0% found this document useful (0 votes)

681 views168 pages

Photosynthesis Paper 4 CAIE AS Biology Paper 4 Classified From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated

Classified / Topical Past Papers (Paper 4) Cambridge A Level Biology 9700 from Years 2012 to 2025, CAIE Biology 9700, Topic 13 Photosynthesis, Classified Paper 4, CAIE AS Biology, Paper 4, Classified from 2012 to 2025, Topical Questions Latest Update, 9700, CAIE Cambridge, Biology 9700, Classified Past Papers, Topical Past Papers, Topical Past Papers Latest, Topic 13, Paper 4 Questions

Uploaded by

ADEEL AHMAD

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

681 views168 pages

Photosynthesis Paper 4 CAIE AS Biology Paper 4 Classified From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated

Uploaded by

ADEEL AHMAD

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

A LEVEL Biology

13. Photosynthesis
Paper 4

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad

2012-2025
9700/41/M/J/12 20

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of a plant at a
constant light intensity and a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.03%.

rate of
photosynthesis

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature / °C

Fig. 8.1

(i) Suggest and explain why the rate of photosynthesis of the plant decreases to zero
just above 40 °C.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [5]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis of a species of the unicellular protoctist, Chlorella. A cell suspension of
Chlorella was used.

• The suspension of Chlorella was illuminated at a light intensity of 5 lux for 20 seconds.
• The carbon dioxide uptake by Chlorella was measured at the end of the 20 second
period of illumination.
• The experiment was repeated at 10, 13 and 15 lux.
• The suspension was maintained at a temperature of 20 °C.

Table 8.1 shows the results of the experiments.

Table 8.1

light intensity / lux total CO2 uptake after rate of photosynthesis /

20 seconds / μmol μmol s–1
5 36 1.8
10 84
13 104
15 120

(i) Complete Table 8.1. [1]

(ii) Use the data in the table to plot a graph on the grid below to show the effect of light
intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

[3]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) With reference to photosynthesis, state what is meant by a limiting factor.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iv) State the limiting factor in these four experiments.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2012 9700/41/M/J/12 9700 Paper 4 - 4
21
9700/42/M/J/12
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a diagram of a stoma, its guard cells and adjacent epidermal cells.

stoma nucleus

cytoplasm

epidermal cell

guard cells

nucleus

Fig. 8.1

(a) Guard cells have chloroplasts while epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts.

State one other difference, visible in Fig. 8.1, between guard cells and epidermal cells.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) The following experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on the
rate of photosynthesis of a water plant, Elodea.

• Elodea was cut into three pieces, each 10 cm long.

• Each piece of Elodea was placed in a glass tube, containing 0.5% sodium
hydrogencarbonate solution, which was then sealed with a bung.
• Tube A was placed 10 cm away from a lamp.
• Tube B was placed 5 cm away from a lamp.
• Tube C was placed in a dark room.
• An oxygen sensor was used to measure the percentage of oxygen in the solutions
at the start of the experiment and again at 5, 10 and 20 minutes.

The results are shown in Fig. 8.2.

9 B
A

percentage of
oxygen in
solution

C
6

0
0 5 10 15 20
time / minutes

Fig. 8.2

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(i) State why sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was used.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Calculate the mean rate of oxygen production for tube A for the 20 minutes of the
experiment.

Show your working.

answer .................................................. [2]

(iii) Compare the results for tubes A and B.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iv) Explain the results for tube C.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(v) Suggest what factor, which may have an effect on the rate of photosynthesis, was
not taken into account in this experiment.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(d) Fig. 8.3 shows the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent
reactions in a chloroplast.

light-dependent
H 2O O2
reactions

X Y

CO2 Calvin cycle sugar

Fig. 8.3

Name the substances X and Y in Fig. 8.3.

X .......................................................................................................................................

Y ................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2012 9700/42/M/J/12 9700 Paper 4 - 8
2
9700/41/M/J/13
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a transverse section through a dicotyledonous leaf.

B
Fig. 1.1
Name A, B and C.

A .......................................................................

B .......................................................................

C .......................................................................
[3]

(b) The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ in most plants. For the light-independent
stage of photosynthesis to occur, carbon dioxide must be present.

(i) Describe how carbon dioxide enters the leaf.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Name the compound that combines with carbon dioxide in the light-independent
stage in a C3 plant.
REMOVED FROM THE SYLLABUS
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Outline the role of reduced NADP in the light-independent stage.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2013 9700/41/M/J/13 9700 Paper 4 - 10
2
9700/42/M/J/13
1 (a) A student investigated the effects of temperature and light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis of an aquatic plant.

Fig. 1.1 shows the results of the investigation.

4
Key
3
high light
volume of
intensity
oxygen 2
released / mm3 h–1
low light
1 intensity

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
temperature / °C
Fig. 1.1
With reference to Fig. 1.1:

(i) describe the results of the investigation

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) suggest explanations for the results for high light intensity above 30 °C.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) (i) Name the process in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis that produces
oxygen.

............................................................. [1]

(ii) Name the photosystem involved in the production of oxygen in the light-dependent
stage.

............................................................. [1]

(iii) Explain why the volume of oxygen released from the plant does not give a true rate
of photosynthesis.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2013 9700/42/M/J/13 9700 Paper 4 - 12
18
9700/41/O/N/13
7 (a) An experiment was carried out into the effect of light of different colours on
photosynthesis.

• 15 leaf discs from the same plant were obtained.

• Five sealed test-tubes were set up, each containing three leaf discs in
hydrogencarbonate indicator solution.
• Hydrogencarbonate indicator solution changes colour at different pH values.
• At the start of the experiment the indicator solution in all five test-tubes was orange-
red.
• Four of the test-tubes were illuminated by light of a specific colour.
• The test-tubes were illuminated for the same length of time.
• The fifth test-tube was covered in black paper and was a control.

The results are recorded in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1

final colour of
colour of light
hydrogencarbonate solution
white purple
blue purple
green orange-yellow
red purple
control – no light yellow

When the pH increases, the indicator becomes purple and when the pH decreases, the
indicator turns yellow.

(i) Explain the results for the leaf discs illuminated by blue light.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why the indicator in the control went yellow.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation take place in the light-dependent stage of
photosynthesis.

(i) Describe the role of accessory pigments in photophosphorylation.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Write a balanced equation that summarises photolysis.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) State precisely the location of photosynthetic pigments within a chloroplast.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2013 9700/41/O/N/13 9700 Paper 4 - 14
16
9700/43/O/N/13
7 The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis takes place on the thylakoids of the chloroplast.

Fig. 7.1 shows some of the components involved in the light-dependent stage.

reduced
2NADP

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT 2NADP
light +
STAGE
2e– 2H+
light
ATP

stroma

A electron B
transport
chain
ADP thylakoid
2e– +
Pi membrane
2e–

2e–
H 2O thylakoid
space
½ O2 2H+

Fig. 7.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 7.1, identify structures A and B.

A ......................................................................................................................................

B .................................................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Describe the roles of the following substances in the light-independent stage of
photosynthesis:

(i) RuBP

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) reduced NADP

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) ATP.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2013 9700/43/O/N/13 9700 Paper 4 - 16
2
9700/41/M/J/14
1 (a) The unicellular green alga, Chlorella, a photosynthetic protoctist, was originally studied for
its potential as a food source. Although large-scale production proved to be uneconomic, the
many health benefits provided by Chlorella mean that it is now mass produced and harvested
for use as a health food supplement.

Fig. 1.1 shows cells of Chlorella.

Chlorella

Fig. 1.1

In one study into the productivity of Chlorella, carbon dioxide concentration was altered to
investigate its effects on the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

• A cell suspension of Chlorella was illuminated using a bench lamp.

• The suspension was supplied with carbon dioxide at a concentration of 1% for
200 seconds.
• The concentration of carbon dioxide was then reduced to 0.03% for a further
200 seconds.
• The concentrations of RuBP and GP (PGA) were measured at regular intervals.
• Throughout the investigation the temperature of the suspension was maintained at
25 °C.

The results are shown in Fig. 1.2.

concentration
/ arbitrary 1 % CO2 0.03 % CO2
units
3

GP
2

RuBP
1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time / s
Fig. 1.2

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(i) State precisely where in the chloroplast RuBP and GP are located.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why the concentration of RuBP changed between 200 and 275 seconds.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Calculate the rate of decrease per second in the concentration of GP between 200 and
350 seconds.

Show your working and give your answer to two decimal places.

answer ................ arbitrary units per second [2]

(b) Explain how the decrease in the concentration of GP leads to a decreased harvest for
commercial suppliers of Chlorella.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/M/J/14
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a maize leaf cell.

Fig. 1.1

Indicate below which of X, Y or Z contains:

transport proteins .....................................................

pigments .................................................................. [2]

(b) A chloroplast also contains DNA.

Suggest the functions of DNA in this organelle.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature
alter the rate of photosynthesis. These three factors directly affect different stages of
photosynthesis.

Complete the table below using a tick (✓) if the factor directly affects the stage or a cross (✗)
if it does not affect the stage.

factor stage ✓ or ✗

carbon dioxide Calvin cycle ..............

concentration photolysis ..............
Calvin cycle ..............
light intensity
photolysis ..............
Calvin cycle ..............
temperature
photolysis ..............
[3]

[Total: 7]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows some of the reactions that take place inside a palisade mesophyll cell.

CO2

rubisco

A
GP B

reduced
NADP
ADP
+ Pi ATP
NADP
ATP
ADP + Pi
TP

glycerol lipid
hexose
starch sugars

C amino
cellulose acids
sucrose
protein

Fig. 8.1

(i) Identify substances A, B and C.

A .........................................................................................

B .........................................................................................

C ......................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Name precisely the process that produces reduced NADP.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Name the type of reaction that takes place to produce starch from hexose sugars and
name the type of bonds formed.

reaction .............................................................................................................................

bond ..............................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iv) Describe how carbon dioxide reaches the inside of a palisade mesophyll cell from the
external atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
REMOVED FROM THE SYLLABUS
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) The optimum pH for the activity of rubisco is pH8.

Explain why the illumination of chloroplasts leads to optimum pH conditions for rubisco.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 12]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 is a diagram of a palisade cell from a leaf.

Fig. 8.1

Using label lines and the letters X, Y and Z, identify a structure in Fig. 8.1 that:

• contains RuBP – X

• is fully permeable – Y

• is made mainly of phospholipids – Z [3]

(b) An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis in an aquatic plant using the apparatus shown in Fig. 8.2.

barrel of syringe plastic tube

board
plunger of syringe

lamp

scale
capillary tube
aquatic plant
d test tube

Fig. 8.2

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

As photosynthesis took place, the oxygen produced formed a bubble of gas which moved
along the scale in the capillary tube. The distance moved by the bubble in a fixed period of
time was used to calculate the rate of photosynthesis.

The light intensity was varied by altering the distance, d, between the lamp and the
photosynthesising plant.

The results are shown in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1

light intensity rate of photosynthesis

/ arbitrary units / arbitrary units
50 50
100 100
125 110
150 115
200 120
300 120

(i) Using the data in Table 8.1, draw a graph to show the relationship between light intensity
and the rate of photosynthesis.

[3]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Explain the shape of the graph you have drawn, with reference to limiting factors.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

chlorophyll a
absorbance
chlorophyll b

carotenoids

400 500 600 700

wavelength of light / nm

Fig. 8.3

(i) Name the accessory pigment(s) shown in Fig. 8.3.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Outline the role of the accessory pigments in photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) Very little light of wavelength 550 nm is absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments.

State what happens to most of this light.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) A graph can also be drawn to show the relationship between the wavelength of light and
the rate of photosynthesis.

State the name of this type of graph.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/M/J/15
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows an electronmicrograph of a chloroplast.

