THE BALTIC JOURNAL

OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING

ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288

2015 Volume 10(1): 54–60

THE INFLUENCE OF BINDER RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ON ASPHALT

MIXTURE PERMANENT DEFORMATION
Marcin Gajewski1, Dariusz Sybilski2, Wojciech Bańkowski3
Road and Bridge Research Institute, ul. Instytutowa 1, 03–302 Warsaw, Poland
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. The main goal of this paper is to propose the performance parameter for binder which is good for quality
prediction of asphalt mixture in frame of resistance to permanent deformation (rutting). Additionally, correlation be-
tween, proposed by the authors, repeatable shear creep-recovery test carried out on binder and bituminous mixture
rutting test is under evaluation. The results are analysed and correlation between the proposed functional parameter
and rut depth is shown. Thanks to that it is possible to claim that expensive rutting test procedure can be assisted with
simple test carried out in dynamic shear rheometer at the initial mix design procedure.
Keywords: binder performance parameters, permanent deformation, rutting, dynamic shear rheometer.

1. Introduction correspond to the conditions in which binders work in

The road structures are currently exposed to the increasing asphalt pavements. As a result, assessment of permanent
traffic loading, cf. (Žiliūtė, Laurinavičius 2013). For this rea- deformation development using these conventional tests
son optimization of road structure and road materials is a is not sufficient in most cases (D’Angelo et al. 2007).
key issue because of the minimization of building and main- The research methods developed in frame of SHRP
tenance costs in context of its resistance to damage. Pave- program, using such devices as: Bending Beam Rheo-
ment damage is caused not only by aforementioned factors, meter (BBR), Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) or Rota-
but also due to environmental impact, defective project or tional Viscometer (RV) allow taking into consideration
work quality. In case of semi-rigid pavements, the basic functional parameters based on physical characteristics.
pavement damage mechanism can be divided into three Such tests can be carried out not only on original binders
groups such as: rutting, fatigue cracking and low tempera- but also on binders exposed into aging processes simu-
ture cracking (Bańkowski et al. 2013; Coleri et al. 2012). lated in RTFOT (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test) and PAV
On the basis of research widely presented in the lite- (Pressure Aging Vessel).
rature connected to rutting phenomena, cf. (Coleri et al. The high-temperature parameter (|G*|/sin(δ)) used in
2012; Gagliano et al. 2004; Polacco et al. 2008), it is easy to “Superpave” system for performance assessment of bind-
name basic factors with direct influence on the rut depth.
ers does not provide a reasonable result in case of polymer
These factors are interpreted as connected with: aggregate,
modified binders, as it was shown for example in (Polacco
binder, bituminous mixture, environmental conditions,
et al. 2008). In that case the new parameter is needed to
traffic, structure type and actual road condition (Błaże-
assess resistance to permanent deformation for modified
jowski 2007). The purpose of this paper is to analyse the
resistance to permanent deformation of modified and un- and unmodified binders (Merusi, Giuliani 2011; Zoorob
modified binders as one among the other factors having et al. 2012a, 2012b).
a large influence onto properties of bituminous mixture In the USA the new system for performance binder
(Motamed et al. 2012; Słowik 2012). assessment (called “Superpave Plus”) was introduced. This
In majority of the countries the binders are charac- system, in comparison with the previous one, was exten-
terized using the standard methods, which allow obtai- ded by the new requirements for phase angle and materi-
ning basic standard properties, e.g. penetration, softening al strength in Direct Tension Test (DTT). However it was
point, Fraass breaking point in the fixed standard condi- criticized in the literature. The new and relatively simple
tions. Such conditions, e.g. temperature, usually do not test Multiple Stress Creep Recovery Test – (MSCR) seems

