performance showcasing the country’s culture.

Capital: Male
Currency: Maldivian Rufiyaa (MVR)
Religions: Islam
Language: Dhivehi
Carrier: Maldivian (Q2)
Major International Airports: Male International Airport (MLE)

INDIA (Republic of India)

Is the largest of the eight countries in Southeast Asia; it occupies a huge portion of the region.
New Delhi is the national capital of India.
India is the birthplace of Buddhism, great epic such as Mahabharata and Ramayana, and Mahatma Gandhi-India’s
great political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent independence movement.
Varanasi (Benares) is a pilgrimage destination and a scared place for Hindus.
Diwali (Deepavali) - Festivals of lights, which is considered to be the most significant celebration in India practiced
by Hindus and non-Hindus.
Genesh Chaturthi Festival is a dedicated to honor Lord Ganesh.
Budh Poornima - a celebration for the birth of Buddha.
Some UNESCO Wolrd Heritage sites:
 Taj Mahal - a white marble mausoleum for Taj Mahal, the wife of Emperor Shan Jahan
 Agra Fort - historical for served as the residence of the Mughal emperors
 Hiatoric City of Ahmadabad - walled city is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was founded by Sultan
Ahmad Shah
 Churches and Convents of Goa - composed of Roman Catholic spiritual edifices
 Ellora Caves - large sacred rock-cut temples
 Jaipur City - known as “pink city”

Capital: New Delhi

Currency: India Rupee (INR)
Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Christianity
Language: Hindi and English
Carrier: Air India (AI)
Major International Airports: Chattrapathi Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Bangalore Bengaluru International
Airport (BLR), New Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL), Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International
Airport (HYD), and Chennai Meenambarkkam International Airport (MAA)

NEPAL (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal)

Is a landlocked country bordered by India and China.
Kathmandu is the cultural, political, and the largest city of the country.
Indra Jatra Festival (Indra, King of Heaven and god of Rain; Jatra, procession), a festival where the living Goddess
Kumari would go out of her residence for a pocession to thank Indra.
Eating beef is forbidden among Hindu, as cows are sacred to them.
Right hand is considered to be pure and used for eating, receiving, giving, and paying.
Eating using the right hand is part of Nepal’s culture, and most of them do not use utensils.
Bhat (boiled rice), tarkari (curried vegetables), momos (dumplings) are their regular food.
Mayadevi Temple in Lumbini - where Nepal people holds one of the significant spiritual sites for Buddhists, the
birthplace of Buddha and a pilgrimage site for Buddhists.
Known as the home of the highest mountains in the world:
a. Mt. Everest d. Cho Oyu
b. Lhotse e. Manasla
c. Annapurna f. Makalu

Capital: Kathmandu
Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR)
Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism
Language: Nepali
Carrier: Nepal Airline (RA)
Major International Airports: Tribhuvan International Airport (KTM)

BHUTAN (Dzongkha)
Is known by its people as “Land of the Thunder Dragon”, a landlocked country bordered by India and China.
Bhutanese called themselves as People of Drukpa
Punakha the previous ancient capital.
Gho - traditional clothing of men
Kira - traditional clothing of women.
Drukpa Kagyu (Mahayana Buddhism), the country’s religion that contributed in shaping their culture.
Some of the tourist attractions to visit:
 National Memorial Chorten, a landmark in the memory of the nation’s third king, His Majesty Jigme
Dorji Wangchuk, and a symbol of peace.
 Tiger Nests, a monastery that hang on the cliff
 Gangtey Valley, a beautiful valley in the Himalayas; called by many as “Shangri-La of Bhutan”
 Trashi Yantze, a destination that is rich in Bhutanese arts.