Fig. 1.1

On Fig. 1.1, use label lines and letters to label one place where:

L – the light-dependent stage takes place

R – the enzyme rubisco is found.
[2]

(b) Chloroplasts can move within palisade cells.

Suggest two advantages of chloroplast movement within palisade cells.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Rubisco is involved in the fixation of ...................................................... by RuBP (ribulose

bisphosphate) in the Calvin cycle. The resulting six carbon compound immediately

splits to give two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate (GP). GP is converted to triose

phosphate (TP) using ...................................................... and

...................................................... produced in the light-dependent stage. Some of the

TP produced is used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate so that the Calvin cycle

can continue. The remaining TP may be used to synthesise other compounds

including ...................................................... which can directly enter the Krebs cycle.

[4]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2015 9700/42/M/J/15 9700 Paper 4 - 28
18
9700/41/O/N/15
7 (a) One way to estimate the rate of photosynthesis is to measure the rate of uptake of carbon
dioxide.

Fig. 7.1 shows the relationship between light intensity and relative carbon dioxide uptake and
production in a dicotyledonous plant.

carbon dioxide
uptake

0 light intensity
0
carbon dioxide
produced ;

Fig. 7.1

(i) State one physical factor that may limit the rate of photosynthesis at Y.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State two features of a dicotyledonous leaf that can affect the rate of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain the shape of the curve as light intensity increases from 0 to X.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) The uptake of radioactively-labelled carbon dioxide in chloroplasts was investigated.

Three tubes, each containing different components of chloroplasts, were exposed to light.

The results of the investigation are shown in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1

uptake of radioactively-
tube contents labelled carbon dioxide
/ counts per minute

A stroma and grana 96 000

B stroma, ATP and reduced NADP 97 000

C stroma 4 000

(i) Name the substance that combines with carbon dioxide in a chloroplast.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why the results in tube B are similar to those in tube A.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain why the uptake in tube C was less than the uptake in tube B.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

In a photosystem, several hundred accessory pigment molecules surround a primary pigment

molecule, called ............................................ , in the ...................................... membrane.

The position of the primary pigment is also called the ................................................ .

Light energy is absorbed by the accessory pigments and passed on to the primary

pigment. Electrons are excited to a higher energy level. They are emitted from the

primary pigment and are captured by electron acceptors and eventually pass along the

................................................... , producing ATP. [4]

[Total: 14]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and a corresponding
action spectrum.

;

DFWLRQVSHFWUXP

FKORURSK\OOE <
UDWHRI SHUFHQWDJH
SKRWRV\QWKHVLV OLJKW
DEVRUSWLRQ
FKORURSK\OOD

ZDYHOHQJWKRIOLJKWQP
Fig. 7.1
(i) Explain why peak X of the action spectrum is higher than peak Y.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain why most plants appear green.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment.

Outline the role played by accessory pigments in the light-dependent stage of

photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Describe the effects on a plant if its environmental temperature rises well above the usual
temperature range.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

A chloroplast is surrounded by two phospholipid membranes. It has an internal ground

substance called the stroma which is the site of the Calvin cycle. The stroma contains

enzymes such as ................................. and also sugars, lipids and starch. A chloroplast

has an internal membrane system of fluid-filled sacs called ................................... which

can be stacked to form grana. Grana membranes hold photosynthetic pigments so that the

light-dependent stage of photosynthesis can take place. The stroma contains circular

.................................. which codes for some of the chloroplast proteins made by its own small

.................................................. . [4]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/F/M/16
1 (a) The rate of photosynthesis is affected by a number of environmental factors.

Fig. 1.1 shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

B
rate of
photosynthesis A

C light intensity

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the limiting factor in region A of the graph.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain what is meant by the term limiting factor.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why there is no further increase in the rate of photosynthesis beyond point C.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) For many plants living in temperate regions, the optimum temperature for photosynthesis is
approximately 25 °C.

Suggest reasons why the rate of photosynthesis decreases at temperatures above 25 °C.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2016 9700/42/F/M/16 9700 Paper 4 - 36
4
9700/41/M/J/16
2 The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the light intensity often limit the rate of
photosynthesis.

(a) Explain what is meant by a limiting factor in relation to photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Investigations were carried out in Florida, USA, into the effect of different concentrations of
atmospheric carbon dioxide and of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of soybean
plants.

Plants were grown from seed in outdoor, computer-controlled growth chambers at different
concentrations of carbon dioxide. The upper parts of the chambers were transparent so that
the plants received natural sunlight.

After the seedlings emerged, the air in the soil was separated from the air around the leaves
by a gas-tight seal in each chamber.

Suggest why the air in the soil and the air around the leaves of the plants were separated.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) In one investigation, two sets of plants, A and B, were grown from seed at different
concentrations of carbon dioxide:
• A – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (0.033%)
• B – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ×2 (0.066%).

Then, keeping each set of plants in its particular concentration of carbon dioxide,
measurements were made of their rates of photosynthesis at different light intensities.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.1 on page 5.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

4
set B
mean rate of
photosynthesis 3
per unit area of
leaf / arbitrary
units
2 set A

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
light intensity / arbitrary units
With reference to Fig. 2.1: Fig. 2.1

(i) describe and explain, in terms of limiting factors, the results from the plants in set A

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) explain the difference between the results of set A and set B at high light intensities.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(d) In a second investigation, two sets of plants, C and D, were grown from seed, as before, in
different carbon dioxide concentrations:

• C – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (0.033%)

• D – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ×2 (0.066%).

When the plants matured, conditions in the growth chambers were changed to investigate the
rate of photosynthesis of each set of plants in different concentrations of carbon dioxide.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

5
set D

4
mean rate of
photosynthesis
per unit area of
leaf / arbitrary units
3 set C

0
0 2 4 6
concentration of carbon
dioxide / arbitrary units

Fig. 2.2

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Suggest explanations for the higher rate of photosynthesis per unit area of leaf shown by the
plants in set D compared with those in set C.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2016 9700/41/M/J/16 9700 Paper 4 - 40
4
9700/42/M/J/16
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of a plant at low light
intensity and at high light intensity.

rate of high light intensity

photosynthesis

low light intensity

0 5 10 15 20
temperature / °C

Fig. 2.1

With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe and explain the effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows an absorption spectrum for chloroplast pigments and a photosynthetic action
spectrum for the same plant.

absorption spectrum
absorbance
or
rate of
photosynthesis
action spectrum

400 500 600 700

wavelength of light / nm
Fig. 2.2
(i) Distinguish between an absorption spectrum and an action spectrum.

absorption spectrum ..........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

action spectrum .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why the two curves shown in Fig. 2.2 have similar shapes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Describe the role in photosynthesis of an accessory pigment, such as carotene.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2016 9700/42/M/J/16 9700 Paper 4 - 43
4
9700/41/O/N/16
2 Grass crops such as maize, sorghum and sugarcane are C4 plants. They are common grass
crops of tropical regions.

Oats and wheat, commonly grown in temperate regions, are C3 plants. Most plants are C3 plants.
They are termed ‘C3’ because the first product of photosynthesis is a three carbon compound.

(a) Outline how the biochemistry of C4 plants differs from that of C3 plants.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
REMOVED FROM THE SYLLABUS
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The C4 pathway for fixing carbon dioxide was worked out in 1966 by Hatch and Slack. During
their investigation they measured the rates of fixation of carbon dioxide at high light intensities
in leaves removed from both temperate and tropical grasses.

They also measured the rates of activity of two carboxylase enzymes in the leaves,
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) and PEP carboxylase.

All rates were measured at 30 °C.

Some of their results are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

rate of fixation of rate of activity rate of activity of

grass crop carbon dioxide / of rubisco / PEP carboxylase
arbitrary units arbitrary units / arbitrary units

maize 3.5 0.62 17.50

sorghum 3.1 0.35 15.80

sugarcane 2.9 0.30 18.50

oats 1.6 4.50 0.33

wheat 1.7 4.70 0.29

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(i) With reference to Table 2.1, compare the rates of fixation of carbon dioxide in C3 and C4
grasses.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(iii) With reference to Table 2.1, suggest reasons for the differences in activity of the two
carboxylase enzymes in C3 and C4 grasses.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2016 9700/41/O/N/16 9700 Paper 4 - 45
4
9700/43/O/N/16
2 Most plants are C3 plants and are so-called because their first photosynthetic product is a three
carbon compound.

The enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase (rubisco) catalyses the fixation of
carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle and is used by both C3 and C4 plants.

Each molecule is made up of eight large polypeptides and eight small polypeptides. Fig. 2.1 shows
a side view of the molecule.

small polypeptide

large polypeptide

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Outline how the biochemistry of C4 plants differs from that of C3 plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State why rubisco is said to have quaternary structure.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Explain what makes a molecule such as rubisco soluble.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) The active sites of rubisco accept ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and either carbon dioxide
or oxygen and can catalyse the two reactions shown below.

either

RuBP + CO2 unstable intermediate compound 2GP (PGA)

RuBP + 2O2 unstable intermediate compound GP (PGA) + 2CO2

Explain the consequences to the plant of the reaction involving oxygen.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

Explain why rubisco does not need to be in an active form in the absence of light.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2016 9700/43/O/N/16 9700 Paper 4 - 47
10
9700/42/F/M/17
4 (a) An investigation was carried out to measure the rate of photosynthesis at different
concentrations of carbon dioxide. Two different plants, barley and sugar cane, were tested at
two different temperatures, 10 °C and 25 °C.

The results are shown in Fig. 4.1.

sugar cane at 25 °C
40

30
barley at 25 °C
25
rate of
photosynthesis 20
/ arbitrary units
15 barley at 10 °C

10
sugar cane at 10 °C
5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
carbon dioxide concentration / arbitrary units
Fig. 4.1
(i) Suggest why, in all four experiments, the rate of photosynthesis became constant as the
carbon dioxide concentration increased.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe the difference in the rate of photosynthesis, at 10 °C,
between barley and sugar cane.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) Sugar cane is a C4 plant. Barley is not a C4 plant.

Explain why, at 25 °C, sugar cane had a higher rate of photosynthesis than barley.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Carbon dioxide for photosynthesis enters the leaves through open stomata. Stomata do not
stay open all the time.

Changes in environmental conditions can cause stomata to close. Describe these conditions
and explain how stomatal closure benefits the plant.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2017 9700/42/F/M/17 9700 Paper 4 - 49
4
9700/41/M/J/17
2 Corals grow in shallow seawater. Corals consist of colonies of small animals called polyps. These
polyps have photosynthetic protoctists called algae inside their cells, which is advantageous both
to the coral polyps and to the algae.

The algae that live within the cells of the polyps can also live independently as free-living algae.

(a) The rate of photosynthesis of algae that live within the cells of coral polyps is higher than that
of free-living algae.

Suggest and explain how living inside the cells of coral polyps increases the rate of
photosynthesis in these algae compared to free-living algae.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The relative abundance of five different chloroplast pigments in the algae of corals was
determined. The results are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

chloroplast percentage of
pigment total
chlorophyll a 39
peridinin 39
chlorophyll c2 13
dinoxanthin 7
β-carotene 2

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Outline the method you would use to separate and identify the pigments present in an extract
of these algae.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) Table 2.2 shows the light wavelengths at which each algal chloroplast pigment shows its two
largest peaks of light absorption.
Table 2.2

chloroplast pigment peak 1 wavelength peak 2 wavelength

/ nm / nm
chlorophyll a 430 662
peridinin 456 485
chlorophyll c2 450 396
dinoxanthin 442 471
β-carotene 454 480

Corals kept in tanks are often illuminated by lamps radiating mostly violet and blue light with
wavelengths in the range of 400–490 nm.

