JV.

of The Arab Contractors and Elsewedy Electric Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project

EMPLOYER

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY
COMPANY LIMITED
EMPLOYER REPRESENTATIVE

TANROADS ENGINEERING CONSULTING UNIT

(TECU)
EPC CONTRACTOR

JOINT VENTURE OF

PROJECT

Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project - JNHPP

Internal Review Document Release

A 13/06/2025 For Approval 00 13/06/2025 For Approval H.H H.H W.G

Ver Date Version Detail Rev Date Revision Details Checked Approved Approved

Scale: 1/100 Type: A4/Black Phase: Construction Discipline: General Contract/PO No: 002

Originator Title

EOV – Water Treatment Plant - O&M

Copyright © JV. of The Arab Contractors & Rev/Ver

Document No.
Elsewedy Electric All rights reserved. The
reproduction, disclosure or use of this document or 00
its contents is forbidden without express written 7000-FLM500-GCB-&MDC020-598872 Page
authority from The Arab Contractors & Elsewedy
Electric. 1/16
Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Manual
1. Project Overview

Project Name: Employer Operational Village – Water Treatment Plant

Client: Elsewedy Electric PSP
Location: Tanzania – Julius Nyrere River Power Plant
Date: 12.05.2025
P&ID Reference: PID.RevB.pdf

2. System Description
The Slow Sand Filtration System is designed to provide reliable and continuous treatment
of raw water for potable or process use. The system operates using gravity-fed flow through
engineered sand filter beds, ensuring efficient removal of suspended solids, turbidity, and
biological contaminants.

Water entering the system undergoes multiple stages of filtration and control, guided by a
combination of mechanical, hydraulic, and biological processes. The design is based on low-
energy consumption, long operational cycles, and minimal mechanical complexity, making it
ideal for locations where operational simplicity and sustainability are priorities.

1. Process Flow Overview

1. Raw Water Inlet:

o Raw water is fed by gravity or pumping from the intake to the distribution
chamber.

o Flow into the sedimentation tanks is controlled to manage loading rates and
sediment separation.

2. Pre-Treatment:

o Sedimentation tanks reduce suspended solids before water reaches the sand
filters.

o Periodic sludge removal is required to maintain performance.

3. Slow Sand Filtration:

o Water passes over the sand filter surface, creating a supernatant layer.

Value from Water

 o Filtration occurs via:

▪ Mechanical Straining: Removal of particles too large to pass

through the sand.

▪ Adsorption: Particles adhere to sand grains.

▪ Biological Activity: A biological film (schmutzdecke) develops,

breaking down organic material.

o The filter bed consists of multiple graded layers:

▪ Top Layer: Fine sand (0.15–0.35 mm effective size)

▪ Intermediate Layer: Fine gravel (2–4 mm)

▪ Bottom Layer: Coarser gravel (5–8 mm)

4. Filtered Water Collection:

o Clean water collects in an underdrain system beneath the sand bed.

o Water is directed to the filtered water chamber via controlled outlets and
flexible pipes for pressure regulation.

2. Hydraulic Design Basis

• Design Flow Rate: 3.33 liters per second (12 m³/h, 154.1 m³/d)

• Filtration Area per Unit: 48 m²

• Filtration Rate: 0.12–0.15 m/h

• Operating Water Depth over Filter Surface: 1.0–1.5 meters

• System Pressure Losses: Approximately 0.2 meters head in total

• Number of Filter Tanks: 2 (1 duty, 1 standby or parallel)

3. Control and Instrumentation

• Flow Regulation: Achieved using manual valves at inlets and outlets.

• Monitoring Devices:

o Pressure Indicators (PI)

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 o Flow Indicators (FIT)

o Level Indicators (LIT)

• Adjustable Overflow System: Regulates filtration pressure and flow using flexible
hose connections.

4. System Advantages

• Low Energy Requirement: Primarily gravity-driven flow minimizes the need for
pumping.

• Simplicity: Simple chemical pre-treatment or complex machinery required.

• Sustainability: Sand replacement required only every few years with proper
maintenance.

