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Microsoft
®

Power BI
by Jack Hyman
Microsoft® Power BI For Dummies®
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021952556

ISBN: 978-1-119-82487-9 (pbk); 978-1-119-82488-6 (ebk); 978-1-119-82489-3 (ebk)

Contents at a Glance
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part 1: Put Your BI Thinking Caps On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 1: A Crash Course in Data Analytics Terms: Power BI Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER 2: The Who, How, and What of Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHAPTER 3: Oh, the Choices: Power BI Versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CHAPTER 4: Power BI: The Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Part 2: It’s Time to Have a Data Party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

CHAPTER 5: Preparing Data Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
CHAPTER 6: Getting Data from Dynamic Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
CHAPTER 7: Cleansing, Transforming, and Loading Your Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Part 3: The Art and Science of Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

CHAPTER 8: Crafting the Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
CHAPTER 9: Designing and Deploying Data Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

CHAPTER 10: Perfecting the Data Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

CHAPTER 11: Visualizing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

CHAPTER 12: Pumping Out Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

CHAPTER 13: Diving into Dashboarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Part 4: Oh, No! There’s a Power BI Programming

Language!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CHAPTER 14: Digging Into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
CHAPTER 15: Fun with DAX Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
CHAPTER 16: Digging Deeper into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
CHAPTER 17: Sharing and the Power BI Workspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Part 5: Enhancing Your Power BI Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

CHAPTER 18: Making Your Data Shine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
CHAPTER 19: Extending the Power BI Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Part 6: The Part of Tens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways to Optimize DAX Using Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
CHAPTER 21: Ten Ways to Make Compelling Reports Accessible and
User-Friendly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Foolish Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Icons Used in This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Beyond the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

PART 1: PUT YOUR BI THINKING CAPS ON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 1: A Crash Course in Data Analytics Terms:
Power BI Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
What Is Data, Really?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Working with structured data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Looking at unstructured data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Adding semistructured data to the mix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Looking Under the Power BI Hood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Posing questions with Power Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Modeling with Power Pivot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Visualizing with Power View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Mapping data with Power Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Interpreting data with Power Q&A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Power BI Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Power BI Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Knowing Your Power BI Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Capacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Workspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Navigation pane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Business Intelligence (BI): The Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHAPTER 2: The Who, How, and What of Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Highlighting the Who of Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Business analyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Data analyst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Data engineer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Data scientist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Database administrator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table of Contents v
 Understanding How Data Comes to Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Prepare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Analyze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Manage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Examining the Various Types of Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Taking a Look at the Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

CHAPTER 3: Oh, the Choices: Power BI Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Why Power BI versus Excel?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Power BI Products in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Introducing the Power BI license options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Looking at Desktop versus Services options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Stacking Power BI Desktop against Power BI Free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Examining the Details of the Licensing Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Seeing how content and collaboration drive licensing . . . . . . . . . . 39
Starting with Power BI Desktop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Adding a Power BI Free license. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Upgrading to a Power BI Pro license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Going all in with a Power BI Premium license. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
On the Road with Power BI Mobile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Working with Power BI Report Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Linking Power BI and Azure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

CHAPTER 4: Power BI: The Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Power BI Desktop: A Top-Down View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Ingesting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Files or databases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Building data models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Analyzing data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Creating and publishing items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Services: Far and Wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Viewing and editing reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Working with dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Collaborating inside Power BI Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Refreshing data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

PART 2: IT’S TIME TO HAVE A DATA PARTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

CHAPTER 5: Preparing Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Getting Data from the Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Managing Data Source Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Working with Shared versus Local Datasets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

vi Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

 Storage Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Dual mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Considering the Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Addressing and correcting performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Diagnosing queries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exporting Power BI Desktop Files and Leveraging XMLA . . . . . . . . . . . 81

CHAPTER 6: Getting Data from Dynamic Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Getting Data from Microsoft-Based File Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Working with Relational Data Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Importing data from a relational data source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The good ol’ SQL query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Importing Data from a Nonrelational Data Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Importing JSON File Data into Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Importing Data from Online Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Creating Data Source Combos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Connecting and importing data from Azure Analysis Services. . . . 98
Accessing data with Connect Live. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Dealing with Modes for Dynamic Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Fixing Data Import Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
“Time-out expired”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
“The data format is not valid” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
“Uh-oh — missing data files” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
“Transformation isn’t always perfect”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

CHAPTER 7: Cleansing, Transforming, and Loading

Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Engaging Your Detective Skills to Hunt Down Anomalies
and Inconsistencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Checking those data structures and column properties. . . . . . . . 105
Finding a little help from data statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Stepping through the Data Lifecycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Resolving inconsistencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Evaluating and Transforming Column Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Finding and creating appropriate keys for joins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Shaping your column data to meet Power Query
requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Combining queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Tweaking Power Query’s M Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Configuring Queries for Data Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Resolving Errors During Data Import. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Table of Contents vii

 PART 3: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF POWER BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

CHAPTER 8: Crafting the Data Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