With reference to Table 2.1 and Table 2.2, suggest why lamps radiating mostly violet and blue
light are expected to increase coral growth.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2017 9700/41/M/J/17 9700 Paper 4 - 51
4
9700/42/M/J/17
2 Chloroplasts belong to a group of organelles called plastids. Although different types of plastid
have different structures and functions, one type of plastid can change into another type of plastid
in response to environmental or developmental signals.

• Example 1: plants grown in the dark have plastids called etioplasts which lack
chlorophyll. If these plants are exposed to light, the etioplasts quickly change into
chloroplasts.

• Example 2: chloroplasts in surface tissues of tomato fruits change into plastids

called chromoplasts as the fruits ripen. Thylakoid membranes break down and
chlorophyll synthesis stops. Chromoplasts synthesise and accumulate red lycopene
and orange β-carotene pigments.

(a) For each of these examples, explain the effect on the rate of photosynthesis of one type of
plastid changing into another type of plastid.

Example 1 .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Example 2 .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Outline the method you would use to separate and identify the pigments in an extract of
tomato chromoplasts.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms. Plastids are thought to have evolved from
cyanobacteria that became incorporated into larger cells. Experiments show that free-living
cyanobacteria can adapt to environmental signals in the same way as plastids.

Fig. 2.1 shows the absorption spectra of cyanobacteria grown under two different lighting
conditions. One group was grown under fluorescent light and the other group was grown
under red light.

The range of light wavelengths absorbed by each group of cyanobacteria was then measured
under identical lighting conditions.

Key: fluorescent light

red light
1.0

0.8

0.6

absorbance

0.4

0.2

0.0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
light wavelength / nm

Fig. 2.1

With reference to Fig. 2.1 and the information given on pages 4 and 5, explain the effect of
different lighting conditions on the absorption spectra of the two groups of cyanobacteria.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2017 9700/42/M/J/17 9700 Paper 4 - 53
5
9700/41/O/N/17
2 The light dependent stage of photosynthesis in a suspension of isolated chloroplasts can be
investigated using the Hill reaction.

Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) can be used to follow the process. DCPIP is a blue dye which
turns colourless when it is reduced by accepting hydrogen and electrons.

oxidised DCPIP reduced DCPIP

blue colourless

(a) (i) The natural hydrogen acceptor in chloroplasts that is replaced by DCPIP in the
Hill reaction is NADP. Reduced NADP is then used in the light independent stage of
photosynthesis.

State the role of reduced NADP in the light independent stage.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Predict and explain the effect on the concentration of RuBP in the chloroplasts if DCPIP
becomes reduced instead of NADP.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

DCPIP can be used to investigate the effect of light wavelength on the rate of the light dependent
stage of photosynthesis. One method is described here:

• Dip a small glass capillary tube into a beaker containing a suspension of isolated
chloroplasts. Some of the chloroplast suspension will be drawn into tube A, forming a
colour standard.
• Mix the rest of the chloroplast suspension with blue DCPIP solution. Dip a second
capillary tube into this to draw up a sample, to form tube B.
• Store the chloroplast-DCPIP mixture for future use by wrapping the beaker in foil and
covering it with a removable foil lid, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

foil lid

beaker
foil

Fig. 2.1

• Place tube A and tube B on a white tile under a bench lamp placed 15 cm away and
immediately cover them with a purple filter, as shown in Fig. 2.2.

light source

white tile

far side
A of filter

Fig. 2.2

• Measure the time for tube B to change colour to match that of tube A. This is the time
taken for DCPIP to decolourise.
• Repeat four more times using the same tube A and a fresh tube B, placing the tubes
under a different coloured filter each time.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Explain the reasons for:

the colour standard tube A

...................................................................................................................................................

covering the beaker containing the chloroplast-DCPIP mixture with foil.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Table 2.1 shows the results of the experiment.

Table 2.1

colour of filter wavelength of time taken to rate of light

light / nm decolourise dependent stage of
DCPIP / s photosynthesis / s–1
purple 425 37 27.0
blue 450 84 11.9
green 525 480 2.1

orange 625 45
.........................
red 675 50 20.0

(i) Complete Table 2.1 by calculating the rate of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis
for the orange wavelength, using the formula:
1000
rate = where t = time in seconds. [1]
t
(ii) With reference to Table 2.1, describe and explain the effect of light wavelength on the
rate of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2017 9700/41/O/N/17 9700 Paper 4 - 57
4
9700/42/O/N/17
2 The light dependent stage of photosynthesis in a suspension of isolated chloroplasts can be
investigated using the Hill reaction.

Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) can be used to follow the process. DCPIP is a blue dye which
turns colourless when it is reduced by accepting hydrogen and electrons.

oxidised DCPIP reduced DCPIP

blue colourless

(a) (i) DCPIP is an artificial hydrogen acceptor that can be used in the Hill reaction.

Name the natural hydrogen acceptor found in chloroplasts that is replaced by DCPIP in
the Hill reaction.
REMOVED FROM THE SYLLABUS
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Outline the way in which hydrogen is made available to reduce the hydrogen acceptor in
the light dependent stage of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A suspension of isolated chloroplasts for measuring the rate of the Hill reaction can be
prepared by carrying out the following steps:

• prepare buffer solution with the same water potential as the stroma of chloroplasts
• liquidise (homogenise) spinach leaves in ice cold buffer solution
• filter the liquid and obtain the filtrate
• centrifuge the filtrate to obtain a pellet of chloroplasts
• add the chloroplast pellet to fresh buffer solution in a beaker and mix to obtain a
suspension.

Explain the reason for:

(i) keeping the temperature very low

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) using a buffer solution

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) using a solution of the same water potential as the stroma of chloroplasts.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) An experiment was carried out to measure the time taken for decolourisation of DCPIP mixed
with a suspension of chloroplasts.

The results are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

replicate time taken for DCPIP to rate / s–1

decolourise / s
1 38
2 43
3 48
mean ......................... .........................

Complete Table 2.1 by calculating:

(i) for the three replicates, the mean time taken for the DCPIP to decolourise [1]

(ii) the mean rate using the formula:

1000
rate = where t = time in seconds. [1]
t

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) The time taken to decolourise DCPIP was measured at a range of light intensities.

State and explain the expected relationship between light intensity and time taken to
decolourise DCPIP.

expected relationship ........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2017 9700/42/O/N/17 9700 Paper 4 - 60
12
9700/42/F/M/18
4 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) is an important enzyme involved in
the light independent stage (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis. It fixes carbon by combining carbon
dioxide with RuBP.

In certain situations, the active site of rubisco becomes occupied by a sugar phosphate, making
the enzyme inactive. Rubisco can become active again in the presence of another enzyme,
rubisco activase.

(a) Name all the bonds that are likely to hold a molecule of rubisco in shape.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Suggest how rubisco activase can activate rubisco.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) C4 plants such as maize have adaptations that allow them to have high rates of carbon
fixation at high temperatures. Without these adaptations, some plants (C3 plants) are affected
at high temperatures by a process known as photorespiration.

In photorespiration, rubisco combines oxygen with RuBP. This leads to a decrease in the rate
of photosynthesis.

(i) Describe and explain how the anatomy of the leaves of C4 plants such as maize allows
them to have high rates of carbon fixation at high temperatures.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2018 9700/42/F/M/18 9700 Paper 4 - 61
16
9700/41/M/J/18
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 outlines the process of non-cyclic photophosphorylation in the chloroplast of a leaf
mesophyll cell.

2e–

2e– electron
carriers
2e– 2e–
electron
carriers NADP
light 2e–
2e– reductase
energy process NADP
B photosystem
I
photosystem ATP
reduced
II 1
2 O2 light NADP
energy
2e–
process 2H+
A
H 2O

light
energy
Fig. 7.1

(i) State precisely where non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the chloroplast.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 7.1, name processes A and B.

A ........................................................................................................................................

B ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) State what happens to the oxygen produced by process A.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) Name the primary pigment in photosystem I and photosystem II.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(v) Name two compounds shown in Fig. 7.1 that are used in the conversion of
glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) to triose phosphate (TP) in the Calvin cycle.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Outline the uses of triose phosphate in the mesophyll cells of the leaf.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of a chloroplast of a leaf cell from maize.

Fig. 7.1

Table 7.1 shows some substrates and products involved in photosynthesis.

Use letter A or letter B from Fig. 7.1 to complete Table 7.1 to show the location where the
substrates or products are used or produced.

Table 7.1

substrate or product location

oxygen produced …………

carbon dioxide used …………

reduced NADP used …………

ATP produced …………

hexose produced ………… [3]

(b) Chloroplasts isolated from leaf palisade cells can still function if they are suspended in a
buffer solution. The buffer solution has the same water potential as the chloroplasts.

The dye DCPIP is a hydrogen acceptor that changes colour from blue to colourless when it
becomes reduced.

Three test tubes were set up as shown in Table 7.2 and left for 20 minutes to allow any colour
change to occur. The results are also shown in Table 7.2.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

test- contents conditions colour change

tube

1 buffer solution + DCPIP light no

chloroplast suspension +
2 light yes
DCPIP
chloroplast suspension +
3 dark no
DCPIP

(i) Explain the results for test-tube 2.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Test-tube 1 is a control tube. Explain why test-tube 1 was included in the investigation.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Suggest and explain what would happen to the chloroplasts if they were suspended in
distilled water.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) The rate of photosynthesis in green plants can be limited by factors such as light intensity,
temperature and carbon dioxide concentration.

State which factor would have no effect on the reducing ability of a chloroplast suspension.
Give a reason for your answer.

factor .........................................................................................................................................

reason .......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast.

Fig. 7.1

Many compounds and structures involved in photosynthesis are located in a chloroplast.

Using the labels A, B or C, complete Table 7.1 to show the location of four of these compounds
or structures.

You may use each of the letters A, B and C once, more than once, or not at all.

Table 7.1

compound or structure location

ATP synthase ………………..

rubisco ………………..

starch grain ………………..

phospholipid bilayer ………………..

[3]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Elodea canadensis is an aquatic plant that lives submerged in freshwater.

Equal‑sized plants of E. canadensis were exposed to different wavelengths of light for the
same period of time. As each plant photosynthesised, the number of bubbles of oxygen
leaving the plant was counted.

For each wavelength, the rate of oxygen production was calculated.

The results are shown in Fig. 7.2.

rate of oxygen
production
/ bubbles per
minute

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

wavelength of light / nm

Fig. 7.2

Describe and explain the results shown in Fig. 7.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Chlorophyll b, carotene and xanthophyll are known as accessory pigments. Describe the role
of the accessory pigments in photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2018 9700/41/O/N/18 9700 Paper 4 - 68
16
9700/42/O/N/18
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is an outline diagram of the Calvin cycle.

ADP
+
Pi
ATP

NADP reduced
NADP
GP
TP

hexose
stage A

RuBP CO2
substance
C stage B

Fig. 7.1

(i) With reference to Fig. 7.1:

name the stage of the Calvin cycle occurring at A

...........................................................................................................................................

name the enzyme involved in the stage of the Calvin cycle occurring at A

...........................................................................................................................................

name two examples of substance C

1 ................................................................................

2 ................................................................................

name the biochemical process that produces reduced NADP and ATP.

...........................................................................................................................................
[5]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 7.1, outline what is occurring at stage B of the Calvin cycle.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/F/M/19
1 (a) The effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis can be investigated using a cut
shoot of a pond plant.

The apparatus used in the investigation is shown in Fig. 1.1.

gas collects
here
X
test-tube
water containing sodium
hydrogencarbonate
lamp
pond plant
syringe

scale in cm
0
1
2
3
air 4
bubble in 5
capillary
tube 6
7
8
9
10

Fig. 1.1

The light intensity can be changed by placing the lamp at different distances from the pond
plant.

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(i) Apparatus X, shown in Fig. 1.1, is a thin glass container filled with water.

