MODULE

IN
M11GM
GENERAL
MATHEMATICS

RENZ MARRION M. VILLOTA, LPT

COMPILER

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 MODULE 1
LESSON 1: Representation of Real-Life
Situations Using Functions, Including Piece-
wise Functions

Activity: DO YOU KNOW ME?

Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Rest a check (ü) on the space that
corresponds your answer.

DISCUSSION
Let us recall the definition of relation and function.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values, using functional notation, we can write f(x)

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= y read as “f of x is equal to y”. In particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with
the function f, then we say that f(2) = 1.

Vertical line test to determine whether the graph is function or not.

Using a vertical line test in activity 1 (Do You Know Me) No. 7 we have.

Thus, y is a function since the vertical line

intersect the graph in only 1 point.
Likewise, using the vertical line test in activity 1 (Do You Know Me) No. 8, we
have.

Thus, y is not function of x, two values of y

correspond to an x-value. That the vertical line
intersect the graph in two (2) points.

In previous studies, a relation was defined as a correspondence between two variables,

x and y. or as a set of ordered pair (x,y), where x, is related to y.

Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate

functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Example. A user is charge P300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100
free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the

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monthly cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where m is the number of
messages sent monthly.

Solution: the cost of text messaging can be express by the piecewise function:

LESSON 2: Evaluating Functions

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in

this case x, with a value from the function’s domain and computing for
the result. To denote that we are evaluating at for some in the domain of,
we write ( ).
If one thinks of the function machine, evaluating a function is similar to
providing our machines with a valid input.

To evaluate a function, we should:

• directly replace the indicated value to the given function;
• perform the indicated operation; and
• simplify the answer.

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LESSON 3: Operations on Functions

The important concept that we need to understand in this lesson is that

adding, subtracting and multiplying two or more functions together will result in
another function. Dividing two functions together will also result in another
function if the denominator or divisor is not the zero function.

Examples:
A. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 . Find the following:
1. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) 3. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) 2. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) 4. ( 𝑓 𝑔 ) (𝑥)

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Composition of Function

LESSON 4: Problem Solving Involving

Functions

A problem is a situation in which we do not have an immediate solution,

we do not know instantly how to solve it. We want or need to solve it. In a
mathematical problem, every situation involves mathematical reasoning. It’s time
now for you to be exposed to the real application of functions, to experienced
solving real-life problems involving functions.

The four steps that can be used to solve verbal problems are listed below.
1. READ the problem. To solve a verbal problem, first read the problem
carefully and explore what the problem is about.
• Identify what information is given.
• Identify what you are asked to find.
• Choose a variable to represent one of the unspecified numbers in
the problem

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2. PLAN the solution. After defining the variable, find a word sentence to suggest
an equation for the number (s). Use the expressions to replace the world
sentence by an equation.
3. SOLVE the problem. To solve the equation, familiarize yourself with the
properties of equality- addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. To
simplify, use PEMDAS rule for series of operations.
4. EXAMINE the solution if necessary. Use the solution of the equation to write
a statement that settles the problem. Check that the conclusion agrees with
the problem situation or satisfies all conditions of the problems. If the
conclusions do not “check”, it is good to rework the problem.

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ASSESSMENT
I. Based on the concepts that you learn from this module, complete all the
following sentences.
1. _______ is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range).
2. ____________is the set of all possible values that variable x can takes.
3. A graph represents a function if and only f each vertical line intersects the graph at
most ________.
4. Evaluating functions means ____________the variable in the function, in this case x,
with a value from the function’s domain and computing for the result.
5. Evaluating a function is similar to providing our machines with
a______________________.
To evaluate functions, we simply:
6. _______________________ the indicated value to the given function;
7. _______________________ the indicated operation; and
8. _______________________ the answer.

Functions, like numbers, are added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. If f and
gare functions,
9. The sum of 𝑓 + 𝑔 is defined as _____________________.
10. The difference f – g is defined as (𝑓– 𝑔)(𝑥) = ____________________.
11. The product 𝑓 • 𝑔 is defined as (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = ____________________.
𝑓
12. The quotient is defined as _______________________.
𝑔
13. The process of obtaining composite function is called ________________________.
14. The notation (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔) is read as _______________________.
15. (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = __________________.