Capital: Thimpu
Currency: Ngultrum (BTN)
Religions: Buddhism
Language: Hindu and English
Carrier: Druk Air(KB)
Major International Airports: Paro Internatiomal Airport (PBH)

BANGLADESH (People’s Republic of Bangladesh)

Bordered by India in the west and north and Myanmar in the East.
Bulock carts, buffalo carts, tomtom (a horse cart) - are rural transportation.
Palki (vehicle carried by men), used for weddings
Sari (Saree), is the female garment.
Some tourist attractions:
Ahsan Manjil (The Pink Palace), an important architectural structure
Sixty Dome Mosque, a UNESCO World Heriatage site
Sonargoan, an old capital and the home of the country’s Folk Art Museum
Capital: Dhaka
Currency: Bangladesh Taka (BDT)
Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam
Language: Bengali
Carrier: Biman Bangladesh Airline (BG)
Major International Airports: Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport (DAC)

SRI LANKA (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Formerly known as Ceylon.
Boasts its colonial heritage and some of its tourist attractions such as:
 Dutch Period Museum, a 17th century Dutch buildings that reveals Dutch colonial rule
 Holy Gangaramaya Temple, one of the biggest Buddhist temple in Sri Lanka
 National Museum of Colombo, founded by Sir William Henry Gregory
 Galle Face Green, a coastal park situated in the business district of Colombo
 The Old City Anuradhapura, the first capital that offers cultural attractions

Capital: Colombo
Currency: Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam
Language: Sinhalese and Tamil
Carrier: Sri Lankan Airlines (UL)
Major International Airports: Bandaranaike International Airport (CMB)

PAKISTAN (Islamic Republic of Pakistan)

Islamabad, means “City of Islam”, the capital.
Karachi , the main seaport and largest city.
Some of the tourist attractions:
 Pakistan Monument, Islamabad, a significant monument that represents the nation’s provinces and
territories.
 Mohatta Palace, Karachi, a palace with an intricately designed facade
 Anarkali Bazaar, Lahore, among the oldest market that is known for its tradition food stalls
 Faisal Masjid, Islamabad, an architectural structure designed by a Turkish Architect found in the capital
city
 Sheesh Mahal, Lahore, a UNESCO World Heritage site also known as Palace of Mirrors

Capital: Islamabad
Currency: Pakistan Rupee (PKR)
Religions: Islam
Language: Urdu and English
Carrier: Pakistan International Airlines (PK)
Major International Airports: Jinnah International Airport (KHI)

AFGHANISTAN (Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)

Bordered by the following countries: Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran
Some of the country’s places of interests:
 Band-e Amir, composed of several lakes and the country’s first national park
 Tora Bora, a cave complex rested within the white mountains
 Minaret of Jam, a 650meter-tall minaret found in Ghor Province and is UNESCO World Heritage site.

A minaret is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim
call to prayer from a muezzin, but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence. They can have a
variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires

Capital: Kabul
Currency: Afghani (AFN)
Religions: Islam
Language: Dari and Pashto
Carrier: Ariana Afghan Airlines (FG)
Major International Airports: Hamid Karzai International Airport (KBL)
GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOURISM IN WEST ASIA OR WESTERN ASIA

Countries:
a. Jordan i. Israel
b. Saudi Arabia j. Bahrain
c. Lebanon k. Oman
d. Qatar l. Kuwait
e. Iraq m. Armenia
f. Iran n. Turkey
g. Syria o. United Arab Emirates
h. Yemen p. Azerbaijan
i. Georgia

**Home of most of the popular religions in the world: Islam, Christianity and Judaism

JORDAN (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan)

Named after the Jordan River.
This Arab Muslim nation is famous for its historical religious sites such as Petra (also called “Rose City”), the
country’s landmark.
It has been mentioned in the biblical Old Testament and has become one of the biblical Old Testament and has
become one of the places visited in the holy land pilgrimage.
Other pilgrimage sites:
 Bethany, the place where John the Baptist baptized Jesus
 Mount Nebo, which is believed to be the location where Moses saw the Promised Land
Serving food to their invited guests is their way of showing their hospitable characteristics.
Usual ingredients of their food are cheese, grains, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables.
Lamb is the main ingredient of their traditiona food called Mansaf.
Sand bottles are among the crafts that has been said to have originated in the country.