Explain the function of apparatus X.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Before completing the assembly of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1, sodium
hydrogencarbonate is added to the water surrounding the pond plant in the test-tube.

Explain why sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to the water surrounding the pond
plant in the test-tube.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name the gas collected in the test-tube.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) The investigation was carried out with the lamp at distances of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm from
the pond plant. For each of these distances, the air bubble in the capillary tube was initially
positioned at 0 cm on the scale and, after 5 minutes, the distance moved by the air bubble
was measured. The rate of movement of the air bubble was then calculated.

The results are shown in Fig. 1.2.

2.0

1.5

rate of movement
of air bubble 1.0
/ cm min–1

0.5

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
distance of lamp from pond plant / cm
Fig. 1.2

(i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, describe the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis
and light intensity.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Further investigations showed that at distances of less than 10 cm, the rate of movement
of the air bubble was the same as at 10 cm.

Explain why there was no change in the rate of movement of the air bubble at distances
less than 10 cm.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Outline the process of cyclic photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2019 9700/42/F/M/19 9700 Paper 4 - 73
12
9700/41/O/N/19
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the seaweed Laminaria hyperborea. This is a photosynthetic protoctist found
in the coastal waters around Norway.

The seaweed is grown commercially to obtain the glucose polysaccharide called alginate.
This is used in certain food products.

L. hyperborea
plants growing
underwater
in limited
light

Fig. 5.1

An increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has resulted in higher

concentrations of carbon dioxide in the ocean. This has caused a decrease in the pH of the
ocean and has resulted in ocean acidification.

Scientists are studying seaweeds such as L. hyperborea because they absorb a large quantity
of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. This may help to increase the pH of the ocean and
reverse ocean acidification.

(i) State where light absorption occurs in the chloroplasts of L. hyperborea.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name one product of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) Outline the reactions occurring in the stroma that lead to the production of a
polysaccharide, such as alginate.

The first sentence has been completed for you.

Carbon dioxide binds to RuBP.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of day length on the rate of
photosynthesis in another marine autotroph, Zostera marina.

• The temperature was controlled at 4 °C.

• A low concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the water was used.
• The light exposure period (day length) was different for five groups of Z. marina.
• This was maintained for 10 days to allow Z. marina to adapt to these conditions.
• After 10 days, the rate of photosynthesis was measured for each group under the
same controlled conditions.
• The experiment was repeated using five groups of Z. marina with a high
concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in water.

Table 5.1 shows the rate of photosynthesis for each group.

Table 5.1

rate of photosynthesis
day length / arbitrary units
/ hours low carbon dioxide high carbon dioxide
concentration concentration
12 2.0 2.5
14 3.0 5.0
16 4.0 7.0
18 5.5 11.0
20 7.5 18.0

(i) With reference to Table 5.1, explain the difference in the rate of photosynthesis at high
carbon dioxide concentration compared to low carbon dioxide concentration.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) With reference to Table 5.1, describe and explain the effect of increasing day length on
the rate of photosynthesis for the Z. marina in high carbon dioxide concentration.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) In the laboratory, a seaweed was grown in water with different pH values. All other variables,
including temperature and light, were standardised.

The mean rate of photosynthesis was calculated over a 24 hour period for each pH value.

The results are shown in Fig 5.2.

4
mean rate
of 3
photosynthesis
/ arbitrary 2
units
1

0
7.8 8.1 8.4
pH

Fig. 5.2

(i) With reference to Fig. 5.2, explain the effect on the rate of photosynthesis when the pH
increases from 8.1 to 8.4.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The lower pH values on Fig. 5.2 represent ocean acidification.

Suggest why the results for the lower pH values do not fully support the idea that
seaweeds can help to reduce ocean acidification.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 14]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

6 Mining may result in the release of heavy metal ions, causing pollution of lakes and rivers.

High concentrations of these heavy metal ions, such as cadmium (Cd2+) and copper (Cu2+),
decrease the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

(a) Cadmium ions disrupt the function of photosystem II in chloroplasts.

(i) Name the part of the chloroplast where photosystem II is located.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the role of photosystem II in the absorption of light.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) An investigation was carried out into the effect of cadmium ion concentration on the aquatic,
single-celled, photosynthetic protoctist, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The activity of photosystem II was measured at different concentrations of cadmium ions.

• Four different concentrations of cadmium ions were used, 0, 1, 10 and 100 µmol dm–3.
• C. reinhardtii was allowed to acclimatise in the dark before the experiment started.
• At time 0 min the light was switched on and the cadmium ions were added.
• At each concentration, the activity of photosystem II was measured over a period of
60 minutes.
• Each experiment was carried out under the same controlled conditions.

The results are shown in Fig. 6.1.

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

0.8

Key
0 μmol dm–3
0.6
1 μmol dm–3
10 μmol dm–3
photosystem II
0.4 100 μmol dm–3
activity
/ arbitrary units

0.2

0.0
0 30 60
time / min

Fig. 6.1

Describe the effects of cadmium ion concentration on the activity of photosystem II, as shown
in Fig. 6.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Copper(II) ions (Cu2+) inhibit the function of a proportion of the chlorophyll a present in
single-celled, photosynthetic protoctists.

The concentration of functional chlorophyll a in these organisms was measured in two different
months of the same year in an unpolluted lake and in a lake polluted with copper ions.

The results are shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1

concentration of functional chlorophyll a

lake / µg dm–3
month A month B

unpolluted 3.45 0.24

polluted with copper ions 1.79 0.24

(i) Describe and suggest explanations for the results shown in Table 6.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Copper ions can replace other metal ions present in organic molecules.

Suggest how copper ions change the structure of chlorophyll a.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(d) Chromatography is a method that can be used to separate and identify different photosynthetic
pigments in a chloroplast extract.

Describe how chromatography is used to identify chlorophyll a in an extract from chloroplasts.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

7 Fig. 7.1 outlines some of the events in the process of photosynthesis in a chloroplast.

site 1
water light dependent A
stage

B C

site 2
D light independent triose phosphate
stage

Fig. 7.1

(a) Name the parts of a chloroplast labelled site 1 and site 2 in Fig. 7.1.

site 1 .........................................................................................................................................

site 2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Name the substances labelled A, B, C and D in Fig. 7.1.

The substances labelled B and C may be named in either order.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

D ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Most of the triose phosphate produced in the light independent stage is used to regenerate
RuBP so that the Calvin cycle can continue. Some of the triose phosphate is used to make
other organic compounds with a range of functions.

State three different functions of these other organic compounds in a plant cell and give one
example of an organic compound for each function.

function .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

compound .................................................................................................................................

function .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

compound .................................................................................................................................

function .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

compound .................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2020 9700/42/F/M/20 9700 Paper 4 - 83
17
9700/41/M/J/20
7 (a) Structures, processes and compounds involved in photosynthesis in C4 plants include:
SOME PARTS REMOVED FROM SYLLABUS
A – carbon dioxide H – mesophyll cells

B – phosphorylation I – guard cells

C – palisade cells J – photorespiration

D – PEP carboxylase K – photolysis

E – rubisco L – oxaloacetate

F – malate M – ATP synthase

G – RuBP N – chlorophyll

Complete Table 7.1 by matching each description with one letter chosen from A to N to show
the correct structure, process or compound.

You may use each number once, more than once or not at all.

Table 7.1

description letter

enzyme with a high optimum temperature

enzyme in bundle sheath cells REMOVED FROM SYLLABUS

process that slows down the rate of photosynthesis REMOVED FROM SYLLABUS

compound that releases carbon dioxide into bundle sheathREMOVED

cells FROM SYLLABUS

cells that stop oxygen reaching bundle sheath cells REMOVED FROM SYLLABUS

[5]
(b) Some plants, such as rice, are adapted to grow when partially submerged in water.

Describe and explain the adaptations that allow rice plants to survive in waterlogged fields.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

6 (a) Structures and compounds involved in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis are listed,
A to J.

A – thylakoid membrane F – NADP

B – starch grain G – electron

C – chlorophyll a H – proton

D – chlorophyll b I – ATP

E – water J – chloroplast envelope

Complete Table 6.1 by matching each description with one letter chosen from A to J to show
the correct structure or compound.

You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.

Table 6.1

description letter
accessory pigment
location of ATP synthase
acts as reaction centre
transports hydrogen atoms
diffuses through ATP synthase
broken down in photolysis
[6]

(b) GP (PGA) and TP (triose phosphate) are intermediates of the Calvin cycle of the light
independent stage. Some GP and TP are used for the synthesis of organic compounds.

(i) Name a polysaccharide synthesised as a result of TP production.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the additional element that is required for the production of amino acids from
Calvin cycle intermediates.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast.

Fig. 1.1

(a) On Fig. 1.1, use label lines and letters to label:

A – the storage site of the carbohydrate product of photosynthesis

B – the site of the light independent stage.

[2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) (i) Name the structure labelled C in Fig. 1.1.

C .................................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain how the structure of C is linked to its function.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

REMOVED FROM THE SYLLABUS

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

4 Red algae are multicellular photosynthetic protoctists that contain phycoerythrin. Phycoerythrin is
a photosynthetic pigment.

(a) Fig. 4.1 shows:

• the absorption spectrum of phycoerythrin

• the action spectrum of red algae.

75 100

60 80

percentage 45 60 rate of
absorption of photosynthesis
light 30 40 / arbitrary units

15 20

0 0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
wavelength / nm

key
absorption spectrum of phycoerythrin
action spectrum of red algae

Fig. 4.1

(i) With reference to Fig. 4.1, state the wavelength of peak absorption by phycoerythrin.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain how the data in Fig. 4.1 show that phycoerythrin is not the only photosynthetic
pigment in red algae.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) Phycoerythrin is not the primary pigment (reaction centre pigment) for photosynthesis in
red algae.

Suggest the role of phycoerythrin in photosynthesis in red algae.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Phycoerythrin is rarely found in plants that have green leaves.

(i) State the name of a technique that can be used to separate and identify photosynthetic
pigments.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain how the results of this technique would be used to confirm that phycoerythrin is
present in red algae and not present in a plant with green leaves.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2021 9700/42/F/M/21 9700 Paper 4 - 89
2
9700/41/M/J/21
1 (a) Photosynthesis is a complex process involving the transfer of light energy into chemical
energy.

(i) Describe the role of photosynthetic pigments.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Name the precise location in a chloroplast of photosynthetic pigments.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name a practical technique to separate photosynthetic pigments.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The rate of photosynthesis is affected by many environmental factors.

A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the concentration
of carbon dioxide available to an aquatic plant, Cabomba caroliniana, and its rate of
photosynthesis.

Fig. 1.1 shows the experimental set-up for this investigation.

LED lamp at fixed distance

sealed container

15 cm length of C. caroliniana

sodium
hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) solution

Fig. 1.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

• Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was used as a source of carbon dioxide.

• The concentration of carbon dioxide was varied using six different concentrations of
sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.
• All C. caroliniana plants were kept in the dark before the light was switched on at
the start of the experiment.
• Five replicates were carried out at each concentration.
• The rate of photosynthesis was obtained by calculating the percentage change in
dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution over five minutes.

Fig. 1.2 shows the results of the investigation.

15
percentage
change in
dissolved 10
oxygen
5

0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
–5 concentration of
sodium hydrogencarbonate
–10 solution / mol dm–3

–15

Fig. 1.2

(i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, explain the pattern of results obtained between 0.25 mol dm–3
and 1.25 mol dm–3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) The percentage change in dissolved oxygen for C. caroliniana at 0.00 mol dm–3 of sodium
hydrogencarbonate solution is negative.

Suggest reasons for this negative value.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) To minimise temperature changes, the student decided to use an LED lamp as a light
source. LED lamps release very little heat energy.

Explain the importance of minimising temperature changes in this experiment.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 12]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

5 (a) Photosynthesis is a complex process involving a light dependent stage and a light independent
stage.

