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Angular Interview Questions and Answers

Last Updated : 14 Jul, 2025

Angular is a popular framework for building dynamic web applications.

Developed and maintained by Google, Angular allows developers to
create fast, efficient, and scalable single-page applications (SPAs) that
provide a seamless user experience. Google, Accenture, Microsoft,
PayPal, Upwork, Netflix, etc., because of its comprehensive features and
strong performance.

Here is a list of 70+ Angular Interview Questions and Answers designed

for both freshers and experienced developers, covering 0 to 12 years of
experience. These questions span core concepts like components,
services, directives, RxJS, forms, and Angular CLI, helping you prepare for
interviews and improve your Angular skills.

Table of Content
Angular Interview Questions for Freshers
Angular Intermediate Interview Questions
Angular Interview Questions For Experienced
Angular Scenario Based Interview Questions
Mostly Asked Angular Interview Questions

Whether you're a beginner or a seasoned developer, this guide will

enhance your problem-solving abilities and keep you up to date with the
latest Angular best practices.

Angular Interview Questions for Freshers

In this section, we will discuss basic Angular questions asked in the
interview suitable for the freshers.
1. What is Angular?

Angular is an open-source framework that is used for building dynamic,

single-page web applications. It uses TypeScript and offers tools like
two-way data binding, dependency injection, and component-based
architecture to build scalable and efficient apps.

2. What are the main features of Angular?

The features of the Angular are mentioned below:

Two-way data binding: Synchronizes data between the model and the
view automatically.
Dependency injection: Manages and injects dependencies efficiently to
enhance modularity.
Modularization: Break down the application into smaller, reusable
modules.
Templating: Uses templates to define the view, providing dynamic and
efficient UI updates.
RESTful API handling: Simplifies interaction with RESTful services and
APIs.

3. What is the latest version of Angular?

The latest version of Angular is 19.0.0, which was released on November

19, 2024. The features included in the Angular 19 are like standalone
components, directives, and pipes by default, reducing reliance on
NgModules.

4. What are the major updates in Angular 19?

The major updates done in the Angular 19 are:

Standalone Components: In Angular 19, components, directives, and

pipes are standalone by default, making development easier and
 reducing reliance on NgModules. The ng update command helps
migrate older projects.
Improved Rendering: Angular now supports incremental hydration
(still in preview), offering better control over when and how parts of the
application are rendered, enhancing performance.
Route-Level Render Mode: Developers can customize rendering
strategies for different routes to improve performance and SEO.
State Management & Async Enhancements: New features like linked
signals and the resource API improve state management and make
handling asynchronous operations smoother.
Code and Performance Improvements: Updates like automatic
detection of unused imports, Hot Module Replacement (HMR), zoneless
change detection (in development), automatic CSP generation, and
Angular Material enhancements help streamline development and
improve performance.

5. What is Difference between Angular 18 and Angular 19?

Angular 19 offers better performance, easier component management,

and improved features for developers.

Angular 18 Angular 19 (Latest)

Supported but optional Default approach (NgModules optional)

Basic SSR improvements Incremental Hydration (partial hydration)

Signals stable Linked Signals for complex state

Zone.js optimization Fine-grained reactivity (less Zone.js)

Basic route-level metadata Enhanced route-level rendering control

Manual unused import checks Automatic unused import detection

 Angular 18 Angular 19 (Latest)

Promises/Observables New Resource API for async state

Full app hydration Component-level hydration

esbuild-based builder Improved incremental builds.

6. Why Angular was introduced?

Angular was introduced to simplify the development of dynamic, single-

page applications (SPAs). It offers features like two-way data binding,
component-based architecture, and dependency injection, making it easier
to manage large applications. Angular also supports cross-platform
development, improving code maintainability, performance, and reducing
development time for web, mobile, and desktop apps.

7. How many types of compilation Angular provides?

Angular provides two types of compilation:

JIT (Just-in-Time) Compilation:

Happens at runtime in the browser.

Compiles the Angular application in the browser as it loads.
Faster development builds but slower performance in production.

AOT (Ahead-of-Time) Compilation:

Happens during the build phase before the application is run.