Capital: Amman
Currency: Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic (official) and English
Carrier: Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJ)
Major International Airports: Queen Alia International Airport (AMM)

ISRAEL (State of Israel)

Most popularly known as “The Holy Land”, holds a significant religious heritage sites.
It attracts pilgrim all over the world.
Jerusalem, capital and center of the Holy Land is the place where Jesus was crucified and had risen.
Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows), pilgrims take a walk down to visit the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which is
said to be the site of Jesus’ cruxifixion.

Significant destinations in the life of Jesus Christ (for Christians):

 Nazareth, the hometown of Jesus Christ
 Basilica of the Annunciation, the site where angel Gabriel announced to Mary that she would be carrying
the Son of God
 Bethlehem, the birthplace of Jesus Christ
 Mount of Beatitudes, the location where Jesus said to have delivered his teachings
 Sea of Galilee
 Church of St. Joseph
 Capernaum
 Church of First Miracle in Cana

For Muslim believers, Jerusalem is the third holiest city after Mecca and Medina.
Other significant places:
 al-Aqsa Mosque
 Dome of the Rock, the place where Prophet Mohammed was said to arise into heaven.
Israel is the land of the Jewish people. Some of the significant religious sites:
 Mount of Olives
 Mount Sinai
 Rachel’s Tomb
 The Western Wall
 Temple Mount, the most sacred site in Judaism.
Kashrut, a Jewish dietary regulations that is being observed by the Jewish people.
Kosher, a Hebrew word that means “fit or proper”, are foods that are permitted to be consumed based on the Jewish
dietary law.
Kosher foods are chategorized into:
 Meat, refers to all meat and fowl including its by-products (bones, soup, or gravy). It should meet the
standards and requirements to qualify as kosher.
 Dairy, foods that contain milk like butter, yogurt, cheese, and even foods that contain a little amount of
dairy can make a food fall under this category. Some of the criteria to be followed are dairy must come
from a kosher animal and ingredients must also be kosher, as well as the equipment to be used for
producing, processing, and packaging
 Pareve, foods that is not meat nor dairy like fish, eggs, fruits, vegetables, grains, pasta, beverages like
coffee, tea, soft drinks and other candies and snacks

Capital: Jerusalem
Currency: Shekel (ILS)
Religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Language: Hebrew (official), Arabic, and English
Carrier: EL AL Israel Airlines (LY)
Major International Airports: Ben Gurion Airport (TLV)

Constitute a huge part of the Arabian Peninsula.

Sorrounded by countries:
a. Yemen e. Iraq
b. Oman f. Jordan
c. Bahrain g. United Arab Emirates
d. Kuwait h. Qatar

SAUDI ARABIA (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)

The country houses important holy sites for Islam believers.
Makkah and Madinah are the sites visited by Muslim pilgrims.
Makkah draws Muslims from different countries all over the world during the season of Hajj (annual Islamic
pilgrimage) and the holy month Ramadan.
Islam is the state religion, and it is also the foundation of the country’s legal system, government, teachings,
tradition, and customs.
Islamic dietary law defines food are permitted to be consumed or halal and which foods are considered as haram or
forbidden.
Halal food is defined as food permitted to be eaten based on the Islamic Law.
Haram foods are pork (non certified meat and poultry and any product prepared with alcohol or animal fats),
ingredients like alcohol, animal fat, gelatin, vsanilla extract, lipase, pepsin, and others.

Capital: Riyadh (also known as Al-Wosta)

Currency: Saudi Riyal (SAR)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic
Carrier: Saudia Airlines (SV)
Major International Airports: King Khalid International Airport (RUH), King Abdulaziz International Airport (JED),
King Fahd International Airport (DMM)
An archipelagic state in Western Asia.
Country’s name means “The Two Seas”, while the capital’s name was derived from the word “Al Manama”, which
means “place of rest”.
Abaya is worn by women and Thobe (long, white sometimes beige robe).