(i) Name the products of the light dependent stage that are needed in the light independent
stage.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the role of chlorophyll b in photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light intensity and light wavelength
on the rate of photosynthesis.

• An aquatic plant, Elodea canadensis, was put into a beaker containing sodium
hydrogencarbonate solution as a source of carbon dioxide.
• To minimise changes in temperature, an LED lamp was used as a source of light.
• The lamp was switched on and the number of bubbles released by the aquatic plant in
1 minute was counted.
• The lamp was placed at seven different distances from the beaker to change light intensity.
• Five replicates were carried out at each lamp distance.
• All other variables were controlled.
1
(b) The student calculated the light intensity for each distance (d) using .
d2
Table 5.1 shows the calculated light intensities for each distance.

Table 5.1

distance between plant 1

light intensity /
and lamp / m d2
0.025 1600
0.050 400
0.100
0.150 44
0.200 25
0.250 16
0.300 11

Complete Table 5.1 by calculating the light intensity for distance 0.100 m. [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) At each distance from the lamp, the experiment was repeated using a red filter in front of the
lamp to give a different wavelength of light. The experiment was repeated using a blue filter
and then using a green filter. Each filter transmitted the same light intensity.

The student calculated the mean rate of bubble production as a measure of the rate of
photosynthesis.

Fig. 5.1 shows a graph of the results.

160

140

120

100 Key:
rate of
photosynthesis white light
/ bubbles min–1 80
red light
60 blue light
green light
40

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
light intensity
Fig. 5.1
(i) With reference to Fig. 5.1:
• state the range over which light intensity is the limiting factor
• explain why light intensity above this range is not limiting the rate of
photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) At a light intensity of 1600, explain why different colour filters result in different rates of
photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 11]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2021 9700/42/M/J/21 9700 Paper 4 - 95
12
9700/43/M/J/21
5 Photosynthesis is a process that results in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

Respiration is a process that involves the breakdown of complex organic molecules.

(a) The light dependent stage of photosynthesis involves cyclic and non‑cyclic
photophosphorylation.

Describe two differences between cyclic and non‑cyclic photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Biochemical processes involving carbon dioxide change the external environment of the
aquatic plant, Elodea canadensis, and the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Carbon dioxide
dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

A student set up 8 test‑tubes. Each test‑tube contained 30 cm3 of distilled water containing a
pH indicator, bromothymol blue.

Fig. 5.1 shows the experimental set up for these 8 test‑tubes.

The test‑tubes were left for 12 hours.

Key: aquatic plant pond snail

high light
intensity

1 2 3 4

dark

5 6 7 8

Fig. 5.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Fig. 5.2 shows how the colour of bromothymol blue changes with pH.

blue increasing pH

green neutral pH

yellow decreasing pH

Fig. 5.2

All tubes were green at the start of the experiment.

The results of the experiment are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

test‑tube colour after 12 hours

1 green

2 blue

3 yellow

4 green

5 green

6 yellow‑green

7 yellow

8 yellow

(i) Explain the purpose of test‑tube 1 and test‑tube 5.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Explain the results of test‑tubes 2, 3 and 4.

test‑tube 2 .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

test‑tube 3 .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

test‑tube 4 .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[5]

(iii) Explain the colour change in test‑tube 6.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 11]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2021 9700/43/M/J/21 9700 Paper 4 - 98
6
9700/41/O/N/21
2 (a) Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, and false flax, Camelina sativa, are crop plants that are grown
in different parts of the world.

Rubisco activase is an enzyme in the stroma of chloroplasts that is needed to maintain the
activity of a second enzyme, rubisco.

Scientists measured the activity of rubisco activase in cotton and in false flax at a range of
temperatures.

Fig. 2.1 shows the results.

0.12 Key
false flax
0.10 cotton

0.08
rubisco activase
activity 0.06
/ arbitrary units
0.04

0.02

0.00
20 25 30 35 40 45
temperature / °C

Fig. 2.1

(i) With reference to Fig. 2.1, compare the results obtained for cotton and false flax.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Suggest reasons for the differences shown in Fig. 2.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Rubisco enzymes from cotton and false flax are active at temperatures up to 45 °C and will
denature at 45 °C.

Explain how the Calvin cycle is affected when rubisco denatures.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) One goal of genetic engineering is to make crops that are heat tolerant. This means that
crops can grow and produce a good yield at high environmental temperatures.

Use the information given in Question 2 to suggest and explain a way to improve the tolerance
of a crop to high temperatures.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2021 9700/41/O/N/21 9700 Paper 4 - 100
6
9700/42/O/N/21
2 Scientists are researching new ways to reduce the global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)
concentration. There are concerns that an increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration may lead to
effects that decrease biodiversity.

(a) Give one example of a human activity, other than deforestation, that contributes greatly to the
increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentration.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Algae are aquatic photosynthetic protoctists. Some researchers genetically modified the unicellular
alga, Chlorella vulgaris, to try to increase the rate of the light independent stage of photosynthesis.

C. vulgaris was modified to increase the expression of the gene coding for aldolase. Aldolase is an
enzyme that causes an increase in the concentration of rubisco.

Two cultures of C. vulgaris, one that was not genetically modified (unmodified) and one genetically
modified, were grown under controlled conditions for 14 days. Samples were taken from the
cultures at regular intervals during the 14 days to obtain measurements of dry mass.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.

Key
unmodified
genetically modified

2.0

1.6

1.2
dry mass
/ g dm–3
0.8

0.4

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time / days

Fig. 2.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe the differences between the results for the two cultures.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Intermediate products of the Calvin cycle are needed to produce organic molecules for use
by the cell.

Describe how these organic molecules are used by cells.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(e) Planting large numbers of trees is one way to reduce global atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Large scale culture of genetically modified C. vulgaris could also reduce global atmospheric
CO2 concentration.

Suggest one advantage of using genetically modified C. vulgaris instead of trees to reduce
global atmospheric CO2 concentration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

6 (a) The banana plant, Musa acuminata, is a tall herbaceous plant with very large leaves.

Fig. 6.1 shows a banana plant.

Fig. 6.1
An investigation was carried out to measure the net carbon dioxide uptake by a banana plant
at different light intensities.

Fig. 6.2 shows the results of the investigation.

mean net
carbon dioxide
2
uptake
–2
/ μmol m s –1

–0

–2

–4
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10 000 12 000
light intensity / lux
Fig. 6.2

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(i) With reference to Fig. 6.2, describe and explain the results at a light intensity of 1000 lux.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 6.2, describe and explain what can be concluded from the graph
at light intensities of between 2000 lux and 7000 lux.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Explain why the rate of carbon dioxide uptake levels off as light intensity increases above
10 000 lux.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap and digest insects in a large modified leaf
called a pitcher.

Fig. 6.3 shows a pale pitcher plant, Sarracenia alata.

pitcher

Fig. 6.3

(i) Unlike the Venus fly trap, pitcher plants have no moving parts to trap insects. Insects are
attracted to scent produced at the top of the pitcher. Once inside the pitcher, the insect
slides down to the bottom and into a liquid containing digestive enzymes.

Suggest a type of enzyme found in the pitcher plant that is used to digest insects.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Pitcher plants grow in bogs and wet grassland where the soil has a low concentration of
minerals such as nitrates. The plants obtain nitrates from the digestion of insects.

Calvin cycle intermediates are used to synthesise more complex compounds, some of
which need nitrogen from nitrates.

Name one compound that needs nitrogen from nitrates and name the Calvin cycle
intermediate from which it is synthesised.

compound that needs nitrogen ..........................................................................................

Calvin cycle intermediate ..................................................................................................

[2]
[Total: 10]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

2 (a) In eukaryotes, the cells of plants and photosynthetic protoctists contain chloroplasts.

Describe the relationship between the function of a chloroplast and its structure.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Outline the main features of cyclic photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

2.(c) Red algae are aquatic protoctists that are multicellular. The cells of red algae have chloroplasts
containing photosynthetic pigments. Many red algae live in deep water.

Two of the accessory pigments of red algae chloroplasts are:

• phycoerythrin (appears red), often present in large concentrations
• phycocyanin (appears blue).

The first few metres of water nearest the surface absorb the red wavelengths of light. If the
water also contains particles of organic material it absorbs blue wavelengths.

Fig. 2.1 shows absorption spectra of some pigments in red algae chloroplasts.

Key
chlorophyll a
phycoerythrin
phycocyanin
100

60
percentage
light
absorption
40

0
300 400 500 600 700
wavelength of light / nm

violet blue green yellow red

Fig. 2.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2022 9700/41/M/J/22 9700 Paper 4 - 107
Describe the differences in the absorption spectra of the three photosynthetic pigments
shown in Fig. 2.1 and explain how these differences help red algae to survive in deep water.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 14]

3.(e) Chemiosmosis is a process that occurs in mitochondria during aerobic respiration and in
chloroplasts during photosynthesis.

Describe the differences between the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and the
process of chemiosmosis in chloroplasts.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

2 (a) Photosynthesis is affected by many environmental factors.

(i) Explain why light intensity can be a limiting factor in photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) can also be a limiting factor. It has an effect
on the Calvin cycle in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), triose phosphate (TP) and glycerate 3-phosphate (GP)
are three important molecules in the Calvin cycle.

Fig. 2.1 shows how the concentration of GP changes when the concentration of CO2 is
reduced from 0.04% (atmospheric) to 0.008%.

Complete Fig. 2.1 by sketching the lines for RuBP and TP when the concentration of
CO2 is reduced from 0.04% to 0.008%.

0.04% 0.008%
atmospheric CO2 reduced CO2 concentration

GP
TP

relative
concentration
of Calvin RuBP
cycle molecules

time

Fig. 2.1 [2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(iii) In very dry conditions, CO2 concentration can become the main limiting factor of
photosynthesis in plants.

Explain how very dry conditions cause CO2 concentration to become the main limiting
factor of photosynthesis in plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) A factor that can limit the rate of photosynthesis is the rate of regeneration of RuBP.

Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) is an enzyme in the Calvin cycle that controls

the rate of regeneration of RuBP. SBPase is coded for by the gene SBPase.

In an experiment, wheat plants were genetically modified to make more SBPase by introducing
the SBPase gene from another grass species, Brachypodium distachyon. The resulting GM
wheat plants were named Sox4.

• Wild type plants (not GM) and Sox4 plants were grown in a greenhouse.
• Light intensity, CO2 concentration and temperature were kept constant.
• Mature plants were removed and dried to measure the biomass.

Fig. 2.2 shows the mean plant biomass for the wild type plants and GM Sox4 plants.

20
mean plant
biomass / g
15

0
wild type Sox4

wheat plants

Fig. 2.2

(i) Calculate the percentage change in mean plant biomass when Sox4 plants are grown
compared to wild type plants.

Show your working.

percentage change = ..................................................... % [2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Suggest and explain why Sox4 plants have a different mean plant biomass than wild
type plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(iii) Some soils may be deficient in nitrates.

Suggest how nitrate deficiency could limit the quantity of SBPase made by Sox4 plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 15]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

2 Photosynthesis is an energy transfer process that results in the production of carbohydrate. It has
two stages: the light-dependent stage and the light-independent stage.

Cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are essential pathways in

photosynthesis that occur in the light-dependent stage.

(a) (i) Describe the similarities and differences between cyclic photophosphorylation and
non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Explain why herbicides that prevent cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation stop carbohydrate being produced in the chloroplast.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) The rate of regeneration of RuBP in the Calvin cycle is known to limit the rate of photosynthesis.

Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) is an enzyme in the Calvin cycle that controls

the rate of regeneration of RuBP. SBPase is coded for by the gene SBPase.