Copyright © 2015 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika doi:10.3846/bjrbe.2015.07
http://www.bjrbe.vgtu.lt
The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2015, 10(1): 54–60 55

to be a milestone for Federal Highway Agency (USA) cf. choose one stress level on this stage. The same situation
(D’Angelo et al. 2007; Zoorob et al. 2012b). The parameter is in the case of the value of the temperature at which
obtained from this test (interpreted as material complian- the test is performed. Thus, it was assumed initially that
ce) describes rheological properties of material. the test will be conducted at three selected temperatures:
In general, in order to avoid pavement rutting, the T = 10 °C, 30 °C, 60 °C.
binders for bituminous mixture supposed to have high Having in mind that there is the need for the perfor-
stiffness with high elastic part of complex modulus (as- mance test describing binder properties with conjunction
suming that the rest of the parameters were chosen pro- to mixture rutting resistance, a permanent deformation
perly). Quite significant value of complex modulus norm factor in the following form was introduced:
(stiffness level) guarantee small deformations, while high
value of elastic part of complex modulus guarantee that , (3)
after load removing the road pavement will return to its re-
ference configuration. This type of mechanical properties where γzr – stands for permanent strain remaining after
of asphalt binder are determined in DSR (Mezger 2002). relaxation for 1200 s; γmax – for maximal strain after ten
In this paper the proposition of non-standard met- cycles of stress (Fig. 2). It is worth noting that wd = 1, when
hod of permanent deformation resistance assessment is material is purely elastic (γzr = 0), and wd = 0, when mate-
presented. The proposed test consists of multiple creep-re- rial is perfectly plastic (γzr = γmax). In general, deforma-
laxation tests ending with long relaxation period for spe- tion factor wd introduced for the binder is a function of the
cific stress levels. Such tests were carried out in dynamic stress and temperature levels (i.e. wd = wd(τ0, T)). Deter-
shear rheometer in case of four binder types: 35/50, 50/70, mination of deformation factor proposed by definition (3)
30B (PMB 25/55-60) and 80B (PMB 45/80-55). is meaningful only for temperatures well below the soften-
ing temperature of asphalt, because when it is exceeded the
2. Proposition of assessment method for evaluation result for wd always is close to zero.
of binder resistance to permanent deformation
3. Experimental tests – binders
The proposed test consisting of multiple creep-relaxation
tests ending with long relaxation period for specific stress Binders for tests were chosen in such way to have possi-
levels is similar to MSCR test with fundamental differ- bility of comparison of rheological properties of binders
ence on the stage of resulting parameter evaluation. The
proposed test is carried out with stress input function de-
scribed with the following relationships (Fig. 1):

, k → 1, 2, …, 9, (1)

for k = 10

, (2)

Fig. 1. The stress input function for τ0 = 10 kPa in proposed

and it will be called as creep under repeated stress load creep-relaxation test with multiple loading (Gajewski et al. 2009)
(CURSL).
In relationships (1) and (2) the characteristic times
were assumed as follows: tp = 50 s (creep time) and
tr = 200 s (relaxation time). It is worth mentioning that
at the beginning in the proposed test instead of restric-
tion imposed on tr the restriction on strain velocity was
used. It was assumed that if the strain velocity (with suit-
able accuracy) is close to zero then the test is stopped. The
interpretation of this fact was quite clear – there was full
relaxation in material sample. Practically, times needed for
full relaxation were significant, so the decision was made
to assume a priori relaxation time as equal to tr = 1200 s (in
MSCR test the creep time was assumed as equal to 1 s and
relaxation time in all cycles as equal to 9 s). Fig. 2. Shear strain as a time function as a response to a given
Because the criterion proposed will be verified in- stress program shown in Fig. 1. Interpretation of the characteristic
ter-alia through mixtures rutting tests, it was difficult to quantities (Gajewski et al. 2009)
56 M. Gajewski et al. The Influence of Binder Rheological Properties on Asphalt...