BAHRAIN (Kingdom of Bahrain)

Bahrain’s offers to tourists:
 architectural designs
 theatritical and musical shows
 shopping experience
-Bab-el-Bahrain Souq in Manama offers wide variety of shops
-Bahrain National Theater, the country’s landmark and the first national theater in the country.
Other Tourist Attractions:
 Qala’at Al-Bahrain (Bahrain Fort), a UNESCO World Heritage site
 A Adhari Park, an amusement park
 Al Areen Wildlife Park and Reserve
 Al Fateh Grand Mosque
Bahraini dishes such as Machboos, a dish made from fish or meat usually served with rice and Muhammar, a dish
consisting of sweet rice served with sugar or dates.

Capital: Manama
Currency: Bahrain Dinar (BHD)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic (official), English (widely spoken)
Carrier: Gulf Air (GF)
Major International Airports: King Khalid International Airport (RUH), King Abdulaziz International Airport (JED),
King Fahd International Airport (DMM)

LEBANON (Lebanese Republic)

Major tourist destinations:
 Mt. Lebanon, country’s ski resort destination
 Bekaa Valley, known as an archaelogical site.
 Baalbek, it is said to be Baal’s (was a title and honorific meaning 'owner' or 'lord') place of worship. Also
the place is recognized as the “bread basket” or “granary of the Roman Empire”
 Byblos (Jbeil), a UNESCO World Heritage site. One of the oldest ciities of the Phoenicians
 Others (Fossil Museum, Byblos Wax Museum, and Mar Yuhanna Marcus Church
Lebanese Meeze is one of the popular meals in the country. Consists of selection of small dishes like tabbouleh
(vegetarian salad), baba ghannouj (eggplant dip), hummus (chikpeas puree), labneh (creamy cheese similar to
yogurt) and kibbehh a dishmad of bulgur, onions, and ground lamb meat)

Capital: Beirut
Currency: Lebanese Pound (LPB)
Religions: Islam and Christianity
Language: Arabic (official), French and English (widely spoken)
Carrier: Middle East Airlines (ME)
Major International Airports: Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport (BEY)

OMAN (Sultanate of Oman)

Offering coffee and dates is their gesture to show their hospitality; such should not be refused.
As a visitor of the country, it is advisable to observe social customs and to dress conservatively.
Some places of interest:
 Bahla Fort, inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage list. The fortress is located in Jebel Akhbar, Oman.
 Land of Frankincense, this UNESCO World Heritage site is an evidence of the country’s significant
frankincense trading during the ancient times.
 Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman, an early irrigation system that is currently being use in the nation.
 Al Buraimi, a semi desert place
 Al Batinam, home of wadis and villages
Harees, one of their traditional dishes made from meat mixed with wheat served with special sauce.
Mashuai, a dish made from Omani fish
Shuwa, a dish consists of meat (goat, calf, or camel) usually served during special occasion.

Capital: Muscat
Currency: Riall (OMR)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic
Carrier: Oman Air (WY)
Major International Airports: Muscat International Airport (MCT)

QATAR (State of Qatar)

Hamad International Airport (DOH), recognized by Skytrax as a five-star airport.
Qatar Airways won several awards and is considered one of the best airlines in the Middle East and in the World.
Tourist attractions:
 Dunes of Qatar, a recreational safari
 Ras Abrociq rock formations and limestone rock formations
 Al Zubarah, inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage site. Considered as the country’s biggest heritage site
consisting of ancient residential palaces and houses, markets, mosques, and industrial areas
 Sheikh Faisal Din Qassim Al Thani Museum, a private museum of Sheik Faisal
 Souq Waqif, a vibrant market situated in Doha. It offers shops where you can find Middle Eastern
delicacies and souvenirs.
Qatari foods:
Ghuzi, a dish consisting of roast lamb, rice, and nuts.
Machboos, a dish made from rice cooked with spices and meat (chicken, lamb, or fish)

Capital: Doha
Currency: Qatari Riyal (QAR)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic (official) and English
Carrier: Qatar Airways (QF)
Major International Airports: Hamad International Airport (DOH)

KUWAIT (State of Kuwait)