Compiles the application into efficient JavaScript code ahead of time,
which leads to faster loading and better performance.
Recommended for production builds.
 In JIT compilation, the application compiles inside the browser
during runtime.
AOT compilation, the application compiles during the build time.

8. What is a component in Angular?

A component is a fundamental building block of Angular applications. It

controls a part of the user interface and manages the data and logic for
that section. Components are used to create reusable UI elements and
define the structure and behavior of the app.

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-header',
templateUrl: './header.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./header.component.css']
})
export class HeaderComponent {
@Input() title: string;
@Input() links: { name: string, url: string }[];

constructor() { }
}

9. Explain the purpose of @Component decorator in Angular.

Defining the Component: It designates a class as an Angular

component and provides metadata about the component.
Template Association: Links the component with its HTML template,
defining the view.
Style Binding: Associates the component with its CSS styles to
encapsulate and manage styling.
Selector Definition: Defines a custom HTML tag (selector) that
represents the component in the application.
 Dependency Injection Configuration: Specifies the providers for the
component, providing dependency injection.

10. What is a module in Angular?

A module is a logical unit of the application that groups related

components, directives, pipes, and services. It helps organize and manage
the application by encapsulating functionality into cohesive blocks.

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

11. What is Angular CLI?

Angular CLI (Command Line Interface) is a powerful tool that helps

automate and streamline the development process for Angular
applications. It provides a set of commands for creating, managing, and
building Angular projects.

Common Angular CLI commands include:

ng new: Creates a new Angular project.

ng serve: Serves the application locally.
ng generate: Generates components, services, and more.
ng build: Builds the application for production.

12. What is a directive in Angular?

Directives are special markers on a DOM element that tell Angular to do

something to that DOM element or its children. Directives are used to
extend HTML functionality by adding behavior to elements, such as
manipulating their attributes or styling.

import { Directive, ElementRef, Renderer2, HostListener, Input } from

'@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appHoverBackground]'
})
export class HoverBackgroundDirective {
@Input('appHoverBackground') hoverColor: string;

constructor(private el: ElementRef, private renderer: Renderer2) {

}

@HostListener('mouseenter') onMouseEnter() {
this.changeBackgroundColor(this.hoverColor || 'yellow');
}

@HostListener('mouseleave') onMouseLeave() {
this.changeBackgroundColor(null);
}

private changeBackgroundColor(color: string) {

this.renderer.setStyle(this.el.nativeElement,
'backgroundColor', color);
}
}

13. What is a service in Angular?

A service is a class that encapsulates reusable logic, which can be shared

across different components of an Angular application. Services are
typically used for data fetching, business logic, and other operations that
need to be shared.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable, BehaviorSubject } from 'rxjs';
import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root',
})
export class DataService {
private dataSubject = new BehaviorSubject < any > (null);
data$ = this.dataSubject.asObservable();
 constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

fetchData(): Observable<any> {
return this.http.get('https://api.example.com/data').pipe(
tap((data) => this.dataSubject.next(data))
);
}

getData(): Observable<any> {
return this.data$;
}
}

14. Explain two-way data binding in Angular.

Two-way data binding in Angular is a mechanism that allows

synchronization of data between the model (component class) and the
view (template). It ensures that changes in the model are reflected in the
view and vice versa, automatically updating both when either one is
modified.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-user-input',
templateUrl: './user-input.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./user-input.component.css']
})
export class UserInputComponent {
userInput: string = '';

updateInput(value: string) {
this.userInput = value;
}
}

15. What are Angular Lifecycle Hooks?

Angular lifecycle hooks are methods that allow developers to tap into key
moments in a component’s lifecycle. Key hooks include ngOnInit (called
once when the component is initialized), ngOnChanges (called when input
properties change), and ngOnDestroy (called before Angular destroys the
component).
16. What is the difference between Angular and AngularJS?

Angular AngularJS

Component-based architecture MVC (Model-View-Controller)

TypeScript JavaScript

Designed with mobile support Limited mobile support

Higher performance with AOT Relatively slower due to dynamic

compilation compilation

Two-way data binding with reactive Two-way data binding with

forms and observables scopes and watchers

17. What is Data Binding in AngularJS?

Data Binding in Angular provides a function Data Binding which helps us

to have an almost real-time reflection of the input given by the user i.e. it
creates a connection between Model and View.

