Definitions of computer

 Computer is a very fast electronic device which can perform all types of
arithmetical and logical operation.
Arithmetical operation: +,-,*, /
Logical operation: - (>,>=, <, <=, =)
Example- 12>30, 50=60, 20<30 etc.

Or

 Computer is an electronic device which can process a million of instruction per

second, instruction given by user.
The word computer is taken from Greek word “compute” which means “calculate”.

Or
 Computer is an electronic machine which accepts the data from user and process
on it. After process it gives us needed information.

Full Form Of Computer

C=Commonly
O=Operated
M=Machine
P=Particularly
U=Use For
T=Trade/Technical
E=Education/Entertainment
R=Research

 What is data?
Data is a collection of alphabet, number and other form of data
like- picture, sound, video etc.
Or
The input is known as data.
  What is processing?
Works inside of C.P.U (central processing unit) called processing.
Or
To works according given data by the user that called processing. The
works of processing done by the CPU.
It is also called the brain of computer.

 What is information?
After processing the raw data we get result on output device
that called information.
Like- 25+25= 50 information

1) Speed- computer works with very high speed. They are much faster with
compare to human being. A modern computer can process a millions of
instructions in per second.
2) Diligence- computer do not get tired and can work for hours all the time until a
technical fault is created.
3) Accuracy- computers are very accurate .it never make any mistake.
4) Storage- the computers are capable to store a large amount of data.
5) Versatility- computers are very versatile. It can do different –different work.

Limitation of computer
Limitation of compute is that it does not think like human being.
Computer cannot decide on their own. If we give a wrong instruction to
computer, it has no any alternative solution for this.
 Function of Computer
1. Accept The Raw Data(Input)-
2. Store The Data-
3. Process The Data-
4. Store The Data-
5. Give The Output-

INPUT STORE PROCESS STORE OUTPUT

Generation of Computer
The term computer “Generation” is often used in relation to hardware of computer.
Each phase of computer development is known as a separate generation of computer.
There are totally five generation of computer-:

1. First generation of computer(1942 to 1955)

2. Second generation of computer(1956 to 1965)
3. Third generation of computer(1966 to 1975)
4. Fourth generation of computer(1976 to 1989)
5. Fifth generation of computer(1990 to till today)
1) First generation of computer (1942 to 1955) --- The period of first
generation of computer was 1942 to 1955. The first generation computers used
Vacuum Tube as a technology. The 1st generation computer used machine language.
The computer of this generation was very large in size and very slow input-output
processing. This generation computer consumed high electricity and A.C was needed
because this generation computer generated a lot of heat.

Features of First Generation Computer

1. Used Vacuum Tubes.
2. Very Large In Size And Slow Input- Output Processing.
3. High Electricity Consumption.
4. Large A.C Was Needed.
5. Machine Language Was Used.
2) Second generation of computer (1956 to 1965) ---The period of second
generation of computer was 1956 to 1965. The second generation computers used
“Transistor” as a technology. The 2nd generation computer used “Machine
Language” as well as “Assembly Language”.

The size of second generation computer was less than 1st generation computer. This
generation computer consumed less electricity than 1st generation and A.C was
needed because this generation computer also generated heat.

Features of second generation computer

1. Used transistor as a technology
2. Smaller than 1st generation in size
3. High electricity consumption
4. A.C was needed
5. Machine language and assembly language was used

3. Third generation of computer (1966 to1975) - ---The period of third

generation of computer was 1966 to 1975. The third generation computers used
“Integrated Circuit” as a technology.
The third generation computers used high level language (HLL).
The size of computer becomes smaller. The input and output process was very fast.

Features of third generation computer

1. Used I.C as a technology.
2. Computers are smaller and faster.
3. Lower power consumption.
4. High level language was used.

4. Fourth generation of computer (1976 to 1989) - The period of fourth

generation of computer was 1976 to 1989. The fourth generation computer was used
“Microprocessor” as a technology.
In this generation Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) Circuits packing about 50,000
electronics components in a chip.
So the size of computer became very smaller and computer cost came down. Speed
became very fast.
 Features of fourth generation computer
1. Microprocessor was used as technology.(VLSI)
2. Portable and smaller computer was developed.
3. Computer became more faster.
4. Less price

5. Fifth generation of computer (1990 to till today) - The period of fifth generation
of computer was 1990 to till today. The fifth generation computers were used
“Microprocessor” as a technology.
In this generation VLSI technology replace by ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated circuit)
technology.
In this generation Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) Circuits packing about 100000
electronics components in a chip.

