CEC334
ANALOG IC DESIGN
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CEC334 ANALOG IC DESIGN
UNIT I
SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIERS
Basic MOS physics and equivalent circuits and models, CS, CG and Source Follower, differential
amplifier with active load, Cascode and Folded Cascode configurations with active load, design of
Differential and Cascode Amplifiers – to meet specified SR, noise, gain, BW, ICMR and power
dissipation, voltage swing, high gain amplifier structures.
UNIT II
HIGH FREQUENCY AND NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPLIFIERS
Miller effect, association of poles with nodes, frequency response of CS, CG and Source Follower,
Cascode and Differential Amplifier stages, statistical characteristics of noise, noise in Single Stage
amplifiers, noise in Differential Amplifiers.
UNIT III
FEEDBACK AND SINGLE STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Properties and types of negative feedback circuits, effect of loading in feedback networks, operational
amplifier performance parameters, single stage Op Amps, two-stage Op Amps, input range limitations,
gain boosting, slew rate, power supply rejection, noise in Op Amps.
UNIT IV
STABILITY , FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
Multipole Systems, Phase Margin, Frequency Compensation, Compensation Of Two Stage Op Amps,
Slewing In Two Stage Op Amps, Other Compensation Techniques.
UNIT V
LOGIC CIRCUIT TESTING
Faults in Logic Circuits- Basic Concepts of Fault Detection- Design for Testability- Ad Hoc Techniques,
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Level-Sensitive Scan Design, Partial Scan, Built-in Self-Test.
UNIT IV
STABILITY , FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
Multipole Systems, Phase Margin, Frequency Compensation,
Compensation Of Two Stage Op Amps, Slewing In Two Stage
Op Amps, Other Compensation Techniques.
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MULTIPOLE SYSTEMS
Let us consider a two-pole system first. For stability considerations, we plot |ꟕH| and ∠𝛽𝐻 as a
function of the frequency. Shown in Fig. 10.7. We’re analyzing how feedback affects the stability of a
system using Bode plots (which show how the system’s gain and phase change with frequency).
Poles are frequencies where the system starts to lose gain and phase.
In a two-pole system, the gain drops:
At a rate of 20 dB/decade after the first pole (ωp1).
At a faster rate of 40 dB/decade after the second pole (ωp2).
The phase (angle of the response) also drops:
Begins changing at 0.1 × ωp1.
Is −45° at ωp1 and −90° at 10 × ωp1.
Then it continues to drop due to the second pole, eventually approaching −180°.
Why it’s stable:
The gain becomes less than 1 (|ꟕH| < 1) before the total phase shift reaches −180°, so the system doesn't
oscillate.
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What happens if feedback is weaker?
Weaker feedback means a smaller β (feedback factor).
This causes the gain to drop more quickly, so the point where the gain hits 1 (called the gain crossover) happens
at a lower frequency. But the phase crossover (where phase hits −180°) stays in the same place.
Since the two points (gain crossover and phase crossover) are now further apart, the system becomes more
stable. We get more stability, but the benefits of feedback (like accuracy and bandwidth) become weaker.
Three-Pole System: We now consider three-pole system. Shown in Fig.10.9.
Now we add a third pole. What happens?
The third pole causes the phase to drop more and faster. This can make the system unstable, because the phase
may reach −180° before the gain drops below 1 — a recipe for oscillation.
Why doesn’t the gain crossover move as much?
Because magnitude (gain) only starts to drop at the pole frequency. But the phase starts to change earlier
around 1/10th of the pole frequency. So, new poles affect phase much more than they affect gain.
Weaker feedback helps again:
Just like in the two-pole case, reducing β. Moves the gain crossover to lower frequency. Makes the system more
stable. This is why a feedback amplifier designed for higher closed-loop gain (which means weaker feedback)
tends to be more stable.
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PHASE MARGIN
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FREQUENCY COMPENSATION
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COMPENSATION OF TWO STAGE OP AMPS
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SLEWING IN TWO STAGE OP AMPS
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OTHER COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
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PROBLEMS
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