commonly used for mix production. Thus, the following value of phase angle stands for binder 50/70, and the lo-
binder types, all from Polish refineries, were chosen: 35/50, west for binder 30B allows to indicate binder 30B as a the
50/70, 30B (PMB 25/55-60) and 80B (PMB 45/80-55). best type and binder 50/70 as the worst type. Thus, the ran-
king of binders resulting from Table 2 is as follows: 30B,
3.1. Basic tests
35/50, 80B and 50/70.
For some chosen binders the following basic standard
tests were carried out: penetration in 25 °C according to 3.3. Zero shear viscosity
PN-EN 1426:2009 Asfalty i produkty asfaltowe – Oznacza- Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV) at some established tem-
nie penetracji igłą [Bitumen and Bituminous Binders – De- perature is treated as a functional material parameter, cf.
termination of Needle Penetration], softening point R&B (Sybilski 1996; Morea et al. 2011; Zoorob et al. 2012a).
according to PN-EN 1427:2009 Asfalty i produkty asfaltowe. ZSV is determined using many different rheological tests
Oznaczenie temperatury mięknienia. Metoda Pierścień i (Mezger 2002) carried out for example in DSR rheometer
Kula [Bitumen and Bituminous Binders. Determination (AASHTO T315-06 Standard Method of Test for Determin-
of the Softening Point. Ring and Ball method] and Fraass ing the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dy-
braking point according to PN-EN 12593:2009 Asfalty i namic Shear Rheometer (DSR)):
produkty asfaltowe. Oznaczanie temperatury łamliwości −− in rotational shear test (with stress or strain im-
metodą Fraassa [Bitumen and Bituminous Binders. Deter- pulse), as a limit value of function, for ,
mination of the Fraass Breaking Point]. −− in oscillatory test, carried out for wide range of fre-
The obtained results are presented in Table 1. Using quency (or angular frequency), as a limit value of
two of the parameters, e.g. penetration and softening tem- viscosity function |η*|(ω), for ω→0,
perature, it is possible to postulate the ranking of binders −− in creep test, as a parameter characterizing stabi-
having in mind their resistance to the permanent defor- lized creep phase.
mation. It seems that the best is binder 30B, since it has In the first two cases it is obvious that for evaluation
the highest softening point and the lowest value of pene- of ZSV the constitutive model is needed, because ZSV is a
tration. limiting value for (or ω→0) and it cannot be mea-
sured in an experiment. Constitutive models for functions
3.2. Complex modulus and phase angle η(ω) and are well developed in literature, cf. (Barnes
The real and imaginary part of complex shear modulus et al. 1989; Sybilski 1996; Ward, Sweeney 2012) and (Del-
were tested at temperature T = 10 °C with frequency equal gadillo et al. 2012), but in this research model of Carreau
to f = 10 Hz. These testing conditions are used for stiffness and Yasuda was applied.
and fatigue tests of bituminous mixtures in Poland and are In Fig. 3 the summary results of zero shear viscosity
commonly used in process of flexible pavement design. for different binders as a function of temperature are pre-
On the basis of the information presented in Table 2 sented. As expected, all functions are decreasing, i.e. zero
it is possible to state, that the highest value of elastic part shear viscosity decreases with increasing temperature.
stands for binder 30B, and the lowest one for binder 50/70. With assumption that ZSV value is a good criterion
These facts together with information, that the highest for performance grading, it is easy to observe that in full

Table 1. Standard binder properties – tests results

Binder type
Binder property
35/50 50/70 30B 80B
Penetration in temp. 25 °C, 0.1 mm 43 67 33 62
Softening temperature R&B, °C 54.2 48 71.4 56.4
Fraass breaking point, °C ‒19 ‒22 ‒23 ‒18

Table 2. The values of real part, imaginary part and norm of complex modulus together with phase angle in temperature T = 10 oC
and frequency f = 10 Hz