18. Differences between one-way binding and two-way binding

In Angular, both one-way and two-way data binding are supported.

Angular provides mechanisms for both types of binding based on the use
case.

One-Way Binding Two-Way Binding

Data flows in one direction (from Data flows in both directions (from
component to view or vice versa). component to view and vice versa).
 One-Way Binding Two-Way Binding

Unidirectional (either component →

Bidirectional (component ↔ view).
view or view → component).

More complex, as it involves

Simpler to implement as it handles
synchronization between the view
data in one direction only.
and the component.

Used when the view only needs to Used when you want to reflect
display data or when the component changes in the model immediately
updates based on view changes. to the view and vice versa.

{{ message }} or [property]="value" [(ngModel)]="value"

19. What is string interpolation in AngularJS?

String interpolation is a technique used to bind data from the model

(JavaScript) to the view (HTML) by embedding expressions within double
curly braces {{ }}. It allows you to insert dynamic values or variables into
the HTML content, making the view update automatically when the model
changes.

<div>{{ message }}</div>

20. How many types of Directives are available in AngularJS?

There are four kinds of directives in AngularJS those are described below:

Element directives
Attribute directives
CSS class directives
Comment directives
21. What is factory method in AngularJS?

AngularJS Factory Method makes the development process of AngularJS

application more robust. A factory is a simple function that allows us to
add some logic to a created object and return the created object.

The factory is also used to create/return a function in the form of

reusable code which can be used anywhere within the application.
Whenever we create an object using a factory it always returns a new
instance for that object.
The object returned by the factory can be integrated(injectible) with
different components of the Angularjs framework such as controller,
service, filter or directive.

22. What is the digest cycle in AngularJS?

The digest cycle in AngularJS is a process where Angular compares the

current and previous values of the scope model to check for changes. If
changes are detected, Angular updates the view. This cycle is triggered
automatically after an event like a user action, HTTP request, or model
change, and it ensures that the view stays in sync with the model. It can
also be manually triggered using $apply().

23. What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency Injection (DI) in Angular is a design pattern where services or

objects are provided to components or other services rather than being
created within them. It allows for better modularity, testability, and
management of dependencies. Angular's DI framework automatically
injects required services into components, making it easier to manage and
maintain the application.

24. How do you create a service in Angular?

A service can be created using Angular CLI or manually by creating a class
decorated with @Injectable().

Creating a data fetching service.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class DataFetchingService {
private apiUrl = 'https://api.example.com/data';

constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

fetchData(): Observable<any> {
return this.http.get < any > (this.apiUrl);
}
}

25. What is an Angular router?

The Angular router is a library that enables navigation between different

views or pages in a single-page application (SPA). It allows developers to
define routes, handle URL changes, and load components dynamically
based on the route, providing a smooth and efficient user experience
without page reloads.

26. What is scope in Angular?

In Angular, scope refers to the environment or context in which variables,

expressions, and functions are evaluated. It determines the visibility and
accessibility of these variables within different parts of the application,
particularly in relation to the component's template and controller.

Note: In Angular 2+ (modern Angular), the term scope is no longer

used. It is replaced by component state and data binding.

Angular Intermediate Interview Questions

In this set we will be looking at intermediate Angular Interview Question
for candidates with over 2 years of experience.

27. What type of DOM is used in Angular?

Angular uses the Real DOM (Document Object Model). The Change
Detection mechanism is used to update only the affected parts of the
DOM when data changes, improving performance. In addition, Angular
uses a Shadow DOM for encapsulation, which helps isolate styles and
behavior of components.

Real DOM: Updates the entire DOM when changes occur.

Change Detection: Optimizes updates to only parts of the DOM that
need re-rendering.
Shadow DOM: Provides component style and behavior encapsulation.