3. Operation Procedures (Slow Sand Filtration System)

Start-Up Procedure:
1. Ensure all manual isolation valves are in the correct open position.
2. Verify raw water source is available and at expected head level.
3. Check that instrumentation are powered and reading normal values.
4. Gradually open the inlet Manual valve to allow water into the filter bed.
5. Monitor flow rate to ensure it is within the design range.
6. Observe Level Transmitters to confirm water level in the filter basin is rising
appropriately.
7. Allow water to fill and begin filtration through the sand bed. Avoid sudden surges
that may disturb the sand surface.

Normal Operation:
- Maintain flow rate at 1.78 L/s.
- Record daily values from PI, TI, FIT, and LIT.
- Inspect filter surface for signs of clogging (e.g., slow drainage, pooling).
- Observe effluent clarity and turbidity.

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Shut-Down Procedure for Maintenance:
1. Slowly close plant inlet valve.
2. Allow residual water to drain through the filter bed.
3. Close isolation valves.
4. Record final readings for system status.

The system is designed to treat raw water through a gravity-fed slow sand filtration
process. Water flows through a sequence of units including valves, measuring instruments,
and sand filter beds. The system relies on low-pressure hydraulic flow, making it energy-
efficient and suitable for continuous filtration with minimal mechanical intervention.

Functional Overview:
- Source Water Inlet: Raw water enters the system via a manually controlled isolation valve
and passes through a flow control valve.
- Flow Regulation: Flow is maintained using devices like manual flow valves and measured
with flow meters to ensure steady operation within the design parameters.
- Filtration Unit: The central component is the sand filter bed, which removes turbidity and
suspended solids through physical mechanisms.
- Instrumentation:
- Pressure transmitters monitors pump outlet pressure.
- Level transmitters provides real-time level monitoring of the tanks.
- Pump: transports water from the treated water tank to another tank.

4. Process Flow Description

The water treatment plant is designed to treat raw water using a combination of chemical
dosing, sedimentation, filtration, and storage before final transfer. The process ensures the
removal of suspended solids, turbidity, and other impurities, producing high-quality treated
water suitable for downstream use. The system primarily operates under gravity flow up to
the treated water tank, after which pumps are used for further transfer.

1. Coagulation and Flocculation (Chemical Dosing Stage)

• Raw water enters the treatment plant through a controlled inlet.

• Coagulant and flocculant chemicals are dosed into the raw water stream to
destabilize suspended particles.

• The dosing rates are monitored and adjusted using dosing pumps with flow control
and instrumentation to maintain optimum chemical feed.

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2. Sedimentation – Lamella Clarifiers

• Chemically conditioned water flows by gravity into lamella clarifiers, where

inclined plates promote rapid sedimentation.

• The coagulated and flocculated particles settle efficiently onto the lamella plates and
slide down to the sludge hopper for periodic removal.

• Clarified water exits from the upper section of the clarifier and flows onward under
gravity.

3. Filtration – Sand Filter Tanks

• Clarified water flows by gravity into dual sand filter tanks, arranged as 1 duty + 1
standby.

• The sand filter provides a final polishing step, removing any residual suspended
solids and fine particulate matter.

• Each filter contains multiple layers of graded media to maximize filtration efficiency.

• The filters can be operated alternately or in parallel, depending on operational

needs.

4. Storage – Treated Water Tank

• Filtered water is collected in a treated water tank for intermediate storage.

• The tank is designed to balance flow variations and ensure a steady supply of
treated water for transfer.

5. Pumping – Transfer to Final Destination

• From the treated water tank, transfer pumps (1 duty + 1 standby or as specified)
deliver the treated water to the next stage, storage tank, or point of use.

• Pump operation is controlled via instrumentation linked to level sensors in the

treated water tank to ensure continuous supply and prevent pump dry running

5. Equipment Details
Please refer to Appendix 2

6. Instrumentation & Controls

Please refer to Appendix 3

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 7. Operation Procedures
Include startup, shutdown, normal operation, and emergency procedures here.