Binder type
Parameter
35/50 50/70 30B 80B
|G*|, MPa 35.11 22.55 36.60 26.92
Re(G*), MPa 28.75 17.27 30.76 21.08
Im(G*), MPa 20.16 15.26 19.86 16.75
δ, degree 35.05 41.53 32.86 38.48
Note: the values in the table are averages from 16 measurements (because of that, the well-known relationships: Re(G*) = |G*|cos(δ), Im(G*) = |G*|sin(δ)
are not compliant in the Table 2.
The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2015, 10(1): 54–60 57

temperature range the best is bitumen 30B. Results for bind- in an asphalt sample is measured. SMA11 mixture was
ers 35/50 and 80B are very close to each other, with the fact designed according to Polish requirements (WT-2 Nawi-
that for higher temperatures (range between 60–70 °C) erzchnie asfaltowe na drogach publicznych [Asphalt Pave-
binder 80B seems to be slightly better. Almost in whole ments on Public Roads], IBDiM, Warsaw, Poland 2008) as
range the worst is binder 50/70, and only for temperature a wearing course for a medium and heavy traffic category,
equal to 70 °C binder 50/70 is better than binder 35/50. cf. (Błażejowski 2007).
The SMA11 mixture is made of the following materi-
3.4. CURSL – creep under repeated stress load al components: bitumen (35/50, 50/70, 30B, 80B), limesto-
In the case of chosen binders the analysis of the deforma- ne filler, granite fraction 0/2 mm, basalt fraction 2/5, 5/8,
tion parameter wd (Section 2) was performed for three se- 8/11 mm, Wetfix adhesive additive and the stabilizing
lected temperatures: T = 10 °C, 30 °C and 60 °C and six additive ARBOCEL. All mixtures SMA11 are prepared
levels of shear stress: τ0 = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0 kPa. with the same mineral composition, with the same content
All obtained results are presented in (Gajewski et al. 2009). of the binder, but with different binder type (35/50, 50/70,
For example, in Fig. 4 there are provided the permanent 30B, 80B). As an example the test results obtained with a
deformation parameters wd as a function of shear stress large device are shown in Fig. 6, and more detailed results
τ0 obtained at a temperature T = 10 °C. At a temperature are presented in (Gajewski et al. 2009).
T = 30 °C there is a clear decrease in the wd parameter for
unmodified binders in the whole range of stresses. Modi-
fied binders tend to be much more resistant to permanent
deformation affected by the temperature, but only in a cer-
tain range of stress, i.e. from 0.1 to 1 kPa (Figs 4 and 5).
It is also noted that at higher temperatures for moder-
ate levels of stress deformation coefficients wd take higher
values for the binder 80B, than for the binder 30B. In the
case of unmodified bitumen at a temperature T = 60 °C the
deformation parameters wd in the whole range of stresses
are close to zero. However, this fact is consistent with pre-
dictions made on the basis of the softening point tempera-
Fig. 3. Zero shear viscosity (in Pas), for the chosen binders
ture determined in the standard test, which for the binder
as a function of temperature
35/50 is 54.4 °C, and for the binder 50/70 only 49 °C. This
means that in these two cases, the test was performed on
a substance with properties similar to fluids and not to a
viscoelastic solid.
Modified binders at high temperatures also exhibit
higher values of the wd parameter, but only for modera-
te stress. After the crossing of about 10 kPa the internal
structure which is stabilized by a modifier is disintegrated
and then the wd parameter is close to zero.
On the basis of the results presented in (Gajewski et al.
2009) and in Figs 4 and 5, it is clear that bitumen function
wd (T, τ0) has its max at T = 10 °C and τ0 =1.0 kPa. Conse-
quently, it is assumed that T = 10 °C and stress τ0 = 1.0 kPa
are the most appropriate conditions for most binders in Fig. 4. The permanent deformation parameter as a function
CURSL test. of shear stress τ0 obtained at temperature T = 10 °C