28. In How many ways Bootstrap is embedded in Angular?

In Angular, bootstarp can be implemented by the two ways:

Using npm (Recommended): Install Bootstrap via npm and import it

into the angular.json file under the "styles" and "scripts" arrays.

npm install bootstrap

Using CDN (Content Delivery Network): Instead of installing

Bootstrap locally, you can link to Bootstrap's CSS and JS files directly
from a CDN in your index.html file:

<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/boot
strap.min.css">
<script
src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery
.min.js"></script>
<script
 src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.16.0/u
md/popper.min.js"></script>
<script
src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/js/bootst
rap.min.js"></script>

29. How can you pass data between components in Angular?

Data can be passed between components using Input and Output

decorators, services, or router state.

Passing data from a parent component to a child component using @Input

decorator.

//child.component.ts

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-child',
templateUrl: './child.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./child.component.css']
})
export class ChildComponent {
@Input() childData: string; // Declare the input property
}

//Child.component.html
<div>
<p>Data from parent: {{ childData }}</p>
</div>

//parent.component.ts
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-parent',
templateUrl: './parent.component.html',
 styleUrls: ['./parent.component.css']
})
export class ParentComponent {
parentData: string = 'Hello from Parent Component!';
}

//parent.component.html
<div>
<app-child [childData]="parentData"></app-child>
</div >

//App.module.ts
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { ParentComponent } from './parent/parent.component';
import { ChildComponent } from './child/child.component';

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
ParentComponent,
ChildComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

30. Explain lazy loading in Angular.

Lazy loading in Angular is a technique used to improve the performance of

an application by loading feature modules only when they are needed,
rather than loading all modules upfront. This reduces the initial load time
of the application and speeds up the startup process.

31. What is MVVM architecture in Angular?

MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) is a software architectural pattern that is

commonly used in Angular applications, providing a clean separation of
concerns between different components of an application. This ensures
that changes in one part of the application (like in the logic or data) do not
directly affect or interfere with the user interface.

Here's how MVVM works in Angular:

Model:

Represents the application's data and logic.

It is the part of the application that manages the state, and it can be
composed of services, APIs, or even simple objects.
In Angular, the Model can be represented by services or interfaces that
fetch data from a database or API and expose methods for interacting
with that data.

View:

Represents the UI (user interface) elements that the user interacts with,
such as buttons, inputs, forms, etc.
In Angular, the View is typically defined using HTML and CSS, and it's
tied to the template of a component.
The view listens for changes in the ViewModel and displays updated
data to the user.

ViewModel:

This is the key part of MVVM in Angular. It acts as a bridge between

the Model and View.
The ViewModel holds the data and logic needed to present the Model’s
data in a way that the View can easily display.
 It is represented by the component in Angular, which binds the data
and defines the behavior that will be reflected in the view.
Angular’s two-way data binding (via ngModel) allows the ViewModel
to automatically synchronize with the View, enabling automatic
updates when data changes.

32. What are Angular lifecycle hooks?

Angular lifecycle hooks are methods that allow you to tap into key
moments in a component's lifecycle. Here are the main lifecycle hooks:

1. ngOnInit(): Called once after the component's data-bound properties

have been initialized.
2. ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges): Called whenever one or
more data-bound input properties change.
3. ngDoCheck(): Called during every change detection run, allowing you
to implement your own change detection.
4. ngAfterContentInit(): Called once after Angular projects external
content into the component's view.
5. ngAfterContentChecked(): Called after every check of projected
content.
6. ngAfterViewInit(): Called once after the component's view (and child
views) has been initialized.
7. ngAfterViewChecked(): Called after every check of the component's
view (and child views).
8. ngOnDestroy(): Called just before Angular destroys the component,
allowing you to clean up resources.

33. What is a pipe in Angular?

A pipe is a way to transform data in the template. It allows you to format

or manipulate data before displaying it to the user. Angular provides
several built-in pipes like DatePipe, UpperCasePipe, and CurrencyPipe,
and you can also create custom pipes. Pipes are typically used to modify
the display of data without altering the original data itself.

34. What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a technology that enables server-side rendering

(SSR) for Angular applications, improving performance, initial load times,
and search engine optimization (SEO) by pre-rendering the application
on the server before sending it to the client. This results in faster, more
interactive user experiences and better indexing by search engines.