An Introduction to Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Working with data schemas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Storing values with measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Working with dimensions and fact tables (yet again). . . . . . . . . . .136
Flattening hierarchies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Dealing with Table and Column Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Managing Cardinality and Direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Cardinality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Cross-filter direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Data Granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

CHAPTER 9: Designing and Deploying Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Creating a Data Model Masterpiece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Working with Data view and Modeling view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Importing queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Defining data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Handling formatting and data type properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Managing tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Adding and modifying data to imported, DirectQuery,
and composite models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Managing Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Creating automatic relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Creating manual relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Deleting relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Classifying and codifying data in tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Arranging Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Sorting by and grouping by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Hiding data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Working with Extended Data Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Knowing the calculation types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Working with column contents and joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Publishing Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

CHAPTER 10: Perfecting the Data Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Matching Queries with Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Deleting unnecessary columns and rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Swapping numeric columns with measures and variables. . . . . . 169
Reducing cardinality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Reducing queries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Converting to a composite model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Creating and managing aggregations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

viii Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

CHAPTER 11: Visualizing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Looking at Report Fundamentals and Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Creating visualizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Choosing a visualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Filtering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Working with Bar charts and Column charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Using basic Line charts and Area charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Combining Line charts and Bar charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Working with Ribbon charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Going with the flow with Waterfall charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Funneling with Funnel charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Scattering with Scatter charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Salivating with Pie charts and Donut charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Branching out with treemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Mapping with maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Indicating with indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Dealing with Table-Based and Complex Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Slicing with slicers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Tabling with table visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Combing through data with matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Decomposing with decomposition trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Zooming in on key influencers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Dabbling in Data Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

CHAPTER 12: Pumping Out Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Formatting and Configuring Report Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Working with basic visualization configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Applying conditional formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Filtering and Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Configuring the Report Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Refreshing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Working with reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Finding migrated data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Exporting reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Perfecting reports for distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

CHAPTER 13: Diving into Dashboarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Configuring Dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Creating a New Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Enriching Your Dashboard with Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Pinning Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Customizing with Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Working with Dashboard Layouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Table of Contents ix
 Integrating Q&A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Setting Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

PART 4: OH, NO! THERE’S A POWER BI

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

CHAPTER 14: Digging Into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Discovering DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Peeking under the DAX hood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Working with calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Dealing with Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Operating with Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Ordering operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Parentheses and order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Making a Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Ensuring Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

CHAPTER 15: Fun with DAX Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Working with DAX Parameters and Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . 265
Prefixing parameter names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Playing with parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Using Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Aggregate functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Date-and-time functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Filter functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Financial functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Information functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Logical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Mathematical and trigonometric functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Other functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Parent-child functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Relationship functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Statistical functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Table manipulation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Text functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Time intelligence functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

CHAPTER 16: Digging Deeper into DAX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Working with Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Writing DAX Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Understanding DAX formulas in depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Extending formulas with measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Comparing measures and columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

x Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

 Syntax and context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
The syntax of an expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Best Practices for DAX Coding and Debugging in Power BI . . . . . . . . 297
Using error functions properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Avoiding converting blanks to values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Knowing the difference between operators and functions . . . . . 300
Getting specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
Knowing what to COUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Relationships matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Keeping up with the context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Preferring measures over columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Seeing that structure matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

CHAPTER 17: Sharing and the Power BI Workspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Working Together in a Workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Defining the types of workspaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Figuring out the nuts and bolts of workspaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Creating and Configuring Apps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Slicing and Dicing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Analyzing in Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Benefiting from Quick Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Using Usage Metric reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Working with paginated reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Troubleshooting the Use of Data Lineage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Datasets, Dataflows, and Lineage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Defending Your Data Turf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

PART 5: ENHANCING YOUR POWER BI EXPERIENCE . . . . . 325

CHAPTER 18: Making Your Data Shine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Establishing a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Rolling out the scheduled refresh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Refreshing on-premises data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Protecting the Data Fortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Configuring for group membership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Making role assignments in Power BI Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Sharing the Data Love. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Refreshing Data in Baby Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Creating RangeStart and RangeEnd parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Filtering by RangeStart and RangeEnd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Establishing the Incremental Refresh policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Treating Data Like Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Configuring for Big Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Table of Contents xi
 CHAPTER 19: Extending the Power BI Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Linking Power Platform and Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Powering Up with Power Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Creating Power App visuals with Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Acknowledging the limitations of Power Apps/Power BI
integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Introducing the Power BI Mobile app. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Integrating OneDrive and Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Collaboration, SharePoint, and Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Differentiating between the classic and modern
SharePoint experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Integrating Power BI into SharePoint 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Viewing Power BI reports in SharePoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Automating Workflows with Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Configuring prebuilt workflows for Power BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Using the Power Automate Visual with Power BI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Unleashing Dynamics 365 for Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