• Wild type plants (not GM) and Sox4 plants were grown.
• A leaf from the wild type plant was placed in a sealed glass vessel.
• The carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the vessel was increased so that the
intercellular air spaces also had an increase in CO2 concentration.
• The other environmental conditions were kept constant.
• The rate of fixation of CO2 was measured for the leaf.
• The experiment was repeated with a leaf from a Sox4 plant.

Fig. 2.1 shows the rate of fixation of CO2 by the leaves of wild type plants and Sox4 plants
when the intercellular air space CO2 concentration was increased.

wild type
40 Sox4

30
CO2 fixation rate
/ μmol CO2 m–2 s–1

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

CO2 concentration / mg m–3

Fig. 2.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(i) With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe and explain the results shown by the wild type plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe and suggest explanations for the differences in the
rate of fixation of CO2 between wild type plants and Sox4 plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2022 9700/43/M/J/22 9700 Paper 4 - 115
4
9700/41/O/N/22
2 Photosynthesis is an important energy transfer process.

(a) Name one chloroplast pigment.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Explain the relationship between the absorption spectrum of the main chloroplast pigments
in a species of plant and the action spectrum for photosynthesis for that species.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Explain why temperature can be a limiting factor of photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Outline how the light-independent stage of photosynthesis leads to the production of
carbohydrates such as starch in plant leaves.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2022 9700/41/O/N/22 9700 Paper 4 - 116
7
9700/42/O/N/22
3 (a) Photosynthesis is an energy transfer process that takes place in chloroplasts of plant cells.

(i) Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of a chloroplast.

C
D not to scale

Fig. 3.1

Using the letters A, B, C or D, identify the structure that:

• contains genes that code for some of the enzymes used in photosynthesis

................................................................

• is the site of synthesis of some of the enzymes used in photosynthesis.

................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain how grana are adapted for their specific role in photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of changing light conditions on the
pH of the chloroplast stroma. Scientists followed pH changes in chloroplast stroma using
fluorescent chemicals that can be used as pH indicators.

• Chloroplasts were isolated from cells.

• A suspension of chloroplasts was prepared and kept in the dark for 180 seconds.
• The chloroplasts were exposed to a period of light of fixed intensity for 240 seconds,
then returned to dark conditions.
• The pH of chloroplast stroma was continuously measured and recorded.

Fig. 3.2 shows the results of this experiment.

dark light dark

7.7

7.6

pH of 7.5
chloroplast
stroma 7.4

7.3

7.2
0 120 240 360 480 600 720
time / s

Fig. 3.2

(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 3.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Discuss how the results in Fig. 3.2 support that chemiosmosis occurs
during photophosphorylation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 12]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2022 9700/42/O/N/22 9700 Paper 4 - 119
22
9700/42/F/M/23
8 (a) Describe the functions of the internal membranes of the chloroplast in photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Rubisco activase (RA) is an enzyme that has an effect on the activity of rubisco.

An investigation was carried out on the effect of RA on the activity of rubisco.

• Solutions of rubisco and RuBP were added to two tubes, A and B.

• RA was added to tube A.
• Both tubes were incubated at 25 °C for 6 minutes.
• The activity of rubisco was measured every 30 seconds.

All conditions were kept the same, except for the addition of RA to tube A.

The results are shown in Fig. 8.1.

12
A

8
rubisco
activity
6
/ arbitrary
units
4

2
B
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time / min
Fig. 8.1
Describe the results shown in Fig. 8.1 and suggest an explanation for the effect of RA on the
activity of rubisco.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 11]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2023 9700/42/F/M/23 9700 Paper 4 - 121
2
9700/41/M/J/23
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of part of a chloroplast.

×80 000

Fig. 1.1

(a) Table 1.1 describes some functions that occur in different parts of a chloroplast.

Complete Table 1.1 by identifying the letter on Fig. 1.1 that is a location matching the
description. Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Table 1.1

description letter
accumulates (builds up) a high
concentration of protons

makes triose phosphate

makes some chloroplast proteins

pumps protons

[4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Membranes of the type labelled C in Fig. 1.1 were made into a liquid extract. Chromatography
was then used to separate and identify the coloured components (pigments) in this extract.
The resulting chromatogram showed that these membranes contain a yellow pigment, an
orange pigment, a green-brown pigment and two different green pigments.

(i) Describe how you would carry out chromatography to separate and identify the coloured
pigments in the liquid extract of C.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Explain why membrane C has many different coloured pigments to function efficiently.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 11]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

8 (a) In plants such as rice, Oryza sativa, rubisco has a low rate of activity, which in turn affects the
rate of photosynthesis. The cereal crop sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, has a high rate of activity
of rubisco.

A genetically modified (GM) variety of rice was produced. Parts of the quaternary structure of
rubisco in rice were altered to be the same as the rubisco in sorghum.

The rate of activity of rubisco in non-GM rice and GM rice was measured at different
concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).

The results are shown in Fig. 8.1.

6
GM rice

4
rate of activity
of rubisco
/ arbitrary units
2
non-GM rice

0
0 200 400 600
atmospheric CO2 concentration
/ mg dm–3
Fig. 8.1

(i) Compare the two curves shown in Fig. 8.1 and explain why the curve for non-GM rice
levels off.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest which part of the rubisco molecule was altered to produce the GM variety of
rice.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows an outline of the Calvin cycle.

CO2

RuBP

ADP + Pi GP

ATP
ATP

ADP + Pi
reduced NADP

NADP
TP

other
molecules

Fig. 8.2

(i) Name the process that involves the enzyme rubisco.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the type of reaction that occurs when GP is converted to TP.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) RuBP is regenerated from molecules of TP.

State how many molecules of RuBP are produced from 10 molecules of TP.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) TP molecules that are not involved in the regeneration of RuBP can be used in the
synthesis of other molecules.

State two molecules that can be produced from these TP molecules.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

K
L
M

Fig. 8.1

Using the letters K–N, complete Table 8.1.

Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Table 8.1

letter
high concentration of protons ......................
location of photosynthetic pigments ......................
site of light-independent stage ......................
site of light-dependent stage ......................
[4]

(b) Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants.

Describe the role of other photosynthetic pigments found in plant chloroplasts.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) The absorption of different wavelengths of light by chloroplast pigments can be represented
by an absorption spectrum.

Fig. 8.2 is an absorption spectrum of an extract of chloroplast pigments and an absorption

spectrum of whole chloroplasts.

10
whole chloroplasts
9

6
absorbance
5
/ arbitrary units

3
pigment
2
extract

0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
wavelength / nm
Fig. 8.2
With reference to Fig. 8.2, describe the differences between the two spectra and suggest
explanations for the differences.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 12]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Fig. 1.1 shows some structural features of a chloroplast and some processes that occur within it.

light

CO2

stroma
H2O

components
cycle C A make up
granum

product B

product D chloroplast envelope

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Identify the structures labelled A in Fig. 1.1.

A .......................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain how the structure and appearance of the granum, and the components labelled
A, relate to their function.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) (i) Identify the metabolic pathway labelled cycle C in Fig. 1.1.

C .......................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why pathway C is described as a cycle.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

B ..........................................................

D .......................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest and explain the importance of glucose and the product labelled B in Fig. 1.1 to
ecosystems.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2023 9700/41/O/N/23 9700 Paper 4 - 129
22
9700/41/O/N/23
8 Environmental conditions such as light intensity affect plant physiology.

(a) Use the letter X to identify a point on the sketch graph in Fig. 8.1 where light intensity is acting
as a limiting factor on the rate of photosynthesis. [1]

rate of
photosynthesis
/ arbitrary units

light intensity / arbitrary units

Fig. 8.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

8 (a) Non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

Outline the main features of non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Some Calvin cycle intermediates are used to produce other molecules that are not part of the
Calvin cycle.

Name two of these intermediates.

For each intermediate, state one example of the type of molecule that is produced.

intermediate ..............................................

molecule produced ..............................................

intermediate ..............................................

molecule produced ..............................................

[2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(c) Fig. 8.1 shows how the rate of uptake of carbon dioxide by a plant varies with temperature, at
an optimum intensity of light on a clear day.

rate of
uptake of
carbon dioxide
3
/ arbitrary units (au)

0
0 10 20 30 40
temperature / °C

Fig. 8.1

(i) Calculate the mean increase in rate of uptake of carbon dioxide as the temperature
increases from 5 °C to 20 °C.

Show your working.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

.............................................. au °C–1 [2]

(ii) Suggest why the rate of carbon dioxide uptake levels off and then decreases after 20 °C.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) On Fig. 8.1, draw a curve to show the uptake of carbon dioxide on a cloudy day. [1]

[Total: 12]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2023 9700/42/O/N/23 9700 Paper 4 - 132
22
9700/42/F/M/24
7 (a) The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts. In this stage,
electrons are emitted from the chlorophyll a molecules and passed to electron acceptors.

If a redox indicator, such as DCPIP, is added to a suspension of illuminated chloroplasts,

electrons will be transferred to DCPIP, causing the colour of the DCPIP to change from blue
to colourless.

A student investigated the effect of the wavelength of light (colour of light) on the rate of
photosynthesis.

• DCPIP was added to three colorimeter tubes, each containing a suspension of

chloroplasts. The chloroplast suspensions were kept in the dark until required.
• The colorimeter tubes were each exposed to light of a different colour: red, blue or
green. The intensity of light was the same for all tubes, and each was exposed to
light for four minutes. All other conditions were kept the same.
• The absorbance of each chloroplast suspension was measured at one-minute
intervals using a colorimeter.

The results are shown in Fig. 7.1.

1.6

1.5
green
light
1.4

1.3

1.2

absorbance 1.1

1.0
blue
0.9
light
0.8

red
0.7
light
0.6
Fig. 7.1 0 1 2 3 4
time / min

(i) Explain why the chloroplast suspensions were kept in the dark until required.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Describe the results shown in Fig. 7.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) With reference to the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, explain the differences
between the results shown in Fig. 7.1 for red light and for green light.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature
can affect the rate of photosynthesis. These three factors directly affect different processes of
photosynthesis.

Complete Table 7.1 using a tick (3) to identify the processes that can be directly affected
by each factor or a cross (7) to identify the processes that are not directly affected by each
factor.

Indirect effects where a change in the rate of one process affects the rate of a different
process should not be considered.

A tick or a cross must be placed in the final column of every row.

Table 7.1

factor process 3 or 7

Calvin cycle
carbon dioxide ..................
concentration
photophosphorylation
..................
Calvin cycle
..................
light intensity
photophosphorylation
..................
Calvin cycle
..................
temperature
photophosphorylation
..................
[3]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2024 9700/42/F/M/24 9700 Paper 4 - 135
11
9700/41/M/J/24
5 Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that occurs in chloroplasts.

Fig. 5.1 shows some biochemical events that occur in a chloroplast during the light‑dependent
stage of photosynthesis. Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and some associated proteins of
the thylakoid membrane are shown.

light light D ADP + Pi

A C NADP ATP
E

PS II PSI

thylakoid membrane
B +
H H+

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) A and B are areas of the chloroplast. Name areas A and B.

A ........................................................................................................................................

B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The group of proteins labelled C, PSI and the protein labelled E are involved in a specific
biochemical process during the light‑dependent stage of photosynthesis.

Name this specific biochemical process and the protein labelled E.

process ..............................................................................................................................

E ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Product D is used during the Calvin cycle.

Identify product D and describe its specific role in the Calvin cycle.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) The rate at which plants use photosynthesis to transfer light energy into chemical energy
that is stored in plant biomass can be measured in megajoules per square metre per year
(MJ m–2 yr –1).