II. Evaluate the following.

1. g(x) = x2 – 25; a. g(-1), b. g(4) c. g(-3)
2. f(x) = x+6; a. f(1) b. f(2) c. f(3)
III. Operate the following.
• f(x) = x+6; g(x) = x2 – 25
a. (f ○ g) b. (f + g) c. (f – g) d. (f * g) e. f/g

ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
Read and understand the problem carefully and show your complete solution.
1. Humprey moves x meters backward after walking 7 meters forward. If he walks a total
distance of 12 meters, then how far is he now from the starting point?
2. The length of a rectangle is twice its width. When the length is increased by 5 and the
width is decreased by 3, the new rectangle will have a perimeter of 52. Find the
dimensions of the original rectangle.

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 MODULE 2
LESSON 5: Rational Functions

DISCUSSION

Example 1. A Car is to travel a distance of 20 meters. Express velocity v as a function of

travel time t, in seconds.

Solution: The following table of values show v for various values of t.

Rational Function, Rational Equation and Rational Inequality

If fractions are studied in arithmetic and are frequently used in everyday life,
rational expressions must equally be studied because of its usefulness in all fields to which
algebra is applied. The comparison of rational equations, inequalities, and functions are
shown below.

To help you distinguish the difference among the Rational Function, Rational Equation,
and Rational Inequality, observe these examples:

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 A rational equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the
equation or inequality. A rational function expresses a relationship between two variables
(such as x and y), and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.
Solving Rational Rational Equation and Rational Inequality
To solve an equation or inequality in one variable as x means to find all values of x for
which the equation or inequality is true.

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Procedure for Solving Rational Inequalities:
(a) Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on one side of the inequality
symbol and 0 on the other side.
(b) Determine over what intervals the rational expression takes on positive and negative
values.
i. Locate the x values for which the rational expression is zero or undefined (factoring
the numerator and denominator is a useful strategy).
ii. Mark the numbers found in (i) on a number line. Use a shaded circle to indicate that
the value is included in the solution set, and a hollow circle to indicate that the value
is excluded. These numbers partition the number line into intervals.
iii. Select a test point within the interior of each interval in (ii). The sign of the rational
expression at this point is also the sign of the rational expression at each interior
point in the aforementioned interval.
iv. Summarize the intervals containing the solutions.

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(b). The rational expression will be zero for x = 1 and undefined for x = -1. The
value x = 1 is included while x = -1 is not. Mark these on the number line. Use a
shaded circle for x = 1 (a solution and an unshaded circle for x = -1(not a solution).

-1 1

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Rational Function Represented as Table of Values, Graph and Equation

Rational Functions can be represented in three ways, namely: a table of values,

an equation, and a graph.

Example Consider a 100-meter track used for foot races. Represent the speed of a runner
as a function of the time it takes to run 100 meters in the track through (a) equation, (b)
table of values and (c) graph.

a. Equation
Solution. Since the speed of a runner depends on the time it takes to run 100 meters, we
can represent speed as a function of time.

b. Table of Values
Solution. A table of values can help us determine the behavior of a function as the variable
changes.

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For the 100-meter dash scenario, we have constructed a function of speed against time,
and represented our function with a table of values and a graph.

The previous example is based on a real world scenario and has limitations on the values
of the x-variable. For example, a runner cannot have negative time (which would mean he
is running backwards in time!), nor can he exceed the limits of human physiology (can a
person run 100-meters in 5 seconds?). However, we can apply the skills of constructing
tables of values and plotting graphs to observe the behaviour of rational functions.

Activity: Complete Me!

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ASSESSMENT

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ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
1. Define Intercepts, Zeroes and Asymptotes of Rational Functions

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 MODULE 3
LESSON 6: EXPONENTIAL Functions

Activity: POWER UP!

Identify the answers of the following exponents.
102 = 97=
68 = 28=
1002 = 510=

DISCUSSION
Exponential function

An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all values that satisfy the
equation or inequality. An exponential function expresses a relationship between two
variables (such as and ), and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.

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ASSESSMENT

ASSIGNMENT
Research about the properties of the graph of Exponential Function.

LESSON 7: Exponential Equations and

Inequalities; and Exponential Functions

Activity: How Will Do You Know Me?