1. Start-Up Procedure

1. Pre-Operation Checks:

o Ensure chemical dosing systems (coagulant and flocculant) are filled,

primed, and dosing pumps are operational.

o Inspect lamella clarifiers and sand filters for cleanliness and readiness.

o Verify that isolation valves on all pipelines are in the correct open position
to allow gravity flow.

o Confirm that overflow paths and sludge drain lines from the clarifier are
clear.

o Ensure that treated water tank is empty or at the expected starting level.

o Check instrumentation for flow, level, and pressure where applicable.

2. Chemical Dosing Activation:

o Start dosing of coagulant and flocculant at recommended setpoints,

adjusting based on raw water quality.

o Monitor chemical dosing rates continuously.

3. Gravity Flow Initiation:

o Open raw water inlet valve to allow water to flow by gravity into the lamella
clarifier.

o Monitor flow rate at the inlet using flow meters or visual indicators (weirs,
etc.).

o Confirm floc formation in the clarifier for effective sedimentation.

4. Filter Activation:

o Direct clarified water to the duty sand filter; keep standby filter isolated
unless required.

o Gradually introduce flow to prevent disturbing the filter media.

o Monitor filtered water turbidity to ensure compliance with required

quality.

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 5. Treated Water Collection:

o Allow filtered water to flow by gravity into the treated water tank.

o Monitor treated water level via level indicators.

6. Final Stage (If Applicable):

o Ensure transfer pumps are available and set to auto mode if required to
move water to the final destination.

2. Normal Operation

• Continuously monitor:

o Chemical dosing rates

o Inlet and outlet flow rates

o Clarifier sludge levels (sludge should be drained regularly)

o Filter differential pressures or flow reductions (to detect clogging)

o Treated water tank level

• Perform visual inspection of filter effluent for clarity.

• Alternate filters periodically or as needed to maintain efficiency.

• Adjust chemical dosing based on seasonal or quality variations in incoming raw

water.

3. Shut-Down Procedure

1. Stop Inflow:

o Gradually close the raw water inlet valve to stop incoming flow.

o Allow existing water in the clarifier and filters to drain by gravity to the
treated water tank.

2. Chemical Dosing:

o Stop chemical dosing pumps.

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 o Flush chemical dosing lines if required.

3. Treated Water Tank:

o Depending on usage, either retain or drain treated water.

o Secure pump operation (set to manual off if applicable).

4. Isolation:

o Close all inlet/outlet isolation valves as needed.

o Conduct maintenance checks if downtime is planned.

8. Maintenance Schedule

Task Frequency Responsible Party

1. Chemical Dosing System

Inspect dosing pumps, injectors, and lines Weekly Operator

Clean chemical dosing lines (if necessary) Monthly Technician

Calibrate dosing pumps flow rate Quarterly Technician

Check chemical stock levels Daily Operator

2. Lamella Clarifier

Remove settled sludge from sludge hopper Weekly (or as needed) Operator

Inspect plates for scaling or blockages Monthly Maintenance Team

Clean lamella plates (if necessary) Quarterly Maintenance Team

Inspect and clean overflow weirs Monthly Operator

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Task Frequency Responsible Party