Strong family relationship is part of the Kuwaiti’s culture.
Celebrations shared by families and relatives are:
 Al-noon, an occasion when a child has its first steps or teeth
 Al-Mawled Al-Nabawy, a feast on the birthday of Prophet Muhammad
 Marriage preparations that unites families, neighbors, and relatives.
Some attractions:
 Kuwait Tower, the most famous landmark
 Boulevard Park, a tourist center
 Al Shareed Park, an urban park
 Green Island, an artificial island where tourist can spend time to relax and enjoy the sea, sun, and sand
 Failaka Island, the country’s historical site
Harees, is a dish of boiled, cracked, or coarsely-ground cracked wheat or bulgur, mixed with meat and seasoned.
Machboos, a fragrant one-pot rice dish from the Arabian Gulf, with whole spices, dried lime and bone-in chicken
Gers ogaily, a dessert
Murabyan, rice dish
Muttabaq samak, rice-based dish

Capital: Kuwait
Currency: Kuwait Dinar (KWD)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic
Carrier: Kuwait Airways (KU)
Major International Airports: Kuwait International Airport (KWI)

IRAQ (Republic of Iraq)

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, it is believed to be the home of the seven ancient wonders of the world.
Popular dishes:
-kebab (grilled meat on stick) -dolma (stuffed rice wrapped in grape leaves)
-masgouf (grilled carp)
Meat:
-sheep -chicken -goat
-lamb -beef -fish
Country’s common staple foods:
-rice -wheat -dates
-bulgur -beans

Capital: Baghdad
Currency: Iraqi Dinar (IQD)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic and Kurdish
Carrier: Iraqi Airways (IA)
Major International Airports: Baghdad International Airport (BGW)

ARMENIA (Republic of Armenia)

Formerly a member of the Soviet Republic.
Yerevan, the capital and cultural hub and also known as the “pink city” due to the buildings made of pink-colored
volcanic rocks.
Tourist attractions:
  Cafesjian Center for the Arts, presents contemporary arts and showcases Armenian culture. Founded by
Mr. Gerard Cafesjian (a businessman and philanthropist).
 History Museum, the country’s main museum consisting of various collections in archeology,
ethnography, documents, and numismatics.
 Gaghard Monastery and the Upper Azat Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Consists of architectural
structures like churches and tombs.
Armenian dishes:
-Armenian barbeque (chicken, beef, pork or lamb)
-Armenian dolma, consisting of minced meat, grape leaves, or cabbage.

Capital: Yerevan
Currency: Dram (AMD)
Religions: Christianity
Language: Armenian
Carrier: Armavia (U8)
Major International Airports: Zvartnots International Airport (EVN)

Armenian dishes:
-Armenian barbeque (chicken, beef, pork or lamb)
-Armenian dolma, consisting of minced meat, grape leaves, or cabbage.

Capital: Yerevan
Currency: Dram (AMD)
Religions: Christianity
Language: Armenian
Carrier: Armavia (U8)
Major International Airports: Zvartnots International Airport (EVN)

IRAN (Islamic Republic of Iran)

Second largest country in Western Asia after Saudi Arabia.
The country is also referred to as “Persia”, an ancient empire.
2 Salt Deserts:
 Dasht-e Kavir, also known as Kavire Namak or the Great Salt Desert, situated in Alborz Mountain, one of
the mountain ranges in Iran
 Dasht-e Lut or Kavir-e Lut, a UNESCO World Heritage list entry inscribed in 2016.

Agriculture is considered to be an old industry in the country.

Kharman Festival (Harvesting), is a celebration showing Persians’ gratefulness and camaraderie
Norwuz, meaning new day, inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Cultural and Historical places of interests:
 Persepolis, a UNESCO World Heritage site inscribed in 1979. Founded by Darius in 518 B.C. and was
the capital of the Achaemenid Empire
 Vank Cathedral, the cathedral was established in 1606, built by the hundreds of thousands of Armenians
who were forcibly resettled by Shah Abbas I
 Niavaran Palace, a historical palace complex situated in Shemiran (northern Tehran), Iran. It consists of
several palace buildings and monuments dating back to the Qajar and Pahlavi eras.
 Imam Reza’s Holy Shrine, located in Mashhad, Iran, is an Islamic shrine containing the remains of Ali al-
Rida, the eighth Imam of Shia Islam. It is the largest mosque in the world by area. Also contained within
the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries, a cemetery, the Razavi
University of Islamic Sciences, and other buildings.
Staple foods are rice and bread, which are usually served with meat and vegetables and yogurt.
Lavash, thin, round, or oval flat bread
Sangak, a stone-baked flatbread
Barbari, oval-shaped thick flatbread
Kebab, grilled meat usually eaten with chelo or chelow (plain rice).