PART 6: THE PART OF TENS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways to Optimize DAX Using Power BI. . . . . . . . 369
Focusing on Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Formatting Your Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Keeping the Structure Simple (KISS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Staying Clear of Certain Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Making Your Measures Meaningful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Filtering with a Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Transforming Data Purposefully. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Playing Hide-and-Seek with Your Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Using All Those Fabulous Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Rinse, Repeat, Recycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

CHAPTER 21: Ten Ways to Make Compelling Reports

Accessible and User-Friendly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Navigating the Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Having a Screen Reader As Your Companion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Standing Out with Contrast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Recognizing Size Matters (with Focus Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Switching between Data Tables and Visualizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
A Little Extra Text Goes a Long Way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Setting Rank and Tab Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
It’s All About Titles and Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Leaving Your Markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Keeping with a Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

xii Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

Introduction
D
ata is everywhere — no matter where you go, and no matter what you do,
someone is gathering data around you. The tools and techniques utilized to
evaluate data have undoubtedly matured over the past decade or two. Less
than a decade ago, for example, the lowly spreadsheet was considered an adequate
tool to collect, measure, and calculate results — even for somewhat complex
datasets. Not anymore! The modern organization accumulates data at such a rapid
pace that more sophisticated approaches beyond spreadsheets have become the
new normal. Some might even call the spreadsheet a dinosaur.

Welcome to the generation of business intelligence. And what does business intel-
ligence require, you ask? Consider querying data sources, reporting, caching data,
and visualizing data as being just the tip of the iceberg. Ask yourself this question:
If you had to address your organization’s needs, what would they be? Would tak-
ing structured, unstructured, and semistructured data and making sense of it be
part of your organizational requirements? Perhaps developing robust business
analytics outputs for executive consumption? Or, is the mandate from the leader-
ship the delivery of complex reports, visualizations, dashboards, and key perfor-
mance indicators? If you’re shaking your head right now and whispering all the
above, you are not alone.

This is what enterprises today, large and small, expect. And with Microsoft Power
BI, part of the Power Platform, you can deliver a highly sophisticated level of busi-
ness intelligence to your organization, accomplishing each of these business
objectives with little effort.

Power BI was initially conceived as part of the SQL Server Reporting Team back in
2010. Then, Power BI made its way into the Office 365 suite in September 2013 as
an advanced analytics product. Power BI was built around Microsoft Excel core
add-ins: Power Query, Power Pivot, and Power View. Along the way, Microsoft
added a few artificial intelligence features, such as the Q&A Engine, enterprise-
level data connectors, and security options via the Power BI Gateway. The product
became so popular with the enterprise business community that, in July of 2015,
Power BI was separated from the Office family, becoming its own product line.
Finally, in late 2019, Power BI merged with other Microsoft products to form the
Power Platform family, which consists of Power Apps (mobile), Power Automate
(workflow), and Power BI (business intelligence).

Introduction 1
 Whether you’re using Power BI as a stand-alone application to turn your data
sources into interactive insights or integrating Power BI with applications such as
Power Apps, SharePoint, or Dynamics 365, Power BI allows users to visualize and
discover what is truly essential in their vast data resources. Users can share data
at scale with ease. Depending on your role, you can create, view, or share data
using the Power BI Desktop, the cloud-based Service, or the mobile app. The
Power BI platform is designed to let users create, share, and consume business
insights that effectively serve you and your team.

About This Book

This book is intended for anyone interested in business analytics, focusing as it
does on the general platform capabilities across the Power BI platform. It doesn’t
matter whether you’re a novice or a power user — you’ll definitely benefit from
reading this book. I’m thinking especially of the following business roles:

»» Business analyst: As a business analyst, you’re tasked with many responsi-

bilities. Maybe you’re the requirements-gathering expert, the configuration
guru, the designer, or even the quasi-developer. This book can be used as a
resource for many of the critical tasks you may encounter in the field.

»» Data professional: Data is complex — make no mistake about it. This book
doesn’t help you tackle the formulas behind the scenes or tell you how to
construct and programmatically code many sophisticated reports, dash-
boards, visuals, and KPIs. It does, however, help you understand the founda-
tional activities across the Power BI platform if this is your first foray into using
Microsoft’s business intelligence (BI) platform. You’ll be able to quickly ingest
data, conduct data analysis, and build relatively sophisticated reports after
reading this book.

»» Developer: This book isn’t specifically for you, but you can find plenty of tips,
tricks, and techniques you can learn throughout the book. Power BI is a
collection of products that require users to understand several fundamental
programming languages, including DAX and SQL. In this book, you can see
that the surface is scratched ever so slightly in covering these topics. Take a
look at the chapters on DAX in Part 4 if you want an introduction or a
refresher.

»» IT professional: Whether you’re a cloud expert, systems engineer, or

database professional or you fill another IT role, this book doesn’t provide you
with all the technical answers you’re looking for. Instead, this is a starting point
if you want to take a leap into the world of Microsoft enterprise business
intelligence.

2 Microsoft Power BI For Dummies

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