4. Experimental tests ‒ mixtures

Determination of resistance of asphalt mixes to permanent
deformation was performed by means of the so-called large
device (LD, LCPC device) and small device (SD) (both
methods according to PN-EN 12697-22+A1:2008 Mieszan-
ki mineralno – asfaltowe – Metody badań mieszanek miner-
alno – asfaltowych na gorąco – Część 22: Koleinowanie [Bi-
tuminous Mixtures – Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt
Part 22: Wheel Tracking]. A compacted bituminous plate
in the test is exposed to repeated load transferred through
standard rubber wheel, in the standard conditions of tem-
perature, pressure and number of loads repetitions. After Fig. 5. The permanent deformation parameter as a function
completion of the test rut (rut depth) created by the wheel of shear stress τ0 obtained at temperature T = 30 °C
58 M. Gajewski et al. The Influence of Binder Rheological Properties on Asphalt...

Based on the graphs provided in Fig. 6 the mixture repeated stress load (CURSL) performed on the asphalt
ranking in terms of their resistance to rutting in large binder and rutting tests carried out on plate samples made
device is as follows: 30B, 35/50 and 50/70 (from best to of bituminous mixtures. At this stage of the analysis, the
worst). In the case of the mixture with a binder 80B its rutting tests has been performed in a large device (LCPC)
position in the ranking varies with the number of cycles. and a small device, respectively at 60 °C in the LCPC-type
After exceeding 20 000 cycles rut depth of a mixture with device and 45 °C and 60 °C in a small device.
binder 80B is the highest. The analysis of the correlation between results of the
CURSL test, and results of the rutting test carried out in
5. Analysis of obtained results for establishing link LCPC device shows that it is possible to find a linear rela-
between CURSL and rutting tests tionship between the parameter wd (τ0 = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 kPa,
The main goal of this paper is to identify the parameter T = 10 °C) and the rut depth after 10 000 load cycles car-
characterizing the binder which is suitable enough to pre- ried out in temperature equal to 60 °C, see Table 3. Deter-
dict the ranking of mineral asphalt mixtures made with mination coefficient is then in the best case equal to 0.941
that binder in terms of their resistance to permanent de- (Fig. 7).
formation. An additional goal is to find a correlation be- Similar results for higher stress levels in CURSL test
tween the results of the proposed test of creep under are observed (Fig. 8). Nevertheless, at higher temperatures

Fig. 6. The rut depth as a function on cycle number in case of SMA11 mixture with 35/50, 50/70, 30B and 80B binders – tests
in the temperature 60 °C carried out in large device

Fig. 7. Correlation of parameter wd (τ0 = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 kPa, Fig. 8. Correlation of parameter wd (τ0 = 10, 20, 30 kPa,
T = 10 °C) with rut depth after 10 000 cycles in LCPC device T = 10 °C) with rut depth after 10 000 cycles in LCPC device
at temperature 60 °C at temperature equal to 60 °C

Table 3. The values of R², depending on rutting conditions and device type (CURSL at 10 °C)

Rutting device and R² for small stress levels R² for high stress levels
temperature
0.1 kPa 0.5 kPa 1.0 kPa 10.0 kPa 20.0 kPa 30.0 kPa
SD 45 °C 0.45 0.65 0.65 0.81 0.82 0.83
SD 60 °C 0.52 0.73 0.73 0.87 0.87 0.88
LD(LCPC) 60 °C 0.94 0.87 0.85 0.91 0.91 0.91
The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 2015, 10(1): 54–60 59

there is no linear correlation of wd with the rutting results application of the proposed test onto other mixtures after
what is consistent with limitations stated above. All deter- the previous experimental calibration.
mination coefficients depending on rutting conditions and
device type are presented in Table 3. References
It is worth noting that the generalization of conclu- Bańkowski, W.; Gajewski, M.; Sybilski, D. 2013. Analysis of Fa-
sions based on the above graphs for the existence of a line- tigue Damage on Test Sections Submitted to HVS Loading,
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