Capital: Tehran
Currency: Iranian Rial (IRR)
Religions: Islam
Language: Persian (Farsi)
Carrier: Iran Air (IR)
Major International Airports: Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA) and Tehran Mehrabad
International Airport (THR)

TURKEY (Republic of Turkey)

Serves as the link between the continent of Asia and Europe.
Bounded by different seas: Mediterranean on the south, Back on the nort, and Aegean Sea on the west.
The capital Ankara, is a significant historical destination as it houses the memorial tomb of the founder of the
Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Antikabir)
Other attractions:
 The Museum of the War of Independence
 Ethnographical Museum
 State Museum of Paintings and Sculptures
Religious attractions:
 Efes (Ephesus), a significant place for Christians beacause it is the home of the Virgin Mary and St John.
 Different Mosques (Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Blue Mosque, and hagia Sophia)
Kofte, Turkish meatballs.
Mezes, appetizers
Kumpir, baked potato

Capital: Ankera
Currency: Turkish Lira (TRU)
Religions: Islam
Language: Turkish
Carrier: Turkish Airline (TK)
Major International Airports: Istanbul International Airport (ISL) and Sabiha Gokcen International Airport (SAW)

SYRIA (Syrian Arab Republic)

Known for its Syrian silk textile and wood engravings.
UNESCO inscribed six (6) cultural heritage sites:
 Ancient City of Aleppo, reveals Syria’s historic past
 Ancient City of Bosra, exhibits significant archaeological site reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Muslims
structures
 Ancient City of Damascus, one of the oldest cities in the world, founded in the 3rd millenium B.C.
 Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, this site showcases the cultural traditions and lifestyles in the late
classical era and Byzantine period
 Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din, these two important castles are models of fortified
architecture linking to the Crusader period
 Site of Palmyra, holds monumental ruins
Messeh, composed of small dishes
Mahshi, a dish like dolma, prepared with rice, vegetables, and meat
Zlebiye, a Syrian desert usually served in breakfast.

Capital: Damascus
Currency: Syrian Pound (SYP)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic
Carrier: Syrian Arab Airlines (RB)
Major International Airports: Damascus International Airport (DAM)

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

Is a federation of seven emirates:
 Abu Dhabi, largest and the capital.
 Dubai, home of luxurius hotels and resorts, shopping centers, entertainment venues, and events
 Sharjah, recognized by UNESCO as the “Cultural Capital of the Arab World”
 Ajman
 Umm Al-Quiwain
 Ras al-Khaiman
 Fujairah
Other a must visit in UAE:
 Hatta Village, a 3000-year old village
 Sharia Mosque, a 200-year old mosque
 Sheikh Saeed Al Maktoum House, previously the residence of Sheikh Saeed Al Maktoum. Now a
museum that contains artifacts, documents, and images of Dubai’s past
 Grand Mosque in Jumeirah, an attractive mosque that is open for non-Muslims
Shawarma, their popular dish
Hummus, chickpeas dip
Ghuzi, prepared from lamb served with rice, crushed nuts, and veggies.

Capital: Abu Dhabi

Currency: Emirati Dirham (AED)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic
Carrier: Emirates Airlines (EK), Etihad Airways (EY)
Major International Airports: Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH), Dubai International Airport (DXB)

YEMEN (Republic of Yemen)

Drinking alcoholic beverages in public is not allowed.
Taking pictures of women, military barracks, police, and government facilities and public display of affection is
also prohibited.
Dressing conservatively must be observed.
Attractions:
 Old Walled City of Shibalm, a UNESCO World Heritage site dubbed as “Manhattan of the Desert”
 Historic Town of Zabid, UNESCO World Heritage site that holds a significant historical and
archaelogical value
Yemenis (people of Yemen) enjoy cuisine made from chicken, meat, and fish (in coastal areas)
Salta, popular meal made from meat, vegetables, and fungreek
Mandi, dish consisting of meat (chicken or lamb) and rice and flavored with seasonings
Sayyadiya, a dish composed of fish, onions, chili, and spicy rice.