35. How do you optimize Angular applications?

To optimize Angular applications, you can:

Use AOT (Ahead-of-Time) Compilation: Pre-compile the application

to improve startup time and reduce the size of the bundle.
Lazy Loading: Load modules only when they are needed to reduce
initial loading time.
OnPush Change Detection: Use the OnPush change detection strategy
to minimize unnecessary checks.
Tree Shaking: Remove unused code during the build process to reduce
bundle size.
Minification and Uglification: Minify and compress JavaScript and CSS
files for smaller payloads.
Use TrackBy with ngFor: Improve performance in lists by using trackBy
to avoid re-rendering unchanged items.
Service Workers: Implement service workers for caching and offline
support.

36. What are Angular interceptors?

Angular interceptors are services that intercept and modify HTTP requests
and responses. They allow you to perform actions such as adding headers
(e.g., authentication tokens), logging, or handling errors globally.
Interceptors are useful for managing HTTP communication centrally in
Angular applications.

37. Explain the purpose of NgZone in Angular.

NgZone in Angular is a service that helps Angular know when to update

the view by tracking asynchronous operations. It runs change detection
whenever an asynchronous operation, like a setTimeout or HTTP request,
completes. NgZone ensures that Angular is aware of changes in the
application state and triggers the necessary updates to the view.

38. What is the difference between @Input() and @Output() in

Angular?

Decorator Purpose Example

Pass data from

<child [childData]="parentData">
@Input() parent to child
</child>
component

Emit events
<child
from child to
@Output() (childEvent)="parentMethod($event)">
parent
</child>
component

39. How do you implement authentication in Angular?

Authentication can be implemented using JWT tokens, Angular guards,

and interceptors to manage login and secure routes.

Securing a route with an AuthGuard.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
 })
export class AuthService {

constructor() { }

isLoggedIn(): boolean {
return !!localStorage.getItem('userToken');
}
}

40. What are Standalone Components in Angular 19?

In Angular 19, Standalone Components continue to offer significant

advantages. They are components that do not rely on NgModules to
function, simplifying Angular application architecture. This reduces the
need for complex module dependencies and enhances tree-shaking for
better optimization. Standalone components allow for more independent
and modular development, making it easier to manage, test, and reuse
components without requiring an entire NgModule setup. They contribute
to cleaner code, better performance, and a more flexible development
workflow, further streamlining Angular applications.

41. How do you use Typed Forms?

Typed Forms continue to provide enhanced type safety for reactive forms.
You can define strict types for form controls using FormGroup,
FormControl, and FormArray, ensuring better type-checking and
preventing runtime errors. This approach allows for more robust form
handling, as you can specify the exact types for form values, leading to
improved developer experience and better maintainability. The type-safe
reactive forms in Angular 19 ensure consistency, making it easier to
manage form controls and access their values with proper type support.

42. What is the purpose of the Signal API ?

The Signal API is a key tool in simplifying state management, making
Angular applications more responsive and efficient. Signal API has
evolved to provide more efficient tracking of reactive state changes and
dependencies. It helps in managing data flow by introducing reactive
signals, which automatically detect changes in state and update the view
without requiring manual change detection. This reduces the complexity
of handling reactivity and optimizes performance by minimizing
unnecessary updates.

43. How does the inject() function work ?

The inject() function simplifies the process of dependency injection (DI). It

allows developers to access and inject services or dependencies directly
within the component’s constructor or lifecycle methods without the need
for constructor injection.

44. What improvements have been made to standalone testing?

Standalone components can now be tested directly, reducing boilerplate

code and enhancing tree-shaking by avoiding unnecessary module
dependencies. The testing framework has been optimized for better
performance and developer experience. Angular 19 also improves
integration with testing libraries like Jasmine and Karma, allowing for
more straightforward configuration, faster tests, and a smoother testing
process.

45. Explain the use of Functional Components.

Functional components focus purely on rendering UI based on inputs and

outputs, without requiring a class structure. This approach brings a more
functional programming style to Angular, making it easier to write and
test components with better performance, especially for simple and
reusable components.
46. What is Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation in Angular?

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation in Angular is the process of compiling

Angular templates and TypeScript code into efficient JavaScript code
during the build process, before the application is run in the browser. This
reduces the size of the application, improves startup performance, and
allows for earlier detection of template errors, resulting in faster rendering
and better overall performance in production.

