Ven Kovida-42 ( August 6, 2024) 3:30 pm to 7:25 pm
Explanation of the different types of sandhi (euphonic combinations) along with their
subtypes:
Seven Kinds of Sandhi (Euphonic Combination)
1. Lopasandhi: Elision sandhi.
2. Ādesasandhi: Substitution sandhi.
3. Āgamasandhi: Insertion sandhi.
4. Vikārasandhi: Modification sandhi or Transformation sandhi.
5. Pakatisandhi: Natural sandhi.
6. Dīghasandhi: Lengthening sandhi.
7. Rassasandhi: Shortening sandhi.
Three Kinds of Lopasandhi
1. Saralopasandhi: Sandhi which elides a vowel. For example: yassindriyāni
(yassa+indriyāni).
2. Byañjanalopasandhi: Sandhi which elides a consonant. For example: agyāgāraṃ
(aggi+āgāraṃ).
3. Niggahitalopasandhi: Sandhi which elides niggahita. For example: tāsāhaṃ
(tāsaṃ+ahaṃ).
Two Kinds of Lopasandhi
1. Pubbasaralopasandhi: Sandhi which elides a preceding vowel. For example:
yassindriyāni (yassa+indriyāni).
2. Parasaralopasandhi: Sandhi which elides a following vowel. For example: cattārome
(cattāro+ime).
Three Kinds of Ādesasandhi
1. Sarādesasandhi: Sandhi which substitutes or replaces a vowel with a consonant. For
example: myāyaṃ (me+ayaṃ).
2. Byañjanādesasandhi: Sandhi which substitutes or replaces a consonant with a vowel.
For example: onaddho (ava+naddho).
3. Niggahitādesasandhi: Sandhi which substitutes or replaces the niggahita with a
consonant. For example: tamahaṃ (taṃ+ahaṃ).
Three Kinds of Āgamasandhi
1. Sarāgamasandhi: Sandhi which inserts a vowel. For example: atippa go kho (atippa +
kho).
2. Byañjanāgamasandhi: Sandhi which inserts a consonant. For example: yathayidaṃ
(yathā+idaṃ).
3. Niggahitāgamasandhi: Sandhi which inserts the niggahita (ṃ). For example: cakkhuṃ
udapādi (cakkhu+udapādi).
Two Kinds of Vikārasandhi
1. Saravikārasandhi: Sandhi which transforms a vowel into another vowel. For example:
nopeti (na+upeti).
2. Byañjanavikārasandhi: Sandhi which transforms a consonant into another consonant.
For example: ekamidāhaṃ (ekaṃ+idha+ahaṃ).
Two Kinds of Pakatisandhi
1. Sarapakatisandhi: Sandhi which maintains the original form when followed by a vowel.
For example: ko imaṃ (ko+imaṃ).
2. Byañjanapakatisandhi: Sandhi which maintains the original form when followed by a
consonant. For example: mano pubbaṅgamā dhammā (mano+pubbaṅgamā dhammā).
Two Kinds of Dīghasandhi
1. Pubbasaradīghasandhi: Sandhi which lengthens a preceding vowel. For example:
kiṃsūdh (kiṃsu+idha).
2. Parasaradīghasandhi: Sandhi which lengthens a following vowel. For example:
saddhīdha (saddhā+idha).
Two Kinds of Rassasandhi
1. Saniddesa-rassasandhi: Sandhi which shortens a preceding vowel after substitution.
For example: yathariva (yathā+eva).
2. Aniddesa-rassasandhi: Sandhi which shortens a preceding vowel without substitution.
For example: bhovādināma so (bhovādī+nāma so).