Determine whether or not each expression is an exponential equation, exponential
inequalities, or neither. Put a check (√ ) on the space that corresponds your answer.

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Some exponential equations can be solved by using the fact that exponential functions
are one-to-one.

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Exponential inequalities can be solved using the following property.

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ASSESSMENT
Using the table of values, Identify the value of f(X) and graph.

1) 162𝑥−3 = 4 𝑥+2
2.) 4 𝑥+2 = 8 2𝑥

ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT

LESSON 8: Solving Exponential Equations,

Inequalities, and Functions

Activity: Classify me!

1. Which of the given above are exponential equations?

2. Which of the given above are exponential inequalities

Discussion
Solving Exponential Equation
One – to – one Property of Exponential Functions will be used in solving exponential
equations.

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ASSESSMENT

ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT

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LESSON 9: Logarithmic Functions, Equations,
and Inequalities

Logarithmic functions are very much essential to every sphere of human life.
Especially, in solving exponential equations. Some examples of this include sound
(decibel measures), earthquakes (Richter scale), and chemistry (pH balance, a measure
of acidity and alkalinity).

In the previous module, you have learned about inverse functions. Recall that
when the domain of one function is the range and the range is the domain of the other,
then they are inverses. Remember also that to determine the inverse of a function given
an equation, you have to interchange x and y then solve for y. Look at the illustration below
on how to find the inverse of the exponential function, y = ax.

You will notice that the inverse of the exponential function shows that “y is the
exponent to which the base a is raised in order to obtain the power x”.
The inverse of the exponential function above is called logarithmic function. The
function is defined by the equation.

Note:

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1. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the base. In the exponential
form, c is an exponent; this means that the logarithm is actually an exponent.
Hence, logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses.
2. In the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, x cannot be negative.
3. The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 can be negative.

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 A logarithmic equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the equation
of inequality. A logarithmic function expresses a relationship between two variables (such as x
and y), and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.

Techniques. Some strategies for solving logarithmic equations:

1. Rewriting to exponential form;
2. Using logarithmic properties;
3. Applying the one-to-one property of logarithmic functions; and
4. The Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Find the value of x in the following logarithmic equations.

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Activity: GUESS WHAT?

ASSESSMENT
i. COMPLETE ME!

II. TELL ME!

ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
Research the following:
1. Simple Interest 3. Simple Annuity 5. Stocks and Bond
2. Compound Interest 4. General Annuity

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 MODULE 4
LESSON 10: MATH OF INVESTMENT

Activity: CONVERT ME!

A. Express each as a decimal.
1. 12% 2. 3% 3.10.5% 4. 0.75% 5. 50%
B. Answer each.
1. What percent of 24 is 12?
2. What is 25% of 108?

10.1 SIMPLE INTEREST

In financial transactions an interest is the amount paid by a borrower to a lender for the
use of money over a period. Interest that is paid as a percent of amount borrowed or
invested is called simple interest. The formula for simple interest is given by the
following:

Example 1. Suppose Kiko wanted to invest an amount 𝑃ℎ𝑝 50,000.00 for 2 years at a financial
institution that gives a simple interest of 3% per year. The interest rate was given to Kiko by the
financial institution on the assumption that he cannot withdraw the investment within the 2-
year period. How much is Kiko’s earning on the investment after the 2-year period?

Solution: The following can be obtained from the problem: P = 50,000 ,r = 0.03,t = 2.
I = Prt = (50,000)(0.03)(2) = 3,000 . From this we conclude that, the investment earned 𝑷𝒉𝒑𝟑,
𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎.

Interest can be viewed as a lender or a borrower. Sometimes if we are the investor, we

consider the value of our investment after a given period. In this case we introduce the concept
of future values or accumulated values or maturity value.

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Example 2. April wants to borrow 𝑃ℎ𝑝40, 000.00 from a bank that gives an annual interest rate
of 4.5%. However, she only wants to borrow the fund for a 9-month period and will be able to
pay the bank immediately after 9 months. How much interest is she going to pay from
borrowing the amount of money? What is the accumulated value of the amount borrowed after
the 9-month period?