Fig. 5.2 compares the rates of energy transfer for different ecosystems.

rate of energy
transfer 20
/ MJ m−2 yr−1

0
tropical temperate snow tropical temperate desert
forest forest forest grassland grassland

ecosystem

Fig. 5.2

(i) Limiting factors affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Describe and suggest how the results for tropical forest, temperate forest and snow
forest in Fig. 5.2 show the effect of limiting factors on photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Suggest reasons why grasslands and desert have a lower rate of energy transfer by
photosynthesis than forests.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2024 9700/41/M/J/24 9700 Paper 4 - 138
16
9700/42/M/J/24
7 (a) A student investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis at two different
light intensities. The rate of photosynthesis was determined by measuring the rate of oxygen
production of the plant.

Fig. 7.1 shows the result of the investigation.

4
high light
intensity

rate of
oxygen
2
production
/ mm3 h–1

0 low light
0 10 20 30 40 50 intensity
temperature / °C

Fig. 7.1

(i) With reference to Fig. 7.1, describe and explain the results of the investigation for the
plant in low light intensity.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

UCLES 2024 9700/42/M/J/24 9700 Paper 4 - 139
17

(ii) With reference to Fig. 7.1, describe and explain the results of the investigation for the
plant in high light intensity above 30 °C.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Describe the process that produces oxygen during non‑cyclic photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

7 (a) Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis of a species of the unicellular protoctist, Chlorella. A cell suspension of
Chlorella was used.

Carbon dioxide uptake was used as a measure of the rate of photosynthesis.

• The suspension of Chlorella was illuminated at a light intensity of 3 lux for 20 seconds.
• The carbon dioxide uptake by Chlorella was measured at the end of the 20 second
period of illumination.
• The experiment was repeated at 6 lux, 9 lux, 12 lux and in a dark room.
• The suspension was maintained at a temperature of 20 °C.

Table 7.1 shows the results of the experiments.

Table 7.1

total CO2 uptake after

light intensity rate of photosynthesis
20 seconds
/ lux / μmol s–1
/ μmol

0 0 0.0

3 20 1.0

6 44
…………….

9 72 3.6

12 80 4.0

(i) Use Table 7.1 to calculate the rate of photosynthesis at a light intensity of 6 lux.

Complete Table 7.1 by writing your calculated value in the space provided. [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(ii) Plot a graph of the data in Table 7.1 on the grid in Fig. 7.1 to show the effect of light
intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

Draw a curve and extend your curve to show what would happen to the rate of
photosynthesis if the experiment is carried out at 18 lux.

rate of 3
photosynthesis
/ μmol s−1 2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
light intensity / lux

Fig. 7.1
[3]

(iii) Suggest an explanation for the shape of your curve from 12 lux to 18 lux.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) In photophosphorylation, photoactivation of chlorophyll results in the synthesis of ATP.

Describe how photoactivation of chlorophyll results in the synthesis of ATP in

photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

2 The leaves of many plants have stomata that show a regular daily rhythm of opening and closing
over a period of 24 hours.

(a) Explain why it is important for plants to open and close their stomata in a daily rhythm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows the results of an experiment to monitor this rhythm over three days and nights
for the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The percentage of open stomata is shown. Each day
consisted of 14 hours of light (white bar) and each night consisted of 10 hours of darkness
(black bar).

100
Key
day
open night
stomata 50
/%

0
0 24 48 72
time / hours

Fig. 2.1

Fig. 2.1 shows that the percentage of open stomata increases in the first seven hours of the
experiment. Describe the sequence of changes that occurs in the guard cells that leads to the
stomata opening.

...................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/O/N/24 9700 Paper 4 - 144
5

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

(c) The experiment was repeated with A. thaliana plants that were left in darkness from 14 to 96
hours. The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

100
Key
day
open night
stomata 50
/%

0
0 24 48 72 96
time / hours

Fig. 2.2

With reference to Fig. 2.1, explain what Fig. 2.2 shows about the role of genes and the role of
the environment in controlling the rhythm of stomatal opening and closing in A. thaliana.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/O/N/24 9700 Paper 4 - 145
9

4 (c) Plants can carry out cyclic photophosphorylation and non‑cyclic photophosphorylation
during the light‑dependent stage of photosynthesis. These processes occur at the grana of
chloroplasts.

Outline the similarities and differences between cyclic photophosphorylation and non‑cyclic
photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/O/N/24 9700 Paper 4 - 146
OCT/NOV 2024 Variant 42 16

7 (a) Paper chromatography is a technique that can be used to separate and identify different
chloroplast pigments.

Describe how the results of paper chromatography can be used to identify chloroplast
pigments.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Carotene and xanthophyll are chloroplast pigments.

Describe the role played by these pigments in photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/O/N/24 9700 Paper 4 - 147
17

(c) The light‑dependent stage of photosynthesis produces ATP and reduced NADP, which are
used in the light‑independent stage.

Describe the light‑independent stage of photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

[Total: 13]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/O/N/24 9700 Paper 4 - 148
MARCH 2025 28

9 The chloroplasts of leaves of tobacco plants, Nicotiana sp., contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

(a) Describe the role of chlorophyll b in photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A mutant tobacco plant was found to contain more chlorophyll b than normal tobacco plants.

An investigation was carried out to measure the rate of photosynthesis of normal and mutant
tobacco plants at increasing light intensities. The rate of production of oxygen was used as a
measure of the rate of photosynthesis.

Other variables were kept constant.

Fig. 9.1 shows the results of this investigation.

300
mutant plants

200
rate of production normal plants
of oxygen
/ mmol mg–1 hour–1
100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
light intensity / lux

Fig. 9.1

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/F/M/25 9700 Paper 4 - 149
29

(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 9.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) It was observed that the mutant tobacco plants had a faster growth rate than the normal
tobacco plants.

Suggest explanations for this observation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/F/M/25 9700 Paper 4 - 150
MAY/JUNE 2025 Variant 41 9

4 Scientists have invented a way of producing food by artificial photosynthesis.

• Solar panels convert sunlight energy into electricity.

• The electricity powers an electrolysis reaction between carbon dioxide gas and water to form
the organic product acetate.
• The single-celled alga Chlamydomonas, a protoctist, can use acetate to grow and reproduce
in the dark, instead of photosynthesising in the light.
• The algae can be processed to make a food product.

Fig. 4.1 shows an outline of the artificial photosynthesis process.

electrolyser
H 2O O2

CO2 acetate
algae food
electron
flow
solar panel

Fig. 4.1

(a) Identify three similarities between the artificial photosynthesis process shown in Fig. 4.1 and
the normal process of photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 151
10

(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas. It contains a large, cup-shaped
chloroplast for photosynthesis.

Fig. 4.2

Structures A and B in Fig. 4.2 are found within the chloroplast.

Name structures A and B.

A ...............................................................

B ...............................................................
[2]

(i) Name the products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 152
11

(ii) Some of the protein components of the thylakoid membrane have a role in the
light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

Explain the roles of the different proteins that function in the light-dependent stage
of photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(d) The products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle.
Calvin cycle intermediates are used to produce amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids.

Name the Calvin cycle intermediate that can be used to produce starch.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Scientists claim that the artificial photosynthesis process shown in Fig. 4.1 is more efficient at
converting light energy into food than normal photosynthesis by crop plants.

Give reasons why this claim may or may not be true.

true ...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

not true .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 14]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 153
MAY/JUNE 2025 Variant 42 19

8 (c) A suspension of Trebouxia in water was used to investigate the effect of the intensity of light
on the rate of photosynthesis. The volume of oxygen released over a set period of time was
used as a measure of the rate of photosynthesis at each different light intensity.

All other conditions were kept constant.

Fig. 8.2 shows how light intensity affected the volume of oxygen released by Trebouxia.

volume
of oxygen
released

0
light intensity
A

Fig. 8.2

(i) State which photosystem is involved in the release of oxygen.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 8.2:

• explain the curve between A and B

• explain why the curve levels off after C.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 154
MAY/JUNE 2025 Variant 43 14

7 (a) A chloroplast is composed of many structures, each with a different function. Several
chloroplast structures are listed.

stroma lamellae thylakoid membrane ribosome

thylakoid space starch grain DNA outer membrane

From the list:

(i) identify the structures involved in the production of rubisco

……………………………………………….

……………………………………………….
[2]

(ii) identify the structure that contains a high concentration of protons in daylight.

………………………………………………. [1]

(b) Paper chromatography is a technique that can be used to separate a mixture of four common
chloroplast pigments. The pigments can be identified by calculating their R f values.

A student carried out paper chromatography on a solution containing a mixture of

chloroplast pigments.

The results are shown in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1

distance travelled distance travelled

pigment by pigment from by solvent from Rf
baseline / cm baseline / cm

6.5 8.9 0.73

………………

chlorophyll a 4.6 8.9 0.52

chlorophyll b 8.9 0.38

……………………..

carotene 8.2 8.9

………..

Complete Table 7.1. [3]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/43/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 155
15

carotene chlorophyll a

absorbance

200 300 400 500 600 700

wavelength / nm

Fig. 7.1

With reference to Fig. 7.1, describe and explain the role of carotene in photosynthesis.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/43/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 156
MAY/JUNE 2025 Variant 44 20

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 is a diagram outlining non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

2e–
reduced
NADP
increasing 2e–
energy level
2e–

photosystem I
H 2O 1
2 O2
light
2H+ photosystem II

light

Fig. 9.1

With reference to Fig. 9.1, describe the process of non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

(b) Fig. 9.2 shows the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and light intensity.

rate of
photosynthesis

light intensity

Fig. 9.2

Describe and explain the relationship shown in Fig. 9.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

© UCLES 2025 9700/44/M/J/25 9700 Paper 4 - 158
SECTION - B
Section B is being removed from paper 4 since 2022, but it is
still a very good resource to practise conceptual parts of the
curriculum. Use these questions sensibly and make them a
part of your revision notes.

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700 Paper 4 - 159
23

9700/41/O/N/12 Section B

10 (a) Describe the arrangement and location of chloroplast pigments and discuss their effect
on absorption spectra. [8]

.........................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Section B
9700/43/O/N/12
10 (a) Outline the process of the photolysis of water and describe what happens to the
products of photolysis. [10]

.........................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Section B
9700/41/M/J/13
10 (b) Describe how, in photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the
form of ATP. [8]

[Total: 15]

.........................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/M/J/13 Section B

10 (a) Describe the structure of a chloroplast. [7]

.........................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/F/M/18 Section B

9 (a) Describe the process of cyclic photophosphorylation and the structure of the photosystem
involved. [9]

(b) Explain how non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces reduced NADP and how reduced
NADP is used in the light independent stage. [6]

[Total: 15]

..................................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/41/M/J/19 Section B

9 (a) Explain what is meant by the term limiting factor and explain how knowledge of limiting factors
is used to increase crop yields in glasshouses. [7]

10 (b) Describe how you would carry out an investigation into the effect of wavelength of light on the
rate of photosynthesis of a plant, using a redox indicator such as DCPIP. [8]

[Total: 15]

..................................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Section B
9700/42/M/J/19
9 (a) Describe how you would carry out an investigation into the effect of temperature on the rate
of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant. [8]

..................................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/43/M/J/19 Section B

9 (a) Describe how the structure of a chloroplast is related to its functions. [8]

(b) Describe how you would separate chloroplast pigments using chromatography. [7]

[Total: 15]

..................................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

9700/42/M/J/20 Section B

10 (a) Describe the role of chloroplast pigments in light absorption. [7]

(b) Outline how the Calvin cycle produces triose phosphate and outline the conversion of triose
phosphate into amino acids. [8]

[Total: 15]

..................................................................................................................................................................