Features of fifth generation of computer

1. Microprocessor was used as technology. (ULSI)
2. Portable computer developed.
3. Computer become more faster. (SUPER COMPUTER)
4. Less price

Types of Computer

Digital Computer Analog Computer Hybrid Computer

The computers have been classified into three categories according to works-

1. Digital computer- The digital computers work upon discontinuous data. The
convert data into digits (Binary digits 0 and 1) and all operations are carried out on these
digits at fast rate.
Digital computers are faster than Analog computers and more accurate.
Digital computer used for business and scientific application.
2. Analog computer- In Analog computers continuous quantities is used.
Computations are carried out with physical quantities such as voltage, length, current,
temperature etc.
Any devices that measure such quantities are Analog computer.

3. Hybrid Computer- Hybrid computer utilize the best qualities of both the digital
and analog computer.
In this computer some calculations (works) take place in analog manner
And rest of them takes place in digital manner.
Hybrid computer are best used in hospital where Analog part is responsible for
measurement of patient’s heart beat, blood pressure, temperature and other vital signs
and then the operation (information) carried out in digital manner on monitor. Hybrid
computer also used in weather forecasting.

SOFTWARE
Software is a set of instructions that directs the computer to process
information. These instructions are called programs.
Or
Software represents the set of programs that control the operation of a
computer system and make the hardware run.

There are three types of software

System Software Application Software Utility Software

(Operating Soft Ware)
{UNIX, XP, WINDOW – 98, {WORD, EXCEL, PAINT, {ANTI-VIRUS, DATA RECOVERY}

WINDOW -7, WINDOW-8, PHOTOSHOP, PAGEMAKER,

} ACCESS, POWER POINT, Page Maker etc.}
1. System Software- The software that controls the internal computer operations is
called System software. System software controls the function of computer hardware
like-Keyboard, Mouse, C.P.U, Monitor etc. System software also helps to run/install the
application software.
Without system software computers are nothing.
Window XP, Window-7, window-8 are the example of system software.

2. Application Software- Application software design for specific task/purpose,

such as accounting and browsing the internet.

You can create and manage document by using a word processor.

OR
Application software are the programs which is written by the programmer to enable
computer to perform to specific task such as word processor , inventory / stock
management ,calculation , financial accounting , railway reservation , and billing .
Some example of application software-
1. Ms-word
2. Ms-excel
3. Ms-power point
4. Ms-access
5. Photoshop
6. Paint
7. Tally
8. PageMaker

3. Utility Software- utility software’s are those helpful programs that ensure the
smooth working of the computer. Some utility software help you backup data and
recover data that has been accidentally erased /delete. Some help you avoid virus attacks
or clean viruses.
Example of Utility Software –:
1. Data recovery
2. Anti-viruses.
 Components/Device Of Computer (Parts Of Computer)
1. Input device
2. Output device
3. Storage device
1. Input device-The device which is used to input the data/instructions into the
computer called input device.
Some important input devices are-
2. Keyboard-keyboard is a main input device of computer which helps us input the
row data or instruction into computer.
The keys of a keyboard are classified into following groups-
a) Alphabetical keys (A to Z)
b) Numerical keys (0 to 9)
c) Functional keys (F1 to F12)
d) Cursor movement keys
e) Special keys (Shift, Alt, Caps Lock, Tab, Ctrl, Enter)

3. Mouse- it is also an input device which used a pointer to select any items on
screen. It has basically three buttons-
Scroll button
Left button Right button