Capital: Sana’a
Currency: Yemeni Rial (YER)
Religions: Islam
Language: Arabic
Carrier: Yemenia (IY)
Major International Airports: Sanaa International Airport (SAH)

AZERBAIJAN (Republic of Azerbaijan)

Known as the “Land of Fire”. The word “azer” means fire.
Attractions:
 Azerbaijan State Puppet Theater
 Azerbaijan State Song Theater
 Azerbaijan State Opera and Ballet Theater
 The Stone Chronicle Museum
 Qobustan Petroglyphs, an outdoor museum
Popular dishes:
 Dolma, is a family of stuffed dishes associated with Ottoman cuisine, typically made with a filling of rice,
minced meat, offal, seafood, fruit, or any combination of these inside a vegetable or a leaf wrapping.
Wrapped dolma, specifically, are known as sarma, made by rolling grape, cabbage, or other leaves around
the filling.
 Plov, Pilaf, pilav or pilau is a rice dish, usually sautéed, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe
usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or
meat, and employing some technique for achieving cooked grains that do not adhere to each other.
 Pilaf (rice, greens, and herbs)
 Kebabs

Capital: Baku
Currency: Azerbaijan Manat (AZN)
Religions: Islam
Language: Azerbaijani
Carrier: Azerbaijani Airlines or known as AZAL (J2)
Major International Airports: Baku Heydar Aliyev International Airport (GYD)

GEORGIA
Divided into the eastern part (Iberian) and western part (Kolkhian).
Attractions:
 Giorgi Chitaia Open Air Museum of Ethnography, an open-air museum that displays ethnographic
materials like tools, textiles, and ceramics. Founded by renowned ethnographer, Giorgi Chitaia
 Narikala Fortress, an overlooking ancient fortress built for defense purposes in the 4th Century A.D.
 Tsminda Sameba Cathedral, also called as “The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity”, the largest
GeorgiannOrthodox church.

Winemaking is part of the Georgian tradition.

Qvevri winemaking method is an ancient Georgian tradition inscribed as intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
by UNESCO.
Meat is their major ingredient.
Khinkali, their national dish
Khachapuri or Georgian pizza, a cheesebread
Pkhaleuli, a vegetarian food

Capital: Tbilisi
Currency: Lari (GEL)
Religions: Georgian Orthodox
Language: Georgian
Carrier: Georgian Airways (A9)
Major International Airports: Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport (TBS), David the Builder Kutaisi
International Airport (KUT), and Alexander Kartveli Batumi International Airport (BUS)
GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOURISM IN CENTRAL ASIA

Central Asia comprises five countries:

Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

Divided inyto 2 Subregions:

 High Mountains (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan)
 Flat Plains (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan
These “stans” (meaning place of or country) were former members of the Soviet Socialist Republic.

KAZAKHSTAN (Republic of Kazakhstan)

Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan but the largest city is Almaty.
Interesting attractions:
 Medeo, a scenic valley; it is where the high-altitude skating rink is located
 Zenkov Cathedral, a unique wooden agricultural structure
Kazakhs prefer to eat meat, one of the main ingredients of their dish.
Tea is part of their Kazakhs’s every meal.
Beshbarmark is the national dish of the country.
Nature Reserve attractions:
Aksu Zhabagly Nature Reserve, one of the largest and oldest nature reserves in Central Asia.
Korgalzhyn Nature Reserve, famous for its flamingos
Altyn Emel National Park, an ideal destination for tourists who love nature and archaeological attractions. The park
is known for its singing dune.
Kolsay Kulden, Lake Kaindy, and National Parks, the eco-tourism sites of the country or the “Tour to Seven
Rivers”