Classified by Mr.Adeel Ahmad 13. Photosynthesis

Respiration Paper 5 CAIE A Level Biology Classified From 2019 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
100% (1)
Respiration Paper 5 CAIE A Level Biology Classified From 2019 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
48 pages
14 Homeostasis Paper 4 CAIE A Level Biology Classified From 2010 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
100% (2)
14 Homeostasis Paper 4 CAIE A Level Biology Classified From 2010 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
165 pages
4 Cell Membranes and Transport Paper 2 CAIE 9700 AS Biology Classified Past Papers From 2012 To 2025
100% (3)
4 Cell Membranes and Transport Paper 2 CAIE 9700 AS Biology Classified Past Papers From 2012 To 2025
107 pages
8 Transport in Mammals A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
100% (2)
8 Transport in Mammals A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
59 pages
9 Gas Exchange 2012-18 - N LQ A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
100% (1)
9 Gas Exchange 2012-18 - N LQ A Level Biology 9700 Classified by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
43 pages
Control and Co-Ordination 2021-2022 A Level Biology 9700 Notes by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
100% (2)
Control and Co-Ordination 2021-2022 A Level Biology 9700 Notes by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
21 pages
As-Most Imp Ques On All Chapters MS
No ratings yet
As-Most Imp Ques On All Chapters MS
105 pages
Inherited Change in Biology 9700
67% (3)
Inherited Change in Biology 9700
32 pages
As LEVEL PLAN DIAGRAMS Biology
67% (3)
As LEVEL PLAN DIAGRAMS Biology
21 pages
Starch, Glycogen, and Protein Structures
No ratings yet
Starch, Glycogen, and Protein Structures
136 pages
The Mitotic Cell Cycle Paper 1 CAIE 9700 AS Biology Classified Past Papers From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
No ratings yet
The Mitotic Cell Cycle Paper 1 CAIE 9700 AS Biology Classified Past Papers From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
44 pages
Nihal Gabr: 2A Membrane, and Transport
100% (1)
Nihal Gabr: 2A Membrane, and Transport
55 pages
Biology 9700 - P4
No ratings yet
Biology 9700 - P4
1,183 pages
Topic 16 Inherited Change 2021-22 A Level Biology 9700 Notes by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
100% (3)
Topic 16 Inherited Change 2021-22 A Level Biology 9700 Notes by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
23 pages
Chapter 4 Cell Membranes and Transport Paper 1 CAIE 9700 AS Biology
No ratings yet
Chapter 4 Cell Membranes and Transport Paper 1 CAIE 9700 AS Biology
49 pages
3 Enzymes 2021-22 A Level Biology by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
No ratings yet
3 Enzymes 2021-22 A Level Biology by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
17 pages
Topic2 Full Handwritten Notes
No ratings yet
Topic2 Full Handwritten Notes
33 pages
June 2025 As Notes 4
100% (2)
June 2025 As Notes 4
58 pages
Mitotic Cell Cycle p2
100% (1)
Mitotic Cell Cycle p2
103 pages
Biology 9700: Biochemical Tests
No ratings yet
Biology 9700: Biochemical Tests
45 pages
Plant Nutrition
100% (1)
Plant Nutrition
43 pages
Respiration EQ
0% (1)
Respiration EQ
7 pages
CP Notes Full
No ratings yet
CP Notes Full
72 pages
14 Homeostasis 2021-225 A Level Biology 9700 Notes by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
100% (2)
14 Homeostasis 2021-225 A Level Biology 9700 Notes by Mr. ADEEL AHMAD
18 pages
Plant Transport Revision Study Notes
No ratings yet
Plant Transport Revision Study Notes
20 pages
Homeostasis and Excretion in Humans
No ratings yet
Homeostasis and Excretion in Humans
29 pages
A-Level Biology P5 Investigation Notes
No ratings yet
A-Level Biology P5 Investigation Notes
52 pages
اسئلة الأحياء ف1 ثنائية اللغة النهائي للطباعة
0% (1)
اسئلة الأحياء ف1 ثنائية اللغة النهائي للطباعة
113 pages
Biop 585
No ratings yet
Biop 585
82 pages
New 15 Secrets To Crack IGCSE Biology
No ratings yet
New 15 Secrets To Crack IGCSE Biology
14 pages
Paper 6 Exam Prep: Variables & Methodology
No ratings yet
Paper 6 Exam Prep: Variables & Methodology
124 pages
Paper 6 Final Revision
No ratings yet
Paper 6 Final Revision
106 pages
Combined Science Notes Biology DR Nehal Gabr
No ratings yet
Combined Science Notes Biology DR Nehal Gabr
88 pages
Answers Dr. Ahmed Shafai MCQ
No ratings yet
Answers Dr. Ahmed Shafai MCQ
30 pages
Biology Exam Answers: Cell Structure & Enzymes
No ratings yet
Biology Exam Answers: Cell Structure & Enzymes
24 pages
Photosynthesis and Plant Nutrition Guide
100% (1)
Photosynthesis and Plant Nutrition Guide
11 pages
As-Most Imp Ques On All Chapters
No ratings yet
As-Most Imp Ques On All Chapters
103 pages
1 Cell Structure Paper 1 CAIE AS Biology Classified From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
100% (3)
1 Cell Structure Paper 1 CAIE AS Biology Classified From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
211 pages
Understanding Trophic Levels and Productivity
No ratings yet
Understanding Trophic Levels and Productivity
48 pages
Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles Explained
No ratings yet
Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles Explained
32 pages
Cell Membrane Structure and Function
No ratings yet
Cell Membrane Structure and Function
42 pages
Cell Structure 2021-22 by Mr. Adeel Ahmad
No ratings yet
Cell Structure 2021-22 by Mr. Adeel Ahmad
48 pages
Cie A Level Biology Worksheet Inheritance
No ratings yet
Cie A Level Biology Worksheet Inheritance
13 pages
Dr. Ahmed Shafai P6
No ratings yet
Dr. Ahmed Shafai P6
13 pages
Enzymes
No ratings yet
Enzymes
16 pages
Enzyme Mechanisms and Activity Factors
100% (1)
Enzyme Mechanisms and Activity Factors
33 pages
Photosynthesis: Chloroplast Structure & Function
No ratings yet
Photosynthesis: Chloroplast Structure & Function
33 pages
Edexcel Biology Section 1 Powerpoint Igcse
100% (2)
Edexcel Biology Section 1 Powerpoint Igcse
21 pages
Biology 9700 Paper 2 - The Mitotic Cell Cycle
100% (1)
Biology 9700 Paper 2 - The Mitotic Cell Cycle
43 pages
SL C1.3 Photosynthesis QP
No ratings yet
SL C1.3 Photosynthesis QP
10 pages
IGCSE Biology: Reproduction Basics
100% (3)
IGCSE Biology: Reproduction Basics
92 pages
Understanding DNA Mutations and Effects
100% (1)
Understanding DNA Mutations and Effects
19 pages
Enzyme Experiment Guide
No ratings yet
Enzyme Experiment Guide
11 pages
Understanding Enzymes in Biology
No ratings yet
Understanding Enzymes in Biology
6 pages
IGCSE Biology: Organism Maintenance
No ratings yet
IGCSE Biology: Organism Maintenance
46 pages
Classification: O Level IGCSE 2022-2023
100% (1)
Classification: O Level IGCSE 2022-2023
8 pages
PTG Chapter 8 Asal Biology
100% (2)
PTG Chapter 8 Asal Biology
16 pages
Grazing Impact on Moth Species Study
100% (3)
Grazing Impact on Moth Species Study
4 pages
Wa0024
No ratings yet
Wa0024
6 pages
Grade 11 Photosynthesis Support Pack
100% (1)
Grade 11 Photosynthesis Support Pack
28 pages
A Level Biology CAIE Topic 14 Control and Coordination
100% (2)
A Level Biology CAIE Topic 14 Control and Coordination
75 pages
Topic 5 Energetics-Thermochemistry MCQs
No ratings yet
Topic 5 Energetics-Thermochemistry MCQs
32 pages
Biology Microscopy Guide
100% (1)
Biology Microscopy Guide
33 pages
Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 2017-18
No ratings yet
Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 2017-18
18 pages
3 Enzymes Paper 2 CAIE AS Biology Classified From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
No ratings yet
3 Enzymes Paper 2 CAIE AS Biology Classified From 2012 To 2025 Topical Questions Updated
134 pages
Microscopy Techniques in Cell Biology
100% (2)
Microscopy Techniques in Cell Biology
33 pages
Enzyme Action for Biology Students
100% (1)
Enzyme Action for Biology Students
35 pages
Cell Transport and Function Overview
No ratings yet
Cell Transport and Function Overview
13 pages
QSAR Parameters in Drug Design Analysis
No ratings yet
QSAR Parameters in Drug Design Analysis
9 pages
U15 S3-4 HW Keys
No ratings yet
U15 S3-4 HW Keys
35 pages
Chap 4 Thermodynamics
No ratings yet
Chap 4 Thermodynamics
37 pages
Cellular Energy and Cell Cycle Guide
No ratings yet
Cellular Energy and Cell Cycle Guide
2 pages
Overview of D-Block Elements
No ratings yet
Overview of D-Block Elements
3 pages
Mitsubishi Rayon Group 2. Sterapore 5600 Series 3. MBR Case Report
No ratings yet
Mitsubishi Rayon Group 2. Sterapore 5600 Series 3. MBR Case Report
14 pages
Boiler Efficiency & Wastewater Treatment Report
No ratings yet
Boiler Efficiency & Wastewater Treatment Report
60 pages
Green Nanotechnologies Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Plants
No ratings yet
Green Nanotechnologies Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Plants
10 pages
Chemistry Cape Unit 2 (2010)
No ratings yet
Chemistry Cape Unit 2 (2010)
6 pages
Artificial Lift Technology Overview
100% (1)
Artificial Lift Technology Overview
52 pages
Fuels and Lubricants for IC Engines
No ratings yet
Fuels and Lubricants for IC Engines
52 pages
GP 52-20 - Passive Fire Protection Fireproofing - 0900a866801074ad
75% (4)
GP 52-20 - Passive Fire Protection Fireproofing - 0900a866801074ad
26 pages
Li-Ion Battery Management in EVs
No ratings yet
Li-Ion Battery Management in EVs
17 pages
Root Canal Filling Techniques Explained
No ratings yet
Root Canal Filling Techniques Explained
11 pages
MasterGlenium 110M Safety Data Sheet
No ratings yet
MasterGlenium 110M Safety Data Sheet
9 pages
Drill String Standards Guide
100% (3)
Drill String Standards Guide
27 pages
Determination Presence of Insecticides in Fruits and Vegetables
No ratings yet
Determination Presence of Insecticides in Fruits and Vegetables
8 pages
CEMWET SP-3000: High Strength Super Plasticizer
No ratings yet
CEMWET SP-3000: High Strength Super Plasticizer
2 pages
Steelmaking Exam for Metallurgy Students
No ratings yet
Steelmaking Exam for Metallurgy Students
2 pages
Baukal CH., Ed. Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion (CRC, 1998) (T) (356s) PDF
100% (2)
Baukal CH., Ed. Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion (CRC, 1998) (T) (356s) PDF
356 pages
Rhein Skincare Product Guide
No ratings yet
Rhein Skincare Product Guide
11 pages
Chemistry Exam Marking Scheme Guide
No ratings yet
Chemistry Exam Marking Scheme Guide
8 pages
Case Connections - Unit 1
No ratings yet
Case Connections - Unit 1
3 pages
UV-C Disinfection Tunnels for Safety
No ratings yet
UV-C Disinfection Tunnels for Safety
4 pages
Impact of Infrared Radiation on Eye Lens
No ratings yet
Impact of Infrared Radiation on Eye Lens
6 pages
Pha406lab New
No ratings yet
Pha406lab New
23 pages
Biology Exam-Session 1-2020-2021 Final For Print
100% (1)
Biology Exam-Session 1-2020-2021 Final For Print
24 pages
Intro to Atomic and Molecular Chemistry
No ratings yet
Intro to Atomic and Molecular Chemistry
62 pages
Metal Extraction and Ore Processing Quiz
No ratings yet
Metal Extraction and Ore Processing Quiz
14 pages