3. Sand Filters (1 duty + 1 standby)

Inspect filter surface for mud, algae buildup Weekly Operator

Perform gentle surface raking (if applicable) Monthly Operator

Replace or replenish sand media Every 1–3 years Maintenance Team

4. Treated Water Tank

Inspect internal cleanliness Monthly Maintenance Team

Clean tank interior Every 6–12 months Maintenance Team

Check and calibrate level sensors Quarterly Technician

5. Instrumentation & Controls

Calibrate flow, pressure, and level sensors Semi-annually Technician

Inspect electrical connections and cables Quarterly Technician

Replace faulty instruments As required Maintenance Team

6. Transfer Pumps (if applicable)

Inspect pump seals, bearings, and couplings Monthly Maintenance Team

Check and clean strainers or filters Monthly Operator

Lubricate pump bearings Per manufacturer Maintenance Team

Test auto/manual start-stop controls Quarterly Technician

Value from Water

 9. Spare Parts List

Recommended
Component Specification / Description
Quantity

1. Chemical Dosing System

Dosing pump diaphragm/kit As per dosing pump model 2 sets

Compatible with chemical dosing

Injector nozzles 2
system

Dosing tubing Chemical-resistant PVC/PE tubing 20 meters

Injection check valves Chemical-resistant 2

Calibration cylinder As per dosing system specification 1

2. Lamella Clarifier

Sludge drain valve gasket

Compatible with installed valves 2 sets
set

Lamella plate supports Manufacturer supplied 2 spares

Overflow weir adjustable

If adjustable (as applicable) 1 set
parts

3. Sand Filters

Filter sand media Effective size: 0.15–0.35 mm 1 complete change set

Filter gravel media As per filter specification 1 complete change set

Underdrain nozzles Plastic/SS, per design 4

Isolation valve gaskets Compatible with filter outlet valves 4 sets

4. Treated Water Tank

Level sensor or float switch As per installed model 1

Vent screen (if installed) Stainless steel or plastic 2

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 Recommended
Component Specification / Description
Quantity

5. Instrumentation

Pressure gauges 0–10 bar, ¼” NPT 2

Flow transmitter As per installed specification 1

Level transmitter 4–20 mA, compatible 1

6. Pumps (if applicable)

Mechanical seals Compatible with pump models 2 sets

Bearings (if applicable) As per pump manufacturer 2 sets

Electrical relays (for

24V DC, or as per panel design 3
controls)

10.Appendices
Appendix 1: P&ID Drawing
Appendix 2: Equipment list
Appendix 3: Instrument List

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 Appendix 1 - P&ID

LEGENDS:
TOT - TOP OF TANK
TOW - TOP OF WIER
FFL - FINISH FLOOR LEVEL

REFERENCE:
1- EQUIPMENT GENERAL ARRANGEMENT=
7000-FLM500-GCB-&MLU010-598881_1/4
2- SEDIMENTATION=
7000-FLM500-GCB-&MLU010-598881_2/4
3- SLOW SAND FILTER TANKS=
7000-FLM500-GCB-&MLU010-598881_3/4
4- FILTERED WATER TANK=
7000-FLM500-GCB-&MLU010-598881_4/4

NOTES:
1- ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METERS UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.
2- DETAIL SHOWN ARE THE REQUIRED DIMENSIONS BY FLUENCE MIDDLE
EAST FZE DESIGN IN SLOW SAND FILTRATION SYSTEM.
3- CIVIL WORKS AND PUDDLE PIPE/FLANGE BY OTHERS.

UNDER SHADE. ABOVE FILTERED WATER TANK

pH

FLOCCULANT

TO SUPPLY
(BY OTHERS)

Cl2

COAGULANT

SUPPLY LINE
(BY OTHERS)