47. What is Ivy in Angular?

Ivy is Angular's next-generation rendering engine, introduced to improve

performance and reduce bundle sizes. It offers faster compilation, more
efficient rendering, and enhanced debugging capabilities. Ivy's advanced
tree-shaking features eliminate unused code, leading to smaller and faster
applications. Additionally, Ivy provides better backward compatibility,
making it easier to update and maintain Angular applications.

48. Explain the purpose of Angular Elements.

Web Component Integration: Allows Angular components to be

packaged as custom elements (web components) that can be used in
any HTML page or framework.
Reusability: Enables the reuse of Angular components across different
projects and frameworks, providing code sharing and consistency.
Interoperability: Provides the integration of Angular components into
non-Angular applications, enhancing flexibility and compatibility.
Encapsulation: Provides encapsulated, self-contained components that
encapsulate their logic, styles, and templates, reducing the risk of
conflicts in larger applications.

49. What is a Resolver in Angular?

A Resolver in Angular is a service that pre-fetches data before a route is
activated, ensuring that the necessary data is available when the route is
accessed. This is particularly useful for loading important data that a
component depends on, thereby enhancing user experience by avoiding
loading indicators or incomplete views.

Angular Interview Questions For Experienced

In this set we will be covering Angular interview question for experienced
developers with over 5 years of experience.

50. What is difference between Angular and React?

Angular React

Full-fledged framework Library for building user interfaces

Google Facebook

TypeScript (JavaScript superset) JavaScript (JSX syntax)

MVC (Model-View-Controller) /
Component-based architecture
MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel)

Suitable for large-scale applications Best for building interactive UIs and
with complex requirements SPAs (Single Page Applications)

51. How are Angular expressions are different from JavaScript

expressions?

Angular Expressions are a simplified version of JavaScript expressions

designed for use within templates and for data binding, while JavaScript
Expressions are more flexible and can be used to perform various
operations in the logic layer of an application.

52. What is the purpose of NgModule in Angular?

The purpose of NgModule in Angular is to organize an application into

cohesive blocks of functionality by grouping related components,
directives, pipes, and services. NgModule defines a compilation context for
these elements, providing modularity and maintainability.

53. What is the difference between Template-driven and Reactive

Forms?

Template-driven Forms Reactive Forms

Based on directives Based on explicit creation

Asynchronous Synchronous

Simple forms Complex forms

Two-way data binding Immutable data model

54. What are Angular Guards?

Angular Guards are services that control access to routes in an Angular

application. They are used to protect routes from unauthorized access or
to prevent unwanted navigation. Common types of guards include:

CanActivate: Determines if a route can be activated.

CanDeactivate: Checks if a route can be deactivated.
CanLoad: Determines if a module can be loaded lazily.

55. How do you create custom validators in Angular?

Custom validators can be created by implementing the ValidatorFn
interface and using it in the form controls.

Creating a custom validator to check if a username is available.

import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors, ValidatorFn } from

'@angular/forms';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable, of } from 'rxjs';
import { map } from 'rxjs/operators';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class UsernameValidatorService {
private takenUsernames = ['admin', 'user', 'guest'];

checkUsername(username: string): Observable<boolean> {

return of(this.takenUsernames.includes(username)).pipe(
map(isTaken => !isTaken)
);
}
}

56. What is the purpose of Angular animations?

The purpose of Angular animations is to add dynamic visual effects to

applications, improving user experience by making transitions, state
changes, and movements more engaging. They enable smooth animations
for elements such as fading, sliding, or resizing, triggered by user
interactions or state changes in the application.

57. Explain dynamic components in Angular.

Dynamic components in Angular are components that are created and

inserted into the application at runtime, rather than being statically
declared in the template. This allows for greater flexibility and
responsiveness in applications.

58. What is Angular Material?

Angular Material is a UI component library for Angular applications that
provides pre-built, reusable, and customizable user interface components,
following Google’s Material Design principles. It offers components like
buttons, dialogs, form controls, and navigation elements, helping
developers create modern, responsive, and visually appealing applications
quickly.