Solution: The following can be obtained from the problem: P = 40,000 r = 0.045 t = 0.75 since
she only borrowed the fund for 9-months which is ¾ of a year.
I = Prt = (40,000)(0.045)(0.75) =1,350 s . From this we conclude that, the interest due is 𝑷𝒉𝒑𝟏,
𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟎.

In this example the accumulated value of the amount borrowed is 𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑠 that is; the sum of
the principal amount or the amount borrowed and the interest. Thus, after nine months, April
will pay the bank 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟒𝟏, 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟎.

Different ways of expressing time/term of a loan or investment.

Sometimes the term of investment is not given in years. The term or time frame given in certain
problems maybe stated in days or months. In cases where the time is expressed in months it is
easy to express it in years. But when the term/time is given in days we use a time factor such as
the following:

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10.2 COMPOUND INTEREST
Consider an investment whose time frame is divided into equal intervals. If an interest is
computed after an interval and is being added to the principal and thereafter earns an interest,
then the difference between the original principal and the total amount after the whole time
frame is called compound interest. The compound amount or the accumulated value of the
principal is the sum of the principal and the compound interest. In this situation, we see that the
interest is being converted into a principal and thus we use the phrase “interest is compounded”
or “interest is converted”.

In the context of compound interest, the interest rate per annum or per year is called
the nominal rate of interest. Thus when a given nominal rate is said to be compounded
quarterly, that means in a given year there will be 4 conversions. Similarly, when we say
compounded monthly, the conversions are made every month therefore in a given year, there
will be 12 conversions.

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 Sometimes we may want to compare which interest rate would provide a higher
interest when their interest payments are not the same. We then have to resort to converting
these interest rates to a common interest payment. This is the notion of effective rates of
interest. For instance, which interest rate gives a higher interest for an investment of 1 Peso
(Php1), an 8%.

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10.3 STOCK AND BONDS

• COMMISSION – A payment to an agent or sales person based on the value or quantity of

goods bought and sold; broker’s or brokerage fee. A commission is found by finding the
percentage of a sale.
Example 1:
Tony sells T-shirts on weekends. He is paid a straight commission of 3% on his
sales. In April, his sales amounted to P15,000.00. How much was his commission?
Solution:
Commission = 3% of the total sales
= 0.03 x P15,000
= P450.00
Tony received P450.00 commission
Example 2:
Lisa received a commission of P11,000.00 on a sale of P200,000.00. What was
her rate commission?
Solution:

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 To get the rate of commission, divide the amount of commission by the amount
of sales.
11,000 / 200 000 = 11/200 = 0.055 or 5.5%

• LOAN - is an arrangement in which the lender gives money(principal) to a borrower in

exchange for the future repayment of the principal along with interest or other finance
charges.
Source of money for Expansion

Savings and Profit Borrow Money Sell stocks or bonds

Stocks are also known are equity securities, while bonds are similar to promissory notes. These
two financial instruments are commonly used by bankers, traders, and businessmen in their
financial portfolios.

Stocks represent shares of ownership of a company. By a share, we mean a unit of

ownership of a corporation’s profit and asset. For example, ABC Trading Co. has released 100
shares for its profit and assets. If Francis bought 50 shares from ABC Trading Co. then he has
50% ownership of the profits and assets of the company. People who buys stocks usually
receives a certificate indicating the pertinent details of the stock like the company name, name
of stock holder, certificate number, number of shares owned and par value of the share.

There are two types of stocks, the common stocks and the preferred stocks.

• Common stock: represents a share of company's asset and profit. Holders of common stock
can vote in election of the board of directors (normally one vote per share). The board of
directors oversee the management of the company, but do not directly run the company.
Common stock is high risk and high return. Although common stocks yield higher return than
other stocks, common shareholders stand to lose most when a company goes bankrupt.

• Preferred stock: Holders of preferred stock, in most cases, cannot vote. On the other hand,
they are guaranteed a fixed dividend before any dividends are distributed to other shareholders.
In the event of bankruptcy and liquidation, shareholders of preferred stocks are paid off after
creditors and before common shareholders.