WASHING AREA
DRAIN
STORM DITCH

8
WATER SUPPLY
WASHING AREA
GH GH
SOAK Y01 Y02

PIT
LVL
FLOOR

SEPTIC GH GH LVL
FLOOR

TANK X01 X01

LVL
FLOOR
LVL
FLOOR

T.O.C LVL
T.O.C FLOOR
+0.25 +0.25
F.F.L LVL LVL
F.F.L FLOOR FLOOR

LVL
FLOOR
W1 +0.45 W1
+0.45
W.W.L GR 01

GH
+0.15
GR 02
TOILET STORE

GH
4 LVL LVL
FLOOR FLOOR
D1 D1 NOTE_2

6
X02 X02 +0.10 FLOOR
FFL

D2

T.O.C
+0.35
5
F.F.L
+0.45
GR 03
PANEL ROOM

W2
9
GH GH LVL LVL
FLOOR FLOOR
X03 X03

FLOOR

FLOOR

FLOOR
LVL

LVL

LVL
LVL
FLOOR

LVL

3
LVL LVL
FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR
GH GH
Y01 Y02
LVL
FLOOR LVL
CONCRETE RAMP FLOOR

7
LVL
LVL FLOOR
FLOOR
LVL
FLOOR

LVL
FLOOR

LVL
FLOOR

LVL
1 LVL LVL
FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR

LVL LVL
LVL FLOOR FLOOR
FLOOR LVL
FLOOR
LVL LVL LVL
FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR

2 LVL
FLOOR

SUPPLY TO
TO BE CONNECTED TO
WATER STORAGE TANK
OUTER STORM DRAINAGE

EMPLOYER

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

TANZANIA ELECTRIC
SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED
EMPLOYER CONSULTANT

UNDER SHADE. ABOVE FILTERED WATER TANK

TANROADS ENGINEERING nN
at iona l Road

n ia

sA
Tanza

genc
y
CONSULTING UNIT (TECU) AN

S
ROA D

T
WATER TANK
TO FILTERED

EPC CONTRACTOR
TO TREATED
WATER LINE
TO SUPPLY

TO SUPPLY

JOINT VENTURE OF
LINE

LINE

SLUDGE TO
DISPOSAL OSMAN AHMAD OSMAN & CO.

(BY OTHERS)
PROJECT
CLEAR WATER
TO DRAIN
(BY OTHERS) Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project - JNHPP
Internal Review Document Relase

B 1 27-02-24 FOR APPROVAL

A 0 02-11-23 FOR APPROVAL

Ver Rev Date Version Detail Rev Date Revision Details Create Checked Approved

Scale: Type: A1 Phase:CONSTRUCTION Discipline: MECHANICAL Contract/PO No: 002

Originator Title

TANZANIA
WTP BY SLOW FILTRATION 154.1 m3/day
PROCESS & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

Document no. Rev.

7000-FLM500-GCB-&MFB030-598884 B
Copyright © JV. of The Arab Contractors & Elsewedy Electric All rights reserved. The reproduction, disclosure or use of this document or its PAGE NO.
contents is forbidden without express written authority from The Arab Contractors & Elsewedy Electric. 01/01
 Appendix 2 - Equipment List
JV. of The Arab Contractors and Elsewedy Electric Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project

Sl No ITEM DESIGN SPCES UNIT QTY.

1 Lamella Plates Size: 2.7 m X 2.2 m PCS 4
Single-stage, close-coupled in-line self-priming centrifugal pumps
Q = 11.5 m3/hr @ H = 30 m,
2 Treated Water Pumps PCS 2
MOC: Cast Iron,
Power Supply: 400 V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz, IP55
6 LPH @ 6 Bar, MOC: PVC/PVDF
Power Supply: 230 V, 1 Phase, 50 Hz/
3 Flocculation Dosing Pumps Manual/ PCS 2
Along with Pressure Relief Valve, Level Switches, Suction & Delivery Pipes,
Calibration Column and Pressure Guage with Diaphragm Seal
6 LPH @ 6 Bar, MOC: PVC/PVDF
Power Supply: 230 V, 1 Phase, 50 Hz/
4 Coagulant Dosing Pumps PCS 2
Manual/Along with Pressure Relief Valve, Level Switches, Suction & Delivery Pipes,
Calibration Column and Pressure Guage with Diaphragm Seal
6 LPH @ 6 Bar, MOC: PVC/PVDF
Power Supply: 230 V, 1 Phase, 50 Hz/
5 pH Dosing Pumps PCS 2
Manual/Along with Pressure Relief Valve, Level Switches, Suction & Delivery Pipes,
Calibration Column and Pressure Guage with Diaphragm Seal
6 LPH @ 6 Bar, MOC: PVC/PVDF
Power Supply: 230 V, 1 Phase, 50 Hz/
6 Post Chlorination Dosing Pumps PCS 2
Manual/Along with Pressure Relief Valve, Level Switches, Suction & Delivery Pipes,
Calibration Column and Pressure Guage with Diaphragm Seal
7 Flocculation Dosing Tanks PE, 500 L PCS 1
8 Coagulant Dosing Tanks PE, 500 L PCS 1
9 pH Dosing Tanks PE, 500 L PCS 1
10 Post Chlorination Dosing Tanks PE, 500 L PCS 1
11 Electric Agitator for Coagulant Dosing Tank Shaft: Stainless steel with PVC sleeve protected Propeller: PVDF material PCS 1
12 Electric Agitator for pH Dosing Tank Shaft: Stainless steel with PVC sleeve protected Propeller: PVDF material PCS 1
13 Electric Agitator for Flocculation Dosing Tank Shaft: Stainless steel with PVC sleeve protected Propeller: PVDF material PCS 1
14 Drum Pumps 87 l/min PCS 5
15 Sludge Dewatering Container 1 m3 PCS 2
Fine Sand (size: 0.15-0.35 mm) 144
16 Media Fine Gravel (size: 2-4 mm) m3 14.4
Fine Gravel (size: 5-8 mm) 28.8
 Appendix 3 - Instrument List
JV. of The Arab Contractors and Elsewedy Electric Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project