59. What is Eager?

In AngularJS, eager loading refers to the process where modules, services,

and controllers are loaded at the start of the application, even if they are
not immediately needed. Eager loading is typically used when the
developer expects all parts of the application to be used early on.

60. What is the purpose of Angular's Renderer2?

Platform Agnostic:Renderer2 provides a platform-agnostic way to

manipulate the DOM, ensuring that the application can run consistently
across different environments, such as server-side rendering with
Angular Universal or web workers.
Security: It helps prevent XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) attacks by
sanitizing inputs and ensuring safe interactions with the DOM.
Abstraction:Renderer2 abstracts away direct DOM manipulation,
making the code more testable and maintainable by allowing
developers to focus on logical rather than low-level DOM operations.
Consistency: Ensures consistent behavior across various browsers and
platforms.

61. What is the difference between AOT and JIT?

 AOT (Ahead-of-Time) JIT (Just-in-Time) Compilation
Compilation

Compilation occurs at build time Compilation occurs at runtime

Faster startup time, as the code is Slower startup time, as the code is
already compiled compiled in the browser

Errors are detected at build time, Errors are detected at runtime, which
allowing for earlier fixes may affect the user experience

Smaller bundle size, as the compiler Larger bundle size, as the compiler is
is not included in the bundle included in the bundle

Better suited for production Often used in development

environments, including server-side environments for faster iteration and
rendering debugging

62. What are the benefits of using Web Workers in Angular?

Improved Performance: Web Workers allow for offloading heavy

computations and tasks to background threads, freeing up the main
thread and ensuring smoother and more responsive user interfaces.
Enhanced User Experience: By running complex operations in the
background, Web Workers prevent the UI from becoming unresponsive,
providing a seamless and uninterrupted user experience.
Parallel Processing: Web Workers enable parallel processing of tasks,
which can significantly speed up operations that are computationally
intensive or involve large datasets.
Better Scalability: Utilizing Web Workers can help scale applications
more effectively by distributing the workload, leading to more efficient
resource utilization and improved performance under high load
conditions.
63. What is Data Binding in Angular?

Data binding in Angular is a mechanism that allows communication

between the component and the view (HTML template). It synchronizes
the data between the model (component) and the view, making it easy to
reflect changes in the UI whenever data changes in the component.

There are the 4 types of the data binding in Agular:

Interpolation (One-way Binding)

Property Binding (One-way Binding)
Event Binding (One-way Binding)
Two-way Binding

64. What are impure pipes in angular?

Impure pipes in Angular are pipes that can change the output when input
values change over time, even without the change detection running.
Unlike pure pipes, impure pipes are evaluated every time change detection
runs, which can lead to performance issues if not used carefully.

65. What are pure pipes in angular?

Pure pipes in Angular are pipes that only re-evaluate when their input
data changes. This makes them more efficient compared to impure pipes,
as they are only executed when the values of the inputs change.

66. What is Pipe transform Interface in Angular?

In Angular, the PipeTransform interface is used to define the structure of a

custom pipe. It is part of the Pipe decorator, which helps in creating
custom pipes to transform data within templates.

Angular Scenario Based Interview Questions

In this section, we will look at real-world scenarios and how to handle
them in Angular.
67. Scenario: Handling Data from Multiple APIs

Question: We are developing an Angular application that needs to fetch

data from multiple APIs and display them together on the same page.
How would we handle asynchronous API calls and ensure the data is
displayed after all responses are received?

Answer: I would use the RxJS forkJoin operator to handle multiple API
calls concurrently. This ensures that all API responses are received before
processing the data. Here's how I would implement it:

import { forkJoin } from 'rxjs';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

getData() {
const api1$ = this.http.get('https://api1.example.com');
const api2$ = this.http.get('https://api2.example.com');

forkJoin([api1$, api2$]).subscribe(
([api1Response, api2Response]) => {
// Process data from both APIs
this.processData(api1Response, api2Response);
},
error => {
console.error('Error fetching data', error);
}
);
}

forkJoin waits until all observables complete and then emits the results in
an array. This is perfect for scenarios where you want to fetch data from
multiple sources simultaneously.