Capital: Nursultan (formerly Astana)

Currency: Tenge (KZT)
Religions: Islam
Language: Kazakh or Kazak
Carrier: Air Astana (KC)
Major International Airports: Almaty International Airport (ALA)

TAJIKISTAN (Republic of Tajikistan, formerly known as Tajik)

Is a landlocked and mountainous country in Central Asia.
Land of the Tajiks is the country’s literal meaning wherein “stan” refers to “a place” or “country”.
Pamir mountain range coined as the “The Roof of the World”.
Squares and Monuments:
 Dousti (Friendship) Square, the largest square and considered as the most well-designed square in the
capital
 Sadriddin Aini Square, where Sadriddin Aini monument stands. The writer’s statue is circled with the
character of his books
 Putovsky Square, ornamented with lovely fountains and flowers. There’s a picturesque view of the
Presidential Palace in the area.

Tajik dishes include:

 Plov or Osh (lamb with root vegetables)
 Shish Kebab (kabob), a grilled cubed meat
 Qurutob, a vegetable dish paired with flatbread
Grean Tea is Tajik’s favorite drink.

Capital: Dushanbe
Currency: Somoni (TJS)
Religions: Islam
Language: Tajik or Takiki
Carrier: Tajik Air (7J) and Somon Air (SZ)
Major International Airports: Dushanbe International Airport (DYU) and Khudjand International Airport (LBD)

KYRGYZSTAN (Kyrgyz Republic)

People are traditionally nomadic people.
Yurt is a dwelling of the Turkic nomads. The “World Nomad Games” was an interesting event that was first held in
the country that brings nomadic people in the world together.
The main ingredients of Kyrgyz food are meat and dairy.
Kymyz or Koumis is a dairy drink from mares or female horses. It is considered a magic beverage because of its
medical benefits and it is used as a cure for gastritis, tuberculosis, and anemia.
Tea is a must after every meal.
Some places of interest:
 Lake Issyk-Kul, the second largest mountain lake in the world.
 Kyrgyz Ata National Park, a small park ideal for hiking and bird watching,
 Burana Tower, an ancient Minaret located in the Chuy Valley
 Fairy Tale Canyon or Shazka Canyon, a destination that have amazing rock formations carved by nature;
the word “Shazka” means fairy tale.

Capital: Bishkek
Currency: Kyrgyzstani Som (KGS)
Religions: Islam
Language: Kyrgyz and Russian
Carrier: Air Kyrgyzstan (QH)
Major International Airports: Manas International Airport (FRU)

TURKMENISTAN (Republic of Turkmenistan formerly known as Turkmenia)

Turkmenistan medical tourism could likely be due to its rich mineral and mud sources, whose medicinal benefits
attracts visitors.
Popular resorts cater to foreign patient’s needs:
 Bayramaly Resort, a resort that specializes in treating kidney problems
 Mollakara Resort Center, a resort situated by the salty lake. There are many resort centers in the country
that offer santorium.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

 Merv (Margiana), a historical and cultural reserve
 Monuments of Koneurgench
 Nisa, a Parthian Heritage
 Traditional foods are:
 Turkmen rice palov, a dish consisting of meat, rice, carrots, and onions
 Turkmen bread or chorek

Capital: Ashgabat
Currency: Manat (TMT)
Religions: Islam
Language: Turkmen
Carrier: Turkmenistan Airlines (T5)
Major International Airports: Ashgabat International Airport (ASB)

UZBEKISTAN (Republic Uzbekistan)

Hazrati-Imam Square in Tashkent is situated in the historical area of the city. It has mosques, mausoleums, and an
Islamic institute.
UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity:
 Palov culture
 Tradition
 Nowruz (new day), an event celebrated with relatives, friends, family, and loved ones.
Palov is a traditional dish of Uzbekistan, which is made and shared by the communities.

Capital: Tashkent
Currency: Uzbekistani Som (UZS)
Religions: Islam
Language: Uzbek
Carrier: Uzbekistan Airways (HY)
Major International Airports: Tashkent International Airport (TAS)