NO ITEM MODEL DETAILED SPECIFICATION Voltage QTY.

Instrument
DN 100 (4 in.), PN 16 EN 1092-1
IFC 050 C transmitter,
1 Inlet Flow Meters Flanged Type OPTIFLUX 2000 24VDC 1
Power Supply 24VDC
Output: 4-20mA
Basic type extension: 0-200 NTU
EcoLine NTU Turbidity Standard with default settings
2 Inlet Turbidity Analyzer Transmitter 24VDC 1
Sensor Controller/display unit in surface-mounting
Output: 4-20mA
Compact radar sensor for continuous level
measurement 4 ... 20 mA/HART output,
3 Level Transmitter in Inlet Chamber VEGAPULS 31 measuring range up to 15 m, accuracy ±2 mm, on- 24VDC 1
site display, and 3-key operation.
non-contact 80 GHz radar technology
Compact radar sensor for continuous level
measurement 4 ... 20 mA/HART output,
4 Level Transmitter in Filtered Water Chamber VEGAPULS 31 measuring range up to 15 m, accuracy ±2 mm, on- 24VDC 1
site display, and 3-key operation.
non-contact 80 GHz radar technology
Basic type extension: 0-50 NTU
EcoLine NTU Turbidity Standard with default settings
5 Outlet Turbidity Analyzer Transmitter 24VDC 1
Sensor Controller/display unit in surface-mounting
Output: 4-20mA
Compact radar sensor for continuous level
measurement 4 ... 20 mA/HART output,
6 Level Transmitter in the Treated Water Tank VEGAPULS 31 measuring range up to 15 m, accuracy ±2 mm, on- 24VDC 1
site display, and 3-key operation.
non-contact 80 GHz radar technology
Material diaphragm 316L, Seal FKM
7 Differential Pressure Transmitter VEGADIF 85 24VDC 1
Measuring range 3bar - 160bar
JV. of The Arab Contractors and Elsewedy Electric Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project

Accuracy class M : 0.065 % Two-wire 4 - 20 mA

Linearization curve : linear
Range : -2 to 2 Bar ,
8 Pressure Gauges -Inlet of Pumps WIKA MOC : SS , - 2
Diaphragm Seal Type
Range: 0 to 6 Bar,
9 Pressure Gauges -Outlet of Pumps WIKA MOC: SS, - 2
Diaphragm Seal Type
Sensor f. free chlorine
Measuring range: 0 to 5 mg/l
Measuring accuracy: +/- 2 %
10 Residual Chlorine Analyzer Transmitter TecLine Cl2 Material: PVC 24VDC 1
Protection type: IP65
Controller/display unit in surface-mounting
Output: 4-20mA
Process fitting / Material: Thread G½, inside
G¼, ISO228-1 / 316L
Measuring range: relative, 0...+10.0bar
11 Pressure Transmitter VEGABAR 18 (0...+1000kPa) 24VDC 1
Electrical connection / Protection: 4-pole plug
connection ISO4400 M16 / IP65
Output: 4-20mA
DN 100 (4 in.), PN 16 EN 1092-1
IFC 050 C transmitter,
12 Outlet Flow Meters Flanged Type OPTIFLUX 2000 24VDC 1
Power Supply 24VDC
Output: 4-20mA