68. Scenario: Optimizing Angular Performance with Lazy Loading

Question: Your Angular application is getting slower due to a large

number of modules and components. How would you optimize the
application’s performance?

Answer: One way to optimize an Angular application is by implementing

lazy loading to load modules only when needed. This reduces the initial
bundle size, improving load times. Here's an example of setting up lazy
loading in Angular:

// app-routing.module.ts
const routes: Routes = [
{ path: 'feature', loadChildren: () =>
import('./feature/feature.module').then(m => m.FeatureModule)
}
];

By using the loadChildren property, Angular will load

the FeatureModule only when the user navigates to the /feature route.
This improves the app's performance by deferring the loading of non-
essential modules.

69. Scenario: Handling Form Validation in Reactive Forms

Question: We have a form where the user enters their email, and we need
to ensure that it is both valid and unique (not already in use). How would
we implement this validation using Angular Reactive Forms?

Answer: I would use Reactive Forms with custom synchronous and

asynchronous validators. Here's how I would implement both email format
validation and uniqueness check:

import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from '@angular/forms';

import { of } from 'rxjs';
import { map, delay } from 'rxjs/operators';

constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) { }

emailForm: FormGroup = this.fb.group({

email: ['', [Validators.required, Validators.email],
[this.uniqueEmailValidator.bind(this)]]
});

uniqueEmailValidator(control: AbstractControl) {
const emailsInUse = ['[email protected]', '[email protected]'];
return of(emailsInUse.includes(control.value)).pipe(
delay(500),
map(isInUse => (isInUse ? { emailInUse: true } : null))
 );
}

The Validators.email ensures the entered email is valid, while

the uniqueEmailValidator checks asynchronously whether the email is
already in use.
If so, it returns an error, otherwise, it passes validation.

70. Scenario: Debugging Change Detection Issues

Question: We notice that a component is not updating as expected when

data changes. How would you debug and resolve the issue related to
Angular's change detection mechanism?

Answer: First, I would check if the component is using OnPush change

detection strategy:

@Component({
selector: 'app-sample',
templateUrl: './sample.component.html',
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush
})

If the OnPush strategy is being used, Angular only checks for changes
when an input reference changes. If the data is updated by mutation,
Angular will not detect the change. In this case, I would either:

constructor(private cd: ChangeDetectorRef) {}

updateData() {
this.data = { ...this.data, newValue: 'updated' };
this.cd.markForCheck();
}

If the object is mutated directly, OnPush doesn't detect the change.

Ensure the object reference is changed, or
Manually trigger change detection using ChangeDetectorRef:
 Creating a new object or using markForCheck ensures that Angular runs
change detection.

71. Scenario: Implementing Route Guards for Authentication

Question: How would you protect specific routes in your Angular

application so that only authenticated users can access them?

Answer: I would implement Route Guards using

Angular’s CanActivate interface to protect routes. Here's an example of
how to implement an authentication guard:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { CanActivate, Router } from '@angular/router';
import { AuthService } from './auth.service';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {

constructor(private authService: AuthService, private router:

Router) { }

canActivate(): boolean {
if (this.authService.isAuthenticated()) {
return true;
} else {
this.router.navigate(['/login']);
return false;
}
}
}

The AuthGuard checks if the user is authenticated before allowing access

to the route.
If the user is not authenticated, they are redirected to the login page.
This ensures that only authorized users can access certain parts of the
application.

Mostly Asked Angular Interview Questions

1. What is Angular and how is it different from AngularJS?
2. What is two-way data binding in Angular?
 3. What are Angular components and how do they work?
4. What is Dependency Injection (DI) in Angular?
5. Explain the Angular lifecycle hooks.
6. What is RxJS and how is it used in Angular?
7. What are directives in Angular?
8. What is Angular Routing and how does it work?
9. What are Services in Angular and how are they different from
Components?
10. What is an Angular module and how does it organize an application?

Conclusion
To implement micro frontends in Angular in 2025, you can use Webpack 5
Module Federation to load and share independently developed Angular
applications. Each micro frontend can be deployed separately, with a
container app managing routing and communication. This allows for
scalable and modular web applications where updates can be made to
individual modules without affecting the entire system.

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