When a certain company sells stocks for the first time in public it is generally called an
IPO, short term for initial public offering. In the literature, some refer to this as “Going Public”.
The paper works and details of this public offering is being handled by financial institutions or
investment banks called Underwriters. If for instance, an individual would like to buy all the
shares of stocks that a company is selling, the individual should pay a market cap equivalent to
the price per share multiplied to the number of shares being sold.

There are two ways of earning from stocks these happens when earnings are paid out to
you in the form of dividends or there is an increase in share price. Two types of stock market

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namely: Primary market and Secondary market. Primary market is where a company issues its
shares for the first time via an IPO. Secondary market is commonly known as stock market
where previously-issued stocks are traded without the involvement of the companies which
issued them. Some well- known stock market include the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ,
London Stock Exchange and Hon Kong Stock Exchange.

Here are some important tips when planning to invest in stocks.

 Invest in companies you understand and whose business make sense to you.

 If you already bought some stocks or shares, stay for a while and do not expect to gain a lot in
your first week or first month. Usually trading in stocks gives a reasonable return in the long
term.

 Try not to panic when you see fluctuations in your stock values, but rather make informed
decision.

 Once you have conceptualized an investment plan for yourself, you need to determine the
amount that you want to invest. Check out the stocks you plan to acquire and set the timeframe
you intend to keep your stock. And the important part is to follow your plan. However, asking
for financial advice from credible analysts may also help you make a wise investment decision.

Corporation issue bonds to whoever wants to buy them. When you buy a bond, you are
actually lending money to the corporation that issues the bond. The corporation in return,
promises to pay interest on specified intervals for the length of the loan. In earlier times, bond
certificates actually have printed coupon which can be detached to collect the interest. Physical
possession of the certificate was proof of ownership.

ASSESSMENT
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING.
1. If money can be invested at 7% compounded monthly, find the present value of 55,300 which
is due after 2 years and 11 months from today.
2.. Jamie wants to have P45,000 in 2 years to buy a new computer. How much money should he
invest today in a fund that earns 5% compounded quarterly to get this amount after 2 years?
3. A 35,000 principal earned an interest of P8,500 at the end of 7 years. At what nominal rate,
compounded annually, was it invested?
4. If P48,000 is invested at the rate of 2.5% compounded quarterly, when will the compound
amount be P70,000?
5. Martin receives a 6% commission of all items he sells. If his last week’s commission was
P7,500, what was his total sales?

ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
9. When will P80,000 grow to P95,000 if it is invested at 4.5% compounded quarterly?
10. If P135,650 is the maturity value of a sum invested at 3.2% compounded semi-annually for 9
years and 6 months, find the present value and the compound interest earned.

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 MODULE 5
LESSON 11: LOGIC

Activity: SENTENCE ME!

Classify each sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory.

1. The Principal will visit classes starting next week.
2. Ouch! I cut my finger.
3. Turn right at the fourth traffic sign.
4. Have you heard of the good news?
5. Please reserve December 7 for me.
Kinds of Sentence
1. Simple sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause.
2. Compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses
joined by conjunctions (for, nor, or, yet, so), semicolons, or semicolon followed by a
conjunctive verb.
3. Complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or
more dependent clause.
4. Compound – complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more
independent clauses.

According to the purpose of the speaker or writer sentences are classified as follows:
1. Declarative sentence – is used to make the statement fact, wish, intent or feeling.
2. Imperative sentence – is used to state a command, request, or direction.
3. Interrogative sentence – is used to ask question.
4. Exclamatory sentence – is used to express strong feelings.

A proposition is a statement that can be true or false but not both.

Conditional propositions are compound statements. We denote them as p → q and we think “if
p then q”. These are sometimes called implications, where p is called the hypothesis (antecedent)
a is called the conclusion (consequent)
Simple proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Compound proposition - contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connective words.
Conjunction - Two simple conjunction connected using the word “and”.
Disjunction – Two simple propositions that are connected using word “or”
Conditional – two simple propositions that are connected using the words “if….then….”
Biconditional - Conjunction of two conditional where the antecedent and consequent of the first
statement have been switched in the second statement.
Negations – the negation of a given statement that is false, whenever the given statement is true,
and true , and more whenever the give is sample r of water.

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Symbols
Symbols are used to simplify work in logic, If x and y are frequently used letters in algebra,
the letters p, q, or r are often used to represent propositions of logic. The table below shows the
several symbols for connectives, together with the respective types of compound propositions.