Left button is used to select any items and right button is used to know the
property of any file, folder and software. Scroll button is used to move the page
up and down.
4. Scanner- The scanner is used to scan any image or document to store it in the
computer memory as a file for future use. it is also called the Eyes Of Computer.
5. Joystick- it is mainly used to play computer games and some time called games
controller. It can move the game object left, right, up and down.
6. OMR- The full name of OMR is Optical Mark Reader. This device can recognized
marks made with pencil or ink. It is mostly used in correcting multiple options
question in competitive exams. Like Railway, Banking, SSC etc.
7. OCR- the full name of OCR is Optical Character Reader. It is capable to reading
only printed or hand written text.
8. Web camera- it also an input device which used to input photograph into the
computer by the help of data cable.
9. Touch screen monitor-
 10.Output Device- it is the part of computer which helps us to show the result or
information that called output device.
Some output devices are-
1. Monitor- it is like a T.V. which displays any information on screen.
It is main output device of computer.
There are three types of monitor-
A) C.R.T (Cathode-ray tube)
B) L.C.D (Liquid Crystal Display)
C) L.E.D (Light-emitting diode)
2. Projector- projector is a device to show any small documents or picture in
large screen. It is generally used to represent your product, idea and plan on
a big screen.
3. Speaker- Speaker is an output device that converts electronically signals
into sound.
4. Printer- printer is a output device that product text or graphics on a paper
from the computer memory. It is called hard copy.
There are two types of printer-
a) Impact Printer-
b) Non Impact Printer-
a) Impact printer-these printers have direct contact with the machine to
create an output on paper. It makes noise.

b) Non impact printer-these printers have not direct contact with paper
and machine and it does not make noise.

5. Plotter- it is like a printer but it creates high quality graphic on paper which
a printer is not capable to print like this.

11. Storage device- A computer system requires memory to store data. There
are two types of store device-
1) Primary storage device
2) Secondary storage device
1.) Primary storage device- this memory is direct associated with the C.P.U. Before
processing the data, data is stored in some storage area. This storage area is
called/known primary memory. It is also called internal memory or main memory.
There are two types of primary memory-
a) RAM (Random Access Memory)
b) ROM (Read Only Memory)
 a) RAM (Random Access Memory)-All the data inter into computer is directly store in
RAM. RAM is a volatile memory. That is when power goes out; the content/data of RAM get
erased.
b) ROM (Read Only Memory) - in this memory Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
permanently loaded during the manufacturing time. It cannot be altered and fresh information
cannot be inserting into ROM. When switch off the computer does not erased the data from
ROM. So it called non-volatile memory.

2. Secondary storage device- The storage device which can store the data permanently called
secondary storage device. It is also known as external memory. There is some example of secondary
storage device-
a) Magnetic tap
b) Floppy disk
c) Hard disk
d) CD-ROM (Compact disk Read Only Memory)
e) DVD ROM(Digital Video disk)

The End
Hardware
Hardware- the physical parts of computer that we can touch and see called
hardware.
Like- Keyboard, mouse, monitor, C.P.U, etc.
The all computer hardware parts are divided into three part according to their
function.
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. OMR
4. OCR
To input the data 5. Joystick
6. SCANNER
7. Touch screen monitor
8. Web camera
1. Monitor
2. Printer
To find the output 3. Speaker
4. Projector
5. Plotter
To processing the data 1. C.PU
 Computer memory
The memory of Computer is used to store both the data and information. It
understands only binary number that is 0 and 1.
It can store any data permanently.

Measurement of memory
1. Bit – a bit is a single binary value. As 0 and 1.
2. Byte – a byte is a unit of measurement of computer
memory.

1. 4 Bits =1 Nibble
2. 8Bits = 1 Byte
3. 1024 Byte = 1 Kilo Bytes
4. 1024 KB =1 Mega Bytes
5. 1024 MB = 1 Giga Bytes
6. 1024 GB = 1 Tera Bytes
7. 1024 TB = 1 Peta Bytes
8. 1024 PB = 1 Exa Bytes
9. 1024 EB = 1 Zetta Bytes
Change conversion into Decimal to Binary:-
1.) 2 16 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
1
1610 = 10000

2.) 40
3.) 55
4.) 75
5.) 30
6.) 90
7.) 100
8.) 35

Change conversion into Binary to Decimal:-

1.) 10000
Ans: 1*2+0*2+0*2+0*2+0*2
= 24+03+02+01+00
=16+0+0+0+0

=16

100002 = 16

The End
Definitions of computer