EXAMPLE 1: Let p represent the proposition “He has green thumb” and q represent the
proposition “He is a senior citizen”.
Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
a. He has green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
b. He does not have green thumb and he is not a senior citizen.
c. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen.
d. If he has green thumb then he is not a senior citizen.
Solution:

EXAMPLE 2: Let p represent “Robin can swim” and let q be “Tom plays the guitar”. Write each
symbolic statement in a word.

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a. p ˄ q b. p ˄ ~q c. ~( p ˅ q) d. ~( p ˄ q)

Solution:
a. Robin can swim or Tom plays guitar.
b. Robin can swim and Tom cannot play the guitar.
c. It is not the case that Robin can swim or Tom can play the guitar.
Negation of Disjunction p or q.

~( p ˅ q) means ~p ˄ ~q

Thus, another solution for (c ) is Robin cannot swim and Tom cannot play the guitar.
d. It is not the case that Robin can swim and Tom can play the guitar.
Negation of Conjunction p or q.

~(p ˄ q) means ~p ˅ ~q

Thus, another solution for (d) is “Robin cannot swim or Tom cannot play the guitar.

TRUTH TABLE

Truth Table
A truth table is used to determine when a compound statement is true or false.
Conjunctions

Disjunctions

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Truth Table of Logical Negation
The negation of a statement is also a statement with a truth value that is exactly opposite that of the original
statement. For instance, the negation of the statement is written symbolically as

Remember: The negation operator denoted by the symbol ~ or \neg¬ takes the truth value of the
original statement then output the exact opposite of its truth value. In other words, negation simply
reverses the truth value of a given statement. Thus, if statement PP is true then the truth value of its
negation is false. In the same manner if PP is false the truth value of its negation is true.

Example 1
a. P ˅ ~Q

• The final result is disjunction. P Q ~Q P ˅ ~Q

• Complete the columns under the simple statements P and Q in T T F T
columns 1 and 2. T F T T
• Negate statement Q to get entries in Column 3. F T F F
• Finally, combine Column 1(P) and Column 3 (~Q) using connective ˅ to F F T T
get the truth value for P ˅ ~Q. Write the column 4.

b. ~(~P ˄ Q)

P Q ~P ~P ˄ Q ~(~P ˄ Q) • The final result is a negation.

T T F F T • Complete the columns under the simple statements P
T F F F T and Q in columns 1 and 2.
F T T T F • Negate statement Q to get entries in Column 3.
F F T F T • Combine Columns 2 and 3 using the connective ˄ to get
the truth value of ~P ˄ Q. Write the result of column 4.
• Finally, negate the truth value of column 4 to get ~(~P ˄ Q) in Column 5.

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c. Q ˄ ~( P ˅ Q)

• The final result is a negation. P Q P ˅ Q ~( P ˅ Q) Q ˄ ~( P ˅ Q)

• Complete the columns under the simple statements P and T T T F F
Q in columns 1 and 2. T F T F F
• Combine columns 1 and 2 using connective ˅ to get the F T T F F
truth value of P ˅ Q. Write the results in Column. F F F T F
• Negate the truth value of column 3 to get entries in Column 4.
• Finally, combine Columns 2 and 4 using the connectives ˄ to get entries in column 5. [Q ˄ ~( P ˅ Q)]

ASSESSMENT
I. Decide whether each of the following is proposition or not a proposition.
1. Today is Monday.
2. Do you love Mathematics?
3. Pause for a while.
4. A quart of milk weighs less than 8 ounces.
5. Stand straight and recite the “Panatang Makabayan”.
II. Classify each proposition as simple, compound or neither.
1. Today is Sunday.
2. Stand straight and recite the “Panatang Makabayan”.
3. Neither Ayie nor Aicas is present.
4. You may avail 50% discount if you are a member of the team.
5. It is a false that February 14 is a holiday.
III. Construct the truth table for each statement.
a. P ˄ ~Q
b. ~( P ˅ ~Q)
c. (P ˄ Q) ˅ (~P ˄ ~Q)

ASSIGNMENT/AGREEMENT
Research the Tautologies and Fallacies.

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